20 results on '"D. Kingston"'
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2. Oldest evidence of abundant C4 grasses and habitat heterogeneity in eastern Africa
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Daniel J. Peppe, Susanne M. Cote, Alan L. Deino, David L. Fox, John D. Kingston, Rahab N. Kinyanjui, William E. Lukens, Laura M. MacLatchy, Alice Novello, Caroline A. E. Strömberg, Steven G. Driese, Nicole D. Garrett, Kayla R. Hillis, Bonnie F. Jacobs, Kirsten E. H. Jenkins, Robert M. Kityo, Thomas Lehmann, Fredrick K. Manthi, Emma N. Mbua, Lauren A. Michel, Ellen R. Miller, Amon A. T. Mugume, Samuel N. Muteti, Isaiah O. Nengo, Kennedy O. Oginga, Samuel R. Phelps, Pratigya Polissar, James B. Rossie, Nancy J. Stevens, Kevin T. Uno, and Kieran P. McNulty
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Multidisciplinary - Abstract
The assembly of Africa’s iconic C4 grassland ecosystems is central to evolutionary interpretations of many mammal lineages, including hominins. C4 grasses are thought to have become ecologically dominant in Africa only after 10 million years ago (Ma). However, paleobotanical records older than 10 Ma are sparse, limiting assessment of the timing and nature of C4 biomass expansion. This study uses a multiproxy design to document vegetation structure from nine Early Miocene mammal site complexes across eastern Africa. Results demonstrate that between ~21 and 16 Ma, C4 grasses were locally abundant, contributing to heterogeneous habitats ranging from forests to wooded grasslands. These data push back the oldest evidence of C4 grass–dominated habitats in Africa—and globally—by more than 10 million years, calling for revised paleoecological interpretations of mammalian evolution. The hominoid lineage underwent a major morphological change in the Miocene, acquiring strong hind legs and a more upright posture. The prevailing hypothesis pertaining to these changes has been that they were adaptive for foraging on fruit in the terminal branches of tropical forest trees. A pair of papers now argue that, instead, such changes may have been driven by adaptation to feeding on leaves in seasonally dry and open forests. Peppe et al. used new data from fossil mammal study sites and found that the expansion of grassy biomes dominated by grasses with the C4 photosynthetic pathway in eastern Africa likely occurred more than 10 million years earlier than prior estimates. MacLatchy et al. looked at fossils of the earliest ape in this region at this time, Morotopithecus, and found isotope evidence of the consumption of water-stressed vegetation and postcranial morphology indicative of strong hind limbs similar to modern apes. Together, these papers suggest that early hominoids emerged in a dryer and more irregular environment than was previously believed. —BEL and SNV A combination of data sources from fossil mammal sites pushes back the date of C4 grassland expansion in eastern Africa by over 10 million years. - Early Miocene habitat heterogeneity, open habitats, and locally abundant C4 vegetation - Implications for Neogene ecosystems of eastern Africa
- Published
- 2023
3. The evolution of hominoid locomotor versatility: Evidence from Moroto, a 21 Ma site in Uganda
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Laura M. MacLatchy, Susanne M. Cote, Alan L. Deino, Robert M. Kityo, Amon A. T. Mugume, James B. Rossie, William J. Sanders, Miranda N. Cosman, Steven G. Driese, David L. Fox, April J. Freeman, Rutger J. W. Jansma, Kirsten E. H. Jenkins, Rahab N. Kinyanjui, William E. Lukens, Kieran P. McNulty, Alice Novello, Daniel J. Peppe, Caroline A. E. Strömberg, Kevin T. Uno, Alisa J. Winkler, and John D. Kingston
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Multidisciplinary - Abstract
INTRODUCTIONInherent in traditional views of ape origins is the idea that, like living apes, early large-bodied apes lived in tropical forests. In response to constraints related to locomoting in forest canopies, it has been proposed that early apes evolved their quintessential upright torsos and acrobatic climbing and suspensory abilities, enhancing their locomotor versatility, to distribute their weight among small supports and thus reach ripe fruit in the terminal branches. This feeding and locomotor transition from a quadruped with a horizontal torso is thought to have occurred in the Middle Miocene due to an increasingly seasonal climate and feeding competition from evolving monkeys. Although ecological and behavioral comparisons among living apes and monkeys provide evidence for versions of terminal branch forest frugivory hypotheses, corroboration from the early ape fossil record has been lacking, as have detailed reconstructions of the habitats where the first apes evolved.RATIONALEThe Early Miocene fossil site of Moroto II in Uganda provides a unique opportunity to test the predictions of terminal branch forest frugivory hypotheses. Moroto II documents the oldest [21 million years ago (Ma)] well-established paleontological record of ape teeth and postcranial bones from a single locality and preserves paleoecological proxies to reconstruct the environment. The following lines of evidence from Moroto II were analyzed: (i) the functional anatomy of femora and a vertebra attributed to the ape Morotopithecus; (ii) dental traits, including molar shape and isotopic profiles of Morotopithecus enamel; (iii) isotopic dietary paleoecology of associated fossil mammals; (iv) biogeochemical signals from paleosols (ancient soils) that reflect local relative proportions of C3 (trees and shrubs) and C4 (tropical grasses and sedges that can endure water stress) vegetation as well as rainfall; and (v) assemblages of phytoliths, microscopic plant-derived silica bodies that reflect past plant communities.RESULTSA short, strong femur biomechanically favorable to vertical climbing and a vertebra indicating a dorsostable lower back confirm that ape fossils from Moroto II shared locomotor traits with living apes. Both Morotopithecus and a smaller ape from the site have elongated molars with well-developed crests for shearing leaves. Carbon isotopic signatures of the enamel of these apes and of other fossil mammals indicate that some mammals consistently fed on water-stressed C3 plants, and possibly also C4 vegetation, in a woodland setting. Carbon isotope values of pedogenic carbonates, paleosol organic matter, and plant waxes all point to substantial C4 grass biomass on the landscape. Analysis of paleosols also indicates subhumid, strongly seasonal rainfall, and phytolith assemblages include forms from both arid-adapted C4 grasses and forest-indicator plants.CONCLUSIONThe ancient co-occurrence of dental specializations for leaf eating, rather than ripe fruit consumption, along with ape-like locomotor abilities counters the predictions of the terminal branch forest frugivory hypotheses. The combined paleoecological evidence situates Morotopithecus in a woodland with a broken canopy and substantial grass understory including C4 species. These findings call for a new paradigm for the evolutionary origins of early apes. We propose that seasonal, wooded environments may have exerted previously unrecognized selective pressures in the evolution of arboreal apes. For example, some apes may have needed to access leaves in the higher canopy in times of low fruit availability and to be adept at ascending and descending from trees that lacked a continuous canopy. Background - Terminal branch forest frugivory hypotheses - The Moroto II locality - The hominoids of Moroto II Results - Geologic and taphonomic setting - Chronology - Hominoid and other catarrhine fossils -- Femur -- Vertebra -- Dental specimens -- Stable isotopes of ename - Paleoecology -- Stable carbon isotopes of fossil enamel -- Paleosol carbon isotopes -- Paleosol n-alkanes -- Paleosols and hydroclimate -- Phytoliths Discussion - Context of the hominoid remains from Moroto - Hominoid adaptive evolution in eastern Africa Materials and methods summary
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- 2023
4. Length–weight Relationships of Bivalve Species Donax cuneatus and Meretrix casta along Gulf of Mannar, Southeast Coast of India
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U. R. Gurjar, N. Neethiselvan, P. Jawahar, S. D. Kingston, I. Jagadis, S. Takar, and J. J. Pereira
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Condition factor ,Meretrix casta ,Veterinary medicine ,Mathematical equations ,Length weight ,Allometry ,Aquatic Science ,Biology ,Oceanography ,Donax cuneatus - Abstract
This study aims to describe the relationship between length and weight of the bivalves Donax cuneatus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Meretrix casta (Gmelin, 1791) along the Gulf of Mannar. A total of 1,791 individuals of two species were collected from October 2019 to December 2020. The length–weight relationship of both species has been estimated using the equation W = aLb. A common length–weight relationships, W = 0.0002 L2.8882 for D. cuneatus, and W = 0.1971 L2.3556 for M. casta were recorded. The results showed negative allometric growth in both the bivalve species. The coefficient of determination (r2) was 0.9426 for Donax cuneatus and 0.9628 for Meretrix casta. Condition factor was estimated to be less than one throughout the study period for D. cuneatus and for M. casta it ranged from 0.81 to 1.38. This study provides a mathematical equation of the relationship between length and weight, and the condition of both the species along the Gulf of Mannar, southeast coast of India.
- Published
- 2021
5. Plio-Pleistocene environmental variability in Africa and its implications for mammalian evolution
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Andrew S. Cohen, Andrew Du, John Rowan, Chad L. Yost, Anne L. Billingsley, Christopher J. Campisano, Erik T. Brown, Alan L. Deino, Craig S. Feibel, Katharine Grant, John D. Kingston, Rachel L. Lupien, Veronica Muiruri, R. Bernhart Owen, Kaye E. Reed, James Russell, and Mona Stockhecke
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Multidisciplinary ,Fossils ,Genetic Speciation ,Climate ,Africa ,Animals ,Hominidae ,Extinction, Biological ,Biological Evolution - Abstract
Understanding the climatic drivers of environmental variability (EV) during the Plio-Pleistocene and EV’s influence on mammalian macroevolution are two outstanding foci of research in African paleoclimatology and evolutionary biology. The potential effects of EV are especially relevant for testing the variability selection hypothesis, which predicts a positive relationship between EV and speciation and extinction rates in fossil mammals. Addressing these questions is stymied, however, by 1) a lack of multiple comparable EV records of sufficient temporal resolution and duration, and 2) the incompleteness of the mammalian fossil record. Here, we first compile a composite history of Pan-African EV spanning the Plio-Pleistocene, which allows us to explore which climatic variables influenced EV. We find that EV exhibits 1) a long-term trend of increasing variability since ∼3.7 Ma, coincident with rising variability in global ice volume and sea surface temperatures around Africa, and 2) a 400-ky frequency correlated with seasonal insolation variability. We then estimate speciation and extinction rates for fossil mammals from eastern Africa using a method that accounts for sampling variation. We find no statistically significant relationship between EV and estimated speciation or extinction rates across multiple spatial scales. These findings are inconsistent with the variability selection hypothesis as applied to macroevolutionary processes.
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- 2022
6. Modeling Periodicity in Equid Serial Enamel Isotopes as a Proxy for Precipitation Seasonality
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Alexandra L. Norwood, Briana L. Pobiner, Kerby Shedden, and John D. Kingston
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History ,Polymers and Plastics ,Business and International Management ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering - Published
- 2022
7. Herbivore isotopic dietary ecology of the middle Miocene Maboko Formation, Kenya
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Irisa Arney, Brenda R. Benefit, Monte L. McCrossin, Laura MacLatchy, and John D. Kingston
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Paleontology ,Oceanography ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Earth-Surface Processes - Published
- 2022
8. A chimpanzee enamel-diet δ13C enrichment factor and a refined enamel sampling strategy: Implications for dietary reconstructions
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Robert Kityo, John D. Kingston, Laura MacLatchy, John C. Mitani, and Maire Malone
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Carbon Isotopes ,Sampling protocol ,Pan troglodytes ,δ13C ,Enamel paint ,Zoology ,Sampling (statistics) ,Hominidae ,Biology ,Tooth enamel ,Article ,Diet ,stomatognathic diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,stomatognathic system ,Human evolution ,Anthropology ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,medicine ,Animals ,Dental Enamel ,Enrichment factor ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
Reconstructing diets from stable carbon isotopic signals in enamel bioapatite requires the application of a δ(13)C enamel-diet enrichment factor, or the isotopic offset between diet and enamel, which has not been empirically determined for any primate. In this study, an enamel-diet enrichment factor (ε*(enamel-diet)) of 11.8 ± 0.3‰ is calculated for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Ngogo in Kibale National Park, Uganda, based on a comprehensive isotopic assessment of previously analyzed dietary plant data and new isotopic analyses of enamel apatite. Different enamel sampling methods are evaluated to determine the potential influence of weaning on isotopic enamel values and dietary interpretations. The new chimpanzee enrichment factor and a sampling strategy that excludes teeth that formed before weaning completion are applied to all known chimpanzee δ(13)C(enamel) data, either previously published or newly derived in this study, resulting in a dietary range of almost 6‰ across all chimpanzees sampled. This new chimpanzee enamel-diet enrichment factor is then used to reassess dietary reconstructions of 12 fossil hominin species whose isotopic enamel signatures have been determined. Results reveal hominin diets that are isotopically more positive than previously reconstructed, highlighting the widespread contribution of (13)C enriched C(4)/CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) resources in fossil hominin diets and emphasizing the broad use of these resources during human evolution. These findings stress the importance of ascertaining and employing an appropriate enrichment factor for dietary reconstructions of specific taxa as well as standardizing the sampling protocol for tooth enamel in isotopic paleodietary reconstructions.
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- 2021
9. S2748 The Great Imitator: Syphilitic Hepatitis Presenting as a Mimic to Autoimmune Liver Disease
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Adam Tritsch, Jared S. Magee, and Lindsay D. Kingston
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Hepatitis ,Hepatology ,business.industry ,The great imitator ,Immunology ,Gastroenterology ,medicine ,Autoimmune liver disease ,medicine.disease ,business - Published
- 2021
10. Real-Time Visual Kinematic Feedback During Overground Walking Improves Gait Biomechanics in Individuals Post-Stroke.
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Hinton EH, Buffum R, Kingston D, Stergiou N, Kesar T, Bierner S, and Knarr BA
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- Humans, Biomechanical Phenomena, Feedback, Gait physiology, Walking physiology, Stroke Rehabilitation methods, Stroke
- Abstract
Treadmill-based gait rehabilitation protocols have shown that real-time visual biofeedback can promote learning of improved gait biomechanics, but previous feedback work has largely involved treadmill walking and not overground gait. The objective of this study was to determine the short-term response to hip extension visual biofeedback, with individuals post-stroke, during unconstrained overground walking. Individuals post-stroke typically have a decreased paretic propulsion and walking speed, but increasing hip extension angle may enable the paretic leg to better translate force anteriorly during push-off. Fourteen individuals post-stroke completed overground walking, one 6-min control bout without feedback, and three 6-min training bouts with real-time feedback. Data were recorded before and after the control bout, before and after the first training bout, and after the third training bout to assess the effects of training. Visual biofeedback consisted of a display attached to eyeglasses that showed one horizontal bar indicating the user's current hip angle and another symbolizing the target hip extension to be reached during training. On average, paretic hip extension angle (p = 0.014), trailing limb angle (p = 0.025), and propulsion (p = 0.011) were significantly higher after training. Walking speed increased but was not significantly higher after training (p = 0.089). Individuals demonstrated a greater increase in their hip extension angle (p = 0.035) and propulsion (p = 0.030) after the walking bout with feedback compared to the control bout, but changes in walking speed did not significantly differ (p = 0.583) between a control walking bout and a feedback bout. Our results show the feasibility of overground visual gait feedback and suggest that feedback regarding paretic hip extension angle enabled many individuals post-stroke to improve parameters important for their walking function., (© 2023. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Biomedical Engineering Society.)
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- 2024
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11. Enhancing patient safety: A national standard for cyber resiliency in healthcare.
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Samuelson-Kiraly C, Mitchell JI, Kingston D, and Chunduri S
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- Humans, Delivery of Health Care, Health Facilities, Computer Security, Organizations, Resilience, Psychological
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With support from Public Safety Canada's Cyber Security Cooperation Program, HealthCare CAN and the Digital Governance Council developed a new standard to support cyber resiliency in Canada's healthcare system. With a clear framework and enhanced cybersecurity capabilities, healthcare organizations will be better protected from cybercrime, allowing them to respond more effectively to evolving threats and defend critical infrastructure. Health and information technology leaders can derive practical guidance and next steps from this three-year national project to enhance cyber resilience and improve safety within their organizations., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
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- 2024
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12. Trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms from pregnancy to 11 years postpartum: Findings from Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort.
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Mughal MK, Giallo R, Arshad M, Arnold PD, Bright K, Charrois EM, Rai B, Wajid A, and Kingston D
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- Pregnancy, Child, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Parents, Postpartum Period, Depression psychology, Depression, Postpartum psychology
- Abstract
Background: Maternal depressive symptoms are common in pregnancy and may extend to the perinatal period and beyond for some women. To date, few longitudinal studies have investigated maternal depressive symptoms from pregnancy to eleven years postpartum. Drawing data from a large population-based study cohort the aims of this study were to 1) identify distinct groups of mothers defined by their trajectories of depressive symptoms spanning from pregnancy to eleven years following the birth of the child, and 2) to identify psychosocial risk factors during pregnancy and in the first few postnatal years that are associated with these trajectories., Methods: Data were analyzed from 14,170 mothers who participated in Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to capture maternal depressive symptoms across 10 time points including two prenatal (18 and 32 weeks), and eight postnatal (2, 8, 21, 33, 61, 73, 97 and 134 months) time points. The latent growth model was created to describe the course of maternal depressive symptoms across the preceding time points followed by a latent growth mixture modelling (LGMM) to identify distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms over time within the overall sample. The predictors of maternal depressive symptoms trajectories were categorized into sociodemographic, child, and psychosocial factors. The multinomial regression analyses were conducted to explore associations between the risk factors and depressive symptoms trajectories., Results: LGMM identified four distinct trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms over time: minimal symptoms, increasing symptoms, persistent symptoms, and decreasing symptoms. Predictors of all patterns of depression - persistent, increasing and decreasing symptoms include smoking during pregnancy, and partner conflict. The strongest predictors of the persistent symptom trajectory included maternal history of depression and inadequate social support., Limitations: The use of self-reported maternal mental health symptoms and under representation of ethnic minorities are our study's limitations., Conclusions: The study findings highlight the importance of early identification and treatment for mothers experiencing depressive symptoms from pregnancy to the perinatal period and beyond., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest None of the authors have any financial interest or benefit arising from the direct applications of this research study., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
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- 2023
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13. A portable visual biofeedback device can accurately measure and improve hip extension angle in individuals post-stroke.
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Hinton EH, Buffum R, Stergiou N, Kingston D, Bierner S, and Knarr BA
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- Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Gait, Walking, Biofeedback, Psychology methods, Biomechanical Phenomena, Stroke complications, Stroke Rehabilitation methods
- Abstract
Background: Visual biofeedback has shown success in improving gait mechanics in individuals post-stroke but has typically been restricted to use on a treadmill or a short walkway. Using real-time visual biofeedback during overground walking could increase the ease of clinical translation of this method. The objective was to investigate the reliability of a real-time hip extension feedback device during unconstrained, overground walking. We hypothesized that the peak hip extension angle outcome of our device would be comparable to peak hip extension angle measured from a common motion capture system. In addition, we hypothesized that individuals post-stroke would increase their hip extension angle after a single walking bout with visual biofeedback of their hip extension angle., Methods: Fourteen individuals with chronic stroke walked for one six-minute walking bout with the visual biofeedback device. Before (pre-training) and after (post-training) the feedback walking bout, participants walked in a straight line at their self-selected speed for at least five steps per foot., Findings: Our device was reliable in measuring peak hip extension angle when compared to 3D motion capture equipment (R
2 = 0.99). Individuals increased their hip extension angle after one session with the visual biofeedback (+2.886 ± 2.189 deg) compared to a control walking bout (+1.550 ± 1.629 deg) (Z = -2.103, p = 0.035)., Interpretation: Our novel and inexpensive biofeedback method may provide benefit for individuals post-stroke and expand the possibilities for feedback in rehabilitation., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2023
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14. Assessing compulsive sexual behavior disorder: The development and international validation of the compulsive sexual behavior disorder-diagnostic inventory (CSBD-DI).
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Grubbs JB, Reid RC, Bőthe B, Demetrovics Z, Coleman E, Gleason N, Miner MH, Fuss J, Klein V, Lewczuk K, Gola M, Fernandez DP, Fernandez EF, Carnes S, Lew-Starowicz M, Kingston D, and Kraus SW
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- Humans, Sexual Behavior, Compulsive Behavior diagnosis, Compulsive Personality Disorder, Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological diagnosis, Paraphilic Disorders
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Background and Aims: The World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) includes Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD), a new diagnosis that is both controversial and groundbreaking, as it is the first diagnosis to codify a disorder related to excessive, compulsive, and out-of-control sexual behavior. The inclusion of this novel diagnosis demonstrates a clear need for valid assessments of this disorder that may be quickly administered in both clinical and research settings., Design: The present work details the development of the Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder Diagnostic Inventory (CSBD-DI) across seven samples, four languages, and five countries., Setting: In the first study, data were collected in community samples drawn from Malaysia (N = 375), the U.S. (N = 877), Hungary (N = 7,279), and Germany (N = 449). In the second study, data were collected from nationally representative samples in the U.S. (N = 1,601), Poland (N = 1,036), and Hungary (N = 473)., Findings: Across both studies and all samples, results revealed strong psychometric qualities for the 7-item CSBD-DI, demonstrating evidence of validity via correlations with key behavioral indicators and longer measures of compulsive sexual behavior. Analyses from nationally representative samples revealed residual metric invariance across languages, scalar invariance across gender, strong evidence of validity, and utility in classifying individuals who self-identified as having problematic and excessive sexual behavior, as evidenced by ROC analyses revealing suitable cutoffs for a screening instrument., Conclusion: Collectively, these findings demonstrate the cross-cultural utility of the CSBD-DI as a novel measure for CSBD and provide a brief, easily administrable instrument for screening for this novel disorder.
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- 2023
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15. Improving quality of teaching and child development: A randomised controlled trial of the leadership for learning intervention in preschools.
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Siraj I, Melhuish E, Howard SJ, Neilsen-Hewett C, Kingston D, De Rosnay M, Huang R, Gardiner J, and Luu B
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Introduction: Substantial research indicates that high quality early childhood education and care (ECEC) confers a wide range of benefits for children, yet quality in ECEC remains inconsistent. Given the variability in training and qualifications, one strategy for improving ECEC quality is in-service professional development (PD)., Methods: The current study evaluated an evidence-based in-service PD programme, Leadership for Learning, via a cluster randomised controlled trial involving 83 ECEC services and 1,346 children in their final year of pre-school., Results: Results indicated significant improvements in teaching quality across treatment centres and child development outcomes in language, numeracy and social-emotional development., Discussion: This study provides strong support for making evidence-informed PD routinely available for ECEC practitioners., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Siraj, Melhuish, Howard, Neilsen-Hewett, Kingston, De Rosnay, Huang, Gardiner and Luu.)
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- 2023
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16. Patterns and predictors of depressive and anxiety symptoms in mothers affected by previous prenatal loss in the ALSPAC birth cohort.
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Charrois EM, Mughal MK, Arshad M, Wajid A, Bright KS, Giallo R, and Kingston D
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- Adolescent, Anxiety epidemiology, Anxiety psychology, Birth Cohort, Child, Depression epidemiology, Depression psychology, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Pregnancy, Depression, Postpartum diagnosis, Depression, Postpartum epidemiology, Depression, Postpartum psychology, Mothers psychology
- Abstract
Background: Studies investigating the patterns or predictors of psychological distress in expecting and postpartum mothers affected by previous prenatal loss, are limited. The study objectives were to explore longitudinal trajectory patterns of depressive and anxiety symptoms in mothers affected by previous prenatal loss from early in a subsequent pregnancy up to pre-adolescence, and to identify early factors predictive of elevated symptom trajectory patterns., Methods: A total of 2854 mothers from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children self-identified as having experienced a previous prenatal loss. A latent class analysis identified trajectory patterns of symptoms across 10 timepoints from 18-weeks' gestation up to 134-months postpartum, multivariate regression analysis identified predictors of elevated symptom trajectories, and hierarchical regression analysis determined predictive accuracy between predictors and elevated trajectory patterns., Results: Three distinct longitudinal trajectory patterns of depressive and anxiety symptoms reflected low (54%), sub-clinical (34%), and clinical symptoms (12%). Key factors that predicted elevated symptom trajectory patterns better than increased symptom scores early in subsequent pregnancy include history of severe depression or other psychiatric problem, experiencing three or more stressful events from mid-pregnancy, inadequate social support, history of induced abortion, and history of abuse. Predictive accuracy of elevated trajectories was 0.542 (depression) and 0.432 (anxiety)., Limitations: Generalizability may be compromised by attrition, under-reporting, and recall bias., Conclusion: Including factors predictive of long-term sub-clinical or clinical depressive and anxiety symptoms in early assessments will improve clinician's ability to identify mothers who may benefit from immediate and/or ongoing monitoring, and psychotherapeutic intervention after prenatal loss., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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17. Investigation of metal mobility in gold and silver mine tailings by single-step and sequential extractions.
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Kumkrong P, Dy E, Tyo DD, Jiang C, Gedara Pihilligawa I, Kingston D, and Mercier PHJ
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- Cadmium, Environmental Monitoring methods, Gold, Silver, Metals, Heavy analysis, Soil Pollutants analysis
- Abstract
Metal leachate from mine tailings has the potential to release toxic metals into the surrounding environment. A single-step extraction procedure mimicking rainwater and a three-step BCR sequential extraction procedure (acid, reducing and oxidizing conditions) were applied to gold (GMT) and silver (SMT) mine tailings. Major (Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, and Mn) and trace metals were monitored to better understand the mobility and geochemistry of these metals when exposed to various environmental leaching conditions. Rainwater extraction released only small quantities of metals, while the three-step BCR extraction was more effective in mobilizing metals from the tailings. Under the acidic conditions of BCR step 1, Ca, Mg, Cd, Cu, and Mn were released in high concentrations. The dissolution of Fe, Ca, and Mg were dominant along with Pb in step 2 (reducing conditions). In step 3 (oxidizing conditions), Fe was the most dominant species together with Co, Cu, Ni, and Se. A high fraction of Al, Be, Cr, Li, Mo, Sb, Tl, and V remained in the residue. From SMT, larger quantities of As, Ca, Cd, and Zn were released compared to GMT. The BCR extraction could be applied to tailings to predict the potential release of toxic metals from mine wastes; however, excessive amounts of Ca and Fe in the tailings could cause carry-overs and incomplete extraction and carry-overs, resulting in a misinterpretation of results., (© 2022. Crown.)
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- 2022
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18. Disclosure of sensitive material at routine antenatal psychosocial assessment: The role of psychosocial risk and mode of assessment.
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Austin MV, Reilly N, Mule V, Kingston D, Black E, and Hadzi-Pavlovic D
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- Female, Humans, Mental Health, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Disclosure, Pregnant Women psychology
- Abstract
Problem: While routine psychosocial assessment is acceptable to most pregnant women, some women will not fully disclose psychosocial concerns to their clinician., Aims: To assess the impact of psychosocial risk, current symptoms and mode of assessment on women's honesty of disclosure at psychosocial assessment., Methods: Logistic regression was used to examine associations between disclosure and a range of psychosocial characteristics in women who were 'always honest' and 'not always honest'. Mixed ANOVAs were used to test the influence of mode of assessment and honesty on scores on a repeated measure of psychosocial risk., Findings: 10.8% (N=193 of 1788) of women did not fully disclose at psychosocial assessment. Non-disclosure was associated with a mental health history (aOR=1.78, 95%CI: 1.18-2.67, p<0.01) and lack of social and partner support (aOR=1.74, 95%CI: 1.16-2.62, p<0.05; aOR=2.08, 95%CI: 1.11-3.90, p<0.05, respectively). Those reporting not always being honest at face to face assessment showed a greater increase in psychosocial risk score when the assessment was repeated online via self-report, compared to women who were always honest., Discussion: A history of mental health issues and lack of social and partner support are associated with reduced disclosure at face to face assessment. Online self-report assessment may promote greater disclosure, however this should always be conducted in the context of clinician feedback., Conclusion: Greater psychosocial vulnerability is associated with a lower likelihood of full disclosure. Preliminary findings relating to mode of assessment warrant further exploration within a clinical context., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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19. The clinical performance and cost-effectiveness of two psychosocial assessment models in maternity care: The Perinatal Integrated Psychosocial Assessment study.
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Chambers GM, Botha W, Reilly N, Black E, Kingston D, and Austin MP
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- Cohort Studies, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Female, Humans, Mass Screening, Pregnancy, Maternal Health Services, Pregnancy Complications diagnosis, Pregnancy Complications psychology
- Abstract
Problem: Although perinatal universal depression and psychosocial assessment is recommended in Australia, its clinical performance and cost-effectiveness remain uncertain., Aim: To compare the performance and cost-effectiveness of two models of psychosocial assessment: Usual-Care and Perinatal Integrated Psychosocial Assessment (PIPA)., Methods: Women attending their first antenatal visit were prospectively recruited to this cohort study. Endorsement of significant depressive symptoms or psychosocial risk generated an 'at-risk' flag identifying those needing referral to the Triage Committee. Based on its detailed algorithm, a higher threshold of risk was required to trigger the 'at-risk' flag for PIPA than for Usual-Care. Each model's performance was evaluated using the midwife's agreement with the 'at-risk' flag as the reference standard. Cost-effectiveness was limited to the identification of True Positive and False Positive cases. Staffing costs associated with administering each screening model were quantified using a bottom-up time-in-motion approach., Findings: Both models performed well at identifying 'at-risk' women (sensitivity: Usual-Care 0.82 versus PIPA 0.78). However, the PIPA model was more effective at eliminating False Positives and correctly identifying 'at-risk' women (Positive Predictive Value: PIPA 0.69 versus Usual Care 0.41). PIPA was associated with small incremental savings for both True Positives detected and False Positives averted., Discussion: Overall PIPA performed better than Usual-Care as a psychosocial screening model and was a cost-saving and relatively effective approach for detecting True Positives and averting False Positives. These initial findings warrant evaluation of longer-term costs and outcomes of women identified by the models as 'at-risk' and 'not at-risk' of perinatal psychosocial morbidity., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
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- 2022
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20. Why do some pregnant women not fully disclose at comprehensive psychosocial assessment with their midwife?
- Author
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Mule V, Reilly NM, Schmied V, Kingston D, and Austin MV
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Pregnant Women, Prenatal Care, Trust, Maternal Health Services, Midwifery
- Abstract
Problem: While comprehensive psychosocial assessment is recommended as part of routine maternity care, unless women engage and disclose, psychosocial risk will not be identified or referred in a timely manner. We need to better understand and where possible overcome the barriers to disclosure if we are to reduce mental health morbidity and complex psychosocial adversity., Aims: To assess pregnant women's attitude to, and reasons for non-disclosure at, comprehensive psychosocial assessment with their midwife., Methods: Data from 1796 pregnant women were analysed using a mixed method approach. After ascertaining women's comfort with, attitude to, and non-disclosure at psychosocial screening, thematic analysis was used to understand the reasons underpinning non-disclosure., Findings: 99% of participants were comfortable with the assessment, however 11.1% (N = 193) reported some level of nondisclosure. Key themes for non-disclosure included (1) Normalising and negative self-perception, (2) Fear of negative perceptions from others, (3) Lack of trust of midwife, (4) Differing expectation of appointment and (5) Mode of assessment and time issues., Discussion: Factors associated with high comfort and disclosure levels in this sample include an experienced and skilled midwifery workforce at the study site and a relatively advantaged and mental health literate sample. Proper implementation of psychosocial assessment policy; setting clear expectations for women and, for more vulnerable women, extending assessment time, modifying mode of assessment, and offering continuity of midwifery care will help build rapport, improve disclosure, and increase the chance of early identification and intervention., Conclusions: This study informs approaches to improving comprehensive psychosocial assessment in the maternity setting., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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