Search

The issue of the emergence, development, and existence of the most relevant, but least doctrinally researched human rights, which constitute the so-called fourth generation of such rights, with the acquisition of their wide social prevalence, requires appropriate theoretical elaboration and legal regulation. Because the fourth group of human rights is quite controversial, the law as a system of norms should give a quick and adequate reaction to such drastic social changes through their normative consolidation, in particular, the transformation of the constitutional and legal status of a person. The practice of the European Court of Human Rights continues to acquire fundamental importance in the context of the study of modern standards of somatic human rights of the fourth generation, which we will dwell on in more detail in this study. The general scientific, group, and special scientific research approaches, methods, and techniques were the methodological basis of scientific research. The purpose of the article is to carry out a legal analysis of the issue of protection of somatic rights through the prism of the judicial practice of the ECtHR.

Background. Chronic alcohol use leads to alcoholic liver fibrosis. Today, a sufficient number of scientific studies are focused on the pathometabolic mechanisms of liver fibrosis development and formation in animal models. The purpose of our study was to investigate structural changes and liver stiffness, biochemical markers of fibrosis in rats with chronic alcoholic liver injury (CALI) modeling and to evaluate the changes of these parame­ters with different types of treatment. Materials and methods. Eighty-nine rats were divided into experimental groups depending on the duration of alcohol exposure (4 and 12 weeks) and the corresponding type of correction (metadoxine and prebiotic). Results. When modeling CALI at week 4, morphological studies revealed moderate large-droplet fatty hepatosis and mild fibrosis in the central venule of the liver lobes. After 12 weeks of forced alcoholization, with more pronounced general intoxication, hepatocytes have dystrophic changes such as appearance of single or grouped dystrophic cells in the parenchyma. A combination of protein and fatty dystrophy was more common. Elastography allowed to detect structural changes in the liver at the early stages of fibrosis formation when modeling CALI for 12 weeks. There were also changes in the levels of biochemical parameters: free and protein-bound hydroxyproline, glycosaminoglycans. According to the results of elastography, liver stiffness in rats increased maximally after prebiotic correction in all approaches compared to the controls. After correction of CALI, both early- and long-term, fibrosis markers normalized in rat liver homogenate after administration of metadoxine and prebiotic. After prebiotic correction at week 12 of alcoholization, we observed a 12% decrease in liver parenchymal stiffness in the CALI modeling group and a 19% decrease (p

IntroductionNijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is an autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by microcephaly, immunodeficiency, and impaired DNA repair. NBS is most prevalent among Slavic populations, including Ukraine. Our study aimed to comprehensively assess the prevalence, diagnosis, clinical data, immunological parameters, and treatment of NBS patients in Ukraine.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review that included 84 NBS patients from different regions of Ukraine who were diagnosed in 1999-2023. Data from the Ukrainian Registry of NBS and information from treating physicians, obtained using a developed questionnaire, were utilized for analysis.ResultsAmong 84 NBS patients, 55 (65.5%) were alive, 25 (29.8%) deceased, and 4 were lost to follow-up. The median age of patients was 11 years, ranging from 1 to 34 years. Most patients originate from western regions of Ukraine (57.8%), although in recent years, there has been an increase in diagnoses from central and southeastern regions, expanding our knowledge of NBS prevalence. The number of diagnosed patients per year averaged 3.4 and increased from 2.7 to 4.8 in recent years. The median age of NBS diagnosis was 4.0 years (range 0.1-16) in 1999-2007 and decreased to 2.7 in the past 6 years. Delayed physical development was observed in the majority of children up to the age of ten years. All children experienced infections, and 41.3% of them had recurrent infections. Severe infections were the cause of death in 12%. The second most common clinical manifestation of NBS was malignancies (37.5%), with the prevalence of lymphomas (63.3%). Malignancies have been the most common cause of death in NBS patients (72% of cases). Decreased levels of CD4+ and CD19+ were observed in 89.6%, followed by a reduction of CD3+ (81.8%) and CD8+ (62.5%). The level of NK cells was elevated at 62.5%. IgG concentration was decreased in 72.9%, and IgA - in 56.3%. Immunoglobulin replacement therapy was administered to 58.7% of patients. Regular immunoglobulin replacement therapy has helped reduce the frequency and severity of severe respiratory tract infections.ConclusionImprovements in diagnosis, including prenatal screening, newborn screening, monitoring, and expanding treatment options, will lead to better outcomes for NBS patients.

Introduction: Genetic mechanisms among many other factors play a crucial role in the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The farnesoid X-receptor (FXR) regulates the expression of target genes involved in metabolic and energy homeostasis, so it can be assumed that genetic variations within the NR1H4 gene, encoding FXR, can affect the development or progression of associated diseases, including NAFLD. The aim: To study the association of SNP rs11110390 NR1H4 gene with the probability of development and course of NAFLD in children. Materials and methods: 76 children aged 9–17 years and overweight were examined. According to controlled attenuated parameter (CAP) measurement (Fibroscan®502touch) children were divided into 2 groups: group 1 consisted of 40 patients with NAFLD, group 2 was composed by 36 patients without hepatic steatosis. According to genetic testing children were divided into 3 subgroups – children with CC-, CT-, TT-genotype SNP rs11110390 NR1H4 gene. Results: The frequency of TT-genotype SNP rs11110390 NR1H4 gene detection in children with NAFLD was 17.5% versus 2.8% in the control group (p < 0.05). In children with TT-genotype SNP rs11110390 NR1H4 gene the liver stiffness (p < 0.05) and CAP (p = 0.1) were higher than in patients with CC- and CT-genotypes. Patients with the TT-genotype differed from CC-genotype patients with lower levels of IL-10 (p < 0.05) and pro-inflammatory cytokine balance (p < 0.05). An increase in the concentration of taurine-conjugated bile acid fractions in the hepatic and gallbladder’s bile in children with TT-genotype SNP rs11110390 NR1H4 (p < 0.05) was demonstrated. Conclusions: SNP rs11110390 NR1H4 is associated with an increased probability of NAFLD development in children. An increase in the steatosis degree and liver stiffness in combination with increased taurine-conjugated bile acids fractions in the hepatic and gallbladder’s bile, shift in cytokine balance due to a decrease in IL-10 level in children with TT-genotype SNP rs11110390 NR1H4 were observed.

Liver diseases represent one of the most common problems in gastroenterology. The liver, as the most important organ of metabolism, which plays a major role in anabolic and energy processes, takes part in the adaptive and compensatory reactions of the body under exogenous and endogenous adverse influences. Individual factors play a major role in the development of this disease, one of which is the duration of the effect of alcohol on the body. The duration of alcohol consumption affects the morpho-functional properties of the liver. When alcohol was given to the research animals, hypertrophic changes were seen in the linear dimensions of hepatocytes: in the 12th week of alcoholization, the nuclear area was 1.25 times larger, and the cytoplasmic area of hepatocytes was 1.16 times larger compared with the same indicators in the 6th week of alcoholization. Alcoholic hepatitis is characterized by protein-fatty degeneration, inflammatory lymphocytic infiltration, increase in the area of sinusoids and the size of hepatocytes, and, accordingly, the Vizotto coefficient (1.83 times in the 6th week and 2.10 times in the 12th week of the research). The alcohol consumption is accompanied by increase in the volume of the nucleus and cytoplasm of hepatocytes, decrease in the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio with increase in pathohistological changes. With the lengthening of the terms of alcoholization, the number of binuclear hepatocytes decreased. Morphometric calculation of the number of fat cells per 100 hepatocytes showed that in the 12th week of the experiment, the number of fatty inclusions increased by 1.42 times, compared with 6 weeks of forced alcoholization. Fatty small- and large-droplet steatosis of hepatocytes was diffuse in nature. The duration of alcoholization also affects the liver vessels. The diameter of the central vein in the 6th week of the experiment was 1.52 times greater than in control rats, and 1.81 times in the 12th week of alcoholization. The bile ducts of rats of the experimental groups were also larger in diameter: by 37% after 6 weeks and 47% after 12 weeks of forced alcoholization. An increase in the area of the sinusoids and the diameter of the central vein indicates an impairment of the blood supply to the liver. The complexity of the structure of the liver and the diversity of its functions necessitate the use of a variety of diagnostic techniques and methodological approaches to assessing its activity in the normal condition, during a pathology. It will be promising to study the structure of the liver at the ultramicroscopic level of the effect of drugs on the treatment of alcoholic liver disease during different periods of alcoholization.

The article deals with the study on the content of fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and their association with insulin resistance in obese children. It was found that intestinal microflora in obese children is characterized by changes in the qualitative composition and increased metabolic activity of the intestinal microflora. A moderate increase of HOMA-IR is accompanied by elevated concentration of anti-inflammatory cytokines, the content of which correlates with that of acetic, propionic acid and a decrease in the metabolic activity of intestinal microflora. The progression of insulin resistance is accompanied by a further increase in the concentration of anti-inflammatory cytokines, the level of HOMA-IR correlates with the level of propionic SCFA. Thus, modulation of SCFA content may be a promising way of therapeutic influence to correct insulin resistance and obesity in children.

Manganese-based alloys with the composition Mn2FeZ (Z = Si, Al) have been extensively investigated in recent years due to their potential applications in spintronics. The Mn2FeSi alloy, prepared in the form of ingots, powders, or ribbons, exhibits either a cubic full-Heusler (L21) structure, an inverse-Heusler (XA) structure, or a combination of both. In contrast, the Mn2FeAl alloy has so far been synthesized only in the form of ingots, featuring a primitive cubic (β-Mn type) structure. This study focuses on the new quaternary Mn2FeSi0.5Al0.5 alloy synthesized from pure Mn, Fe, Si, and Al powders via mechanical alloying. The elemental powders were ball-milled for 168 h with a ball-to-powder ratio of 10:1, followed by annealing at 550 °C, 700 °C, and 950 °C for 8 h in an argon protective atmosphere. The results demonstrate that annealing at lower temperatures (550 °C) led to the formation of a Heusler structure with a lattice constant of 0.5739 nm. Annealing at 700 °C resulted in the coexistence of several phases, including the Heusler phase and a newly developed primitive cubic β-Mn structure. Further increasing the annealing temperature to 950 °C completely suppressed the Heusler phase, with the β-Mn structure, having a lattice constant of 0.6281 nm, becoming the dominant phase. These findings confirm the possibility of tuning the structure of Mn2FeSi0.5Al0.5 alloy powder—and thereby its physical properties—by varying the annealing temperature. The sensitivity of magnetic properties to structural changes is demonstrated through magnetization curves and zero-field-cooled/field-cooled curves in the temperature range of 5 K to 300 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Today most of the scientists are studying the processes of hepatocyte damage under the influence of free fatty acids (FFA) in vitro conditions. Therefore, in vivo studies of the spectrum of FFA in liver pathologies of different genesis, including toxic ones, are of considerable interest. Materials and methods. Toxic liver damage was simulated by subcutaneous injection of CCl4 solution in olive oil into rats. The following groups were formed: control (healthy; n = 15); I — CCl4-induced liver damage without drug correction (n = 6); III — CCl4-induced liver damage + metadoxin (Liveria IC; n = 8); III — CCl4-induced liver damage + metabiotic (Hilac forte) (n = 7). For morphological assessment of steatosis and fibrosis we used three-color qualitative staining of liver samples by Mallory-Slinchenko. Quantitative content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in liver homoge­nate was determined by gas chromatography. Results. Evaluation of hepatobioptates in group I rats revealed tissue disorganization with macrovesicular steatosis in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, the formation of interparticle multiple fibrous septa and inflammatory cell infiltration. The use of metadoxin (group II) and metabiotic (group III) improved the morphological picture of the liver, which was damaged by CCl4. Total MUFA content increased significantly in 118 (p

Aim. To determine the features of the intestinal microbiota in obese children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) depending on the functional state of the gallbladder. Materials and methods. A total of 73 children aged 10–17 years (mean age – 12.15 ± 2.51 years) were examined. According to body mass index, transient elastography (Fibroscan®), and ultrasound data, the patients were divided into 3 groups: group I – 35 obese children with NAFLD and gallbladder hypokinesia, group II – 30 obese children with NAFLD and gallbladder normokinesia, group III (control) – 8 healthy children with normal weight and gallbladder normokinesia. Contractile function of the gallbladder was assessed by ultrasound examination after physiological food loading. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and lactose absorption were assessed with the hydrogen breath test (HBT) with lactose loading using a Gastrolyzer (Bedfont Scientific Ltd, UK). Qualitative and quantitative intestinal microbiome composition were studied using bacterial culture method with ten-fold dilutions (10-1–10-9) on standard sets of selective and differential-diagnostic culture media for the isolation of aerobic and anaerobic microbes. Fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content was evaluated with gas chromatography (Chromatec-Crystal-5000). Results. Lactose-dependent SIBO was observed in almost half of NAFLD patients (42.9 %) without significant differences depending on functional activity of the gallbladder. Patients with decompensated dysbiosis predominated in group I children (37.1 % of patients). In group II children, the subcompensated dysbiosis was more common (36.7 % of patients). The concentration of Lactobacillus and Enterococcus in group I patients was significantly 1.9 times (P < 0.05) and 1.4 times (P < 0.05) lower, respectively, than that in group IІ patients. The level of fecal acetic acid and butyric acid in group I children was 6.9 and 2.0 times (P < 0.05) increased, respectively, compared to control group, assuming bile acids involvement in the regulation of microbiome composition. Conclusions. Impaired contractile function of the gallbladder in NAFLD children is associated with a sharp decrease in the number of major symbionts of the intestinal microbiota as well as increased production of acetic and butyric SCFA.

У статті досліджується питання захисту прав дітей-сиріт та дітей позбавлених батьківського піклування під час військових дій. Звернено особливу увагу на законодавство України про соціальний захист дітей-сиріт, дітей, позбавлених батьківського піклування, зокрема: Конституцію України, постанову Кабінету Міністрів України «Про внесення змін до деяких постанов Кабінету Міністрів України щодо захисту прав дітей на період надзвичайного або воєнного стану», «Конвенцію про права дитини», постанову Кабінету Міністрів України «Про затвердження Правил перетинання державного кордону громадянами України» та інші законодавчі акти, що регулюють правовідносини, пов’язані з наданням матеріальної, соціальної та правової допомоги дітям-сиротам, дітям, позбавленим батьківського піклування. Діти, які стають сиротами внаслідок війни, є найбільш вразливою категорією населення, яка потребує належного захисту та підтримки. Під час війни численна кількість дітей втратили свої домівки та батьків, стикнулися з жахіттями війни, загубилися під час бомбардувань, евакуації з зон бойових дій, зникли безвісти, насильно вивезені на територію країни-агресора та не знають нічого про своїх батьків, і всі вони потребують належного захисту з боку держави. Вони можуть стикнутися з насильством, голодом, хворобами та іншими викликами, які ставлять під загрозу їхні життя та здоров'я. Крім того, розповсюджене явище виїзду дітей за кордон, де також процедура контролю має забезпечуватися державою як на стадії підготовки до виїзду, так і на моменті перетину кордону. Виїзд дітей за кордон може бути потрібним для їхньої безпеки та добробуту. Також держава повинна забезпечити можливість повернення дітей назад в Україну у разі необхідності. Влада зобов'язана забезпечувати реалізацію прав дітей-сиріт та дітей позбавлених батьківського піклування, зокрема, шляхом забезпечення житла, харчування, медичної допомоги та освіти. Наголошується на полегшенні забезпечення дітям- сиротам та дітям, позбавлених батьківського піклування надійного захисту та допомоги, шляхом створення чат-ботів організацією ЮНІСЕФ (ООН).

This research is focused on the distribution of shear studs on steel-concrete composite beams. In practise, two different centre to centre spacings of coupling elements are commonly used, depending on the shear force. The main aim of this work is to find the best position on the beam to change the axial distance of the coupling elements, so that the smallest possible number of them can be used. Making a change at this point on the beam will ensure the most economical solution for the amount of the shear studs used as well as their appropriate utilization. In this work, equations for the design of the amount and the placement of the coupling elements on the beam, which can speed up the design in practice, were derived. In addition, the influence of the individual input parameters of the calculation on the distribution of shear studs was also investigated.

Introduction: Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is an autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by microcephaly, immunodeficiency, and impaired DNA repair. NBS is most prevalent among Slavic populations, including Ukraine. Our study aimed to comprehensively assess the prevalence, diagnosis, clinical data, immunological parameters, and treatment of NBS patients in Ukraine. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review that included 84 NBS patients from different regions of Ukraine who were diagnosed in 1999-2023. Data from the Ukrainian Registry of NBS and information from treating physicians, obtained using a developed questionnaire, were utilized for analysis. Results: Among 84 NBS patients, 55 (65.5%) were alive, 25 (29.8%) deceased, and 4 were lost to follow-up. The median age of patients was 11 years, ranging from 1 to 34 years. Most patients originate from western regions of Ukraine (57.8%), although in recent years, there has been an increase in diagnoses from central and southeastern regions, expanding our knowledge of NBS prevalence. The number of diagnosed patients per year averaged 3.4 and increased from 2.7 to 4.8 in recent years. The median age of NBS diagnosis was 4.0 years (range 0.1-16) in 1999-2007 and decreased to 2.7 in the past 6 years. Delayed physical development was observed in the majority of children up to the age of ten years. All children experienced infections, and 41.3% of them had recurrent infections. Severe infections were the cause of death in 12%. The second most common clinical manifestation of NBS was malignancies (37.5%), with the prevalence of lymphomas (63.3%). Malignancies have been the most common cause of death in NBS patients (72% of cases). Decreased levels of CD4+ and CD19+ were observed in 89.6%, followed by a reduction of CD3+ (81.8%) and CD8+ (62.5%). The level of NK cells was elevated at 62.5%. IgG concentration was decreased in 72.9%, and IgA - in 56.3%. Immunoglobulin replacement therapy was administered to 58.7% of patients. Regular immunoglobulin replacement therapy has helped reduce the frequency and severity of severe respiratory tract infections. Conclusion: Improvements in diagnosis, including prenatal screening, newborn screening, monitoring, and expanding treatment options, will lead to better outcomes for NBS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The α7 nicotinic receptors (NR) have been confirmed in the heart but their role in cardiac functions has been contradictory. To address these contradictory findings, we analyzed cardiac functions in α7 NR knockout mice (α7−/−) in vivo and ex vivo in isolated hearts. A standard limb leads electrocardiogram was used, and the pressure curves were recorded in vivo, in Arteria carotis and in the left ventricle, or ex vivo, in the left ventricle of the spontaneously beating isolated hearts perfused following Langedorff's method. Experiments were performed under basic conditions, hypercholinergic conditions, and adrenergic stress. The relative expression levels of α and β NR subunits, muscarinic receptors, β1 adrenergic receptors, and acetylcholine life cycle markers were determined using RT‐qPCR. Our results revealed a prolonged QT interval in α7−/− mice. All in vivo hemodynamic parameters were preserved under all studied conditions. The only difference in ex vivo heart rate between genotypes was the loss of bradycardia in prolonged incubation of isoproterenol‐pretreated hearts with high doses of acetylcholine. In contrast, left ventricular systolic pressure was lower under basal conditions and showed a significantly higher increase during adrenergic stimulation. No changes in mRNA expression were observed. In conclusion, α7 NR has no major effect on heart rate, except when stressed hearts are exposed to a prolonged hypercholinergic state, suggesting a role in acetylcholine spillover control. In the absence of extracardiac regulatory mechanisms, left ventricular systolic impairment is revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of the emergence, development, and existence of the most relevant, but least doctrinally researched human rights, which constitute the so-called fourth generation of such rights, with the acquisition of their wide social prevalence, requires appropriate theoretical elaboration and legal regulation. Because the fourth group of human rights is quite controversial, the law as a system of norms should give a quick and adequate reaction to such drastic social changes through their normative consolidation, in particular, the transformation of the constitutional and legal status of a person. The practice of the European Court of Human Rights continues to acquire fundamental importance in the context of the study of modern standards of somatic human rights of the fourth generation, which we will dwell on in more detail in this study. The general scientific, group, and special scientific research approaches, methods, and techniques were the methodological basis of scientific research. The purpose of the article is to carry out a legal analysis of the issue of protection of somatic rights through the prism of the judicial practice of the ECtHR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the potential mechanisms of acyl-ghrelin in heart failure management. The author suggests that acyl-ghrelin may inhibit the activity of butyrylcholinesterase, which could influence cholinergic signaling in the body, including the heart and vessels. Enhanced cholinergic signaling has been shown to have a positive effect on heart failure in animal models and human patients. The author proposes that acyl-ghrelin may indirectly employ acetylcholine to offset pathological changes in cardiomyocytes, counterbalance hyperactive adrenergic tonus, impair inflammation, and decrease ventricular afterload due to vasodilation. [Extracted from the article]

Aim. The aim of the research is to identify changes of psychological determinants of elderly people's inclination to social dependency during the first month of Russian-Ukrainian war in comparison with peace time. Methods. The research uses methodologies of inclination to demanding behaviour by Hrabovska (2005), emotional intelligence by D. Luisin (2006), personality volitional qualities by Chumakov (2006), adaptive stress abilities by Rozov (2006), psychological well-being by Ryff as adapted by Shevelenkova and Fesenko (2005). Results. It is identified that during the first months of the full-scale Russian--Ukrainian war, inclination of elderly people, who stay in relatively safe conditions in Ukraine, to social dependency does not undergo significant changes in comparison with peacetime. There are changes in the vector of emotional regulation of social dependency: from intrapersonal in pre-war time into interpersonal during the wartime, when importance in understanding the emotions of other people is high consequently, it results in a more active life stance in the elderly. Initiative becomes a leading will regulator, shows far-sightedness of a person. There is activation of coping mechanisms, related to adaptive thinking, sleep and somatic regulation, and they can be considered vital resources for stable mental health preservation at the beginning of a war. Conclusions. It is recommended to provide psychological support to seniors in finding occupations that help them to realize their capacity for self-sufficiency and create conditions for personal responsibility and assertiveness as the ability to stand for their own rights without violating other people's resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]