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Geoekološko vrednovanje reljefa Parka prirode Hutovo blato s aspekta njegove turističke i rekreacijske valorizacije provedeno je na temelju prethodne geomorfološke analize. U radu je promatran turizam i rekreacija kao sociološki elementi razvoja parka prirode Hutovo blato. Za postupak geoekološkog vrednovanja izdvojeni su reljefni oblici određenog stupnja atraktivnosti (vrhovi, padine, korita i dolinska dna, vododerine, područje oko Deranskog jezera, područje oko Svitavskog jezera i Svitavsko jezero), koji su vrednovani za sljedeće oblike rekreacije: šetnja, brdski biciklizam, rekreacijski biciklizam, promatranje ptica i krajolika te kajaking i kanuing. Stupanj pogodnosti reljefa za navedene vidove rekreacije određen je na temelju fizičke pogodnosti, estetske vrijednosti i dostupnosti. U postupku vrednovanja primijenjena je metoda relativnog vrednovanja reljefa. Provedeno vrednovanje ukazalo je na vrijedne i potencijalno vrijedne dijelove reljefa, ali i na one ograničavajuće elemente krajolika, zbog kojih pojedini dijelovi nisu do sada dovoljno turistički valorizirani. To se posebno odnosi na istočni i jugoistočni dio Parka s izraženim problemom fizičke pogodnosti i (ne)dostupnosti (udaljenost te nepostojanje ili neuređenost pješačkih staza, otežane plovnosti, nepristupačnosti obale obrasle vegetacijom). Predložene su moguće aktivnosti za povećanje geoekološke vrijednosti prostora (uređivanje infrastrukture za rekreacijski biciklizam, te obnova starih i uređenje novih edukativnih staza za šetnju i edukaciju na prostoru koji ima potencijal postati zanimljiv i atraktivan dio Parka prirode Hutovo blato)., The geoecological evaluation of the relief of the Hutovo blato Nature Park from the perspective of its touristic and recreational valorization was carried out based on previous geomorphological analysis. The paper examines tourism and recreation as sociological elements of the development of the Hutovo blato Nature Park. For the geoecological evaluation, landforms of a certain degree of attractiveness (peaks, slopes, troughs and valley bottoms, ravines, the area around Lake Deran, the area around Lake Svitava and Lake Svitava) were selected, which were then evaluated for the following forms of recreation: walking, mountain biking, recreational cycling, bird and landscape watching, as well as kayaking and canoeing. The degree of convenience of relief for the mentioned types of recreation was determined based on its physical convenience, aesthetic value and accessibility. In the evaluation process, the method of relative relief evaluation was used. The conducted evaluation revealed the valuable and potentially valuable parts of the relief, but also the limiting elements of the landscape, which are the reason why certain parts have not been sufficiently valorized for tourism. This especially applies to the eastern and southeastern parts of the Park, with a pronounced problem of physical convenience and (in)accessibility (distance and the absence or the lack of maintenance of footpaths, difficult navigation and inaccessibility of the coast overgrown with vegetation). Possible activities to increase the geoecological value of the area are proposed (introduction of infrastructure for recreational cycling, and renovation of old and introduction of new educational paths for walking and education in an area that has the potential to become an interesting and attractive part of the Hutovo Blato Nature Park)., Die geoökologische Auswertung des Reliefs des Naturparks Hutovo blato aus dem Gesichtspunkt seiner touristischen und Erholungswertung wurde anhand einer vorhergehenden geomorphologischen Analyse durchgeführt. In der Arbeit werden Tourismus und Erholung als soziologiosche Elemente der Entwicklung des Naturparks Hutovo blato in Betracht gezogen. Es wurden unterschiedlich attraktive Reliefs (Gipfel, Hänge, Mulden, Talsohlen, Erosionsrinnen, Gebiet um den Deransko See, Gebiet um den Svitavsko See und der Svitavsko See selbst), geoökologisch ausgewertet, die sich für folgende Arten der Erholung eignen: Spaziergänge, Bergradfahren, Radfahren als Erholung, Vogel- und Landschaftsbeobachtung, sowie Kayakfahren und Kanufahren. Der Eignungsgrad des Reliefs für die genannten Arten der Erholung wurde anhand der physischen Eignung, des ästhetischen Werts und der Zugänglichkeit bestimmt. Bei der Auswertung wurde die Methode der relativen Auswertung des Reliefs angewandt. Die durchgeführte Auswertung hat auf wertvolle und potenziell wertvolle Teile des Reliefs hingewiesen, aber auch auf die einschränkenden Elemente der Landschaft, die daran schuld sind, dass manche Teile bisher nicht genügend touristisch erschlossen wurden. Dies bezieht sich insbesondere auf den östlichen und den südöstlichen Teil des Naturparks, wo die physische Unzugänglichkeit besonders ausgeprägt ist, dazu sind die Fußgängerwege nicht gepflegt, oder es gibt sie nicht, das Ufer ist dicht bewachsen, und die Fahrt auf dem See ist erschwert. Es wurden mögliche Aktivitäten zur Steigerung des geoökologischen Wertes vorgeschlagen (Anlegen von Radwegen, Instandsetzung von alten und Einrichtung von neuen Lehrwegen in einem Raum, der ein interessanter und attraktiver Teil des Naturparks Hutovo blato werden kann).

Environmental education experience in parks has been neglected in literature. This study aims to explore environmental and sustainable educational experiences of visitors in Hong Kong Ma Wan Park where is a nature park that combines nature, learning, and arts. The authors conducted 24 in-depth interviews with visitors to explore the views on those environmental and sustainable educational experiences. This experience is defined as visitors’ knowledge acquired through visitation, and changes of attitude and behaviours toward environmental sustainability. Data analysis shows that visitors’ environmental education experiences are reflected in “7 Rs”: 1) Refocusing on green education, 2) Reinforcing pro-environmental behaviour, 3) Responding for sustainable development, 4) Rekindling low-carbon lifestyle, 5) Respecting nature, 6) Retrieving tree information, and 7) Relaxing and enjoying art in nature. Result suggests those experiences can enable visitors to acquire authentic, professional, and specific knowledge about nature, to develop appreciative and responsible attitudes toward environment, to show philanthropic support of environmentally sustainability, and to prompt environmentally responsible behaviours. The findings of this study show that the environmental education experiences can be 5I’s inspiring, influential, informative, interactive, and innovative in terms of influencing visitors’ awareness, value, attitude, and behaviours for environmental sustainability. This study provides insights for other nature parks to design and implement creative, artistic, and interactive environmental education experiences for visitors about environmental sustainability. Implications, limitations, and future research directions were discussed.

Payments for ecosystem services are a voluntary market-based instrument to remunerate provider(s) of ecosystem services by those who benefit from them. Our research aimed to create an ex post evaluation framework to identify bottlenecks and elements hindering the success of a solution-driven PES scheme. The framework was applied to a case study to assess its feasibility and concerns the provision of health and recreational services in the Medvednica Nature Park (Zagreb, Croatia). The framework was set up through three main sources: the study of PES implementation project documentation, semi-structured interviews with visitors and key stakeholders, and web-scraping of TripAdvisor reviews of the park. The main findings confirm society’s interest in the park, but the lack of mapping, quantification, and accounting of the services analysed, the little or no demand from society to pay for their provision, and confused knowledge of the property rights of some ecosystem service providers in the area limit the success of the PES scheme. The framework was useful to describe the chosen PES scheme and to identify bottlenecks and fragilities of the system in place, allowing it to correct its application flaws and, on the other hand, to demonstrate its replicability in other contexts.

В работе приведены результаты комплексного экологического обследования особо охраняемой природной территории «Репнинский лес» г. Воронежа. Дана оценка почвенному и растительному покровам, описаны зоо- и микокомплексы, населяющие объект исследований. Показана ландшафтно-экологическая, эстетическая, санитарно-гигиеническая и рекреационная значимость природного парка. The paper presents the results of a comprehensive ecological survey of the specially protected natural area «Repninsky Forest» of Voronezh. The assessment of soil and vegetation covers is given, zoo- and mycocomplexes inhabiting the object of research are described. The landscapeecological, aesthetic, sanitary-hygienic and recreational significance of the natural park is shown.

Park prirode Medvednica, kao zelena oaza nadomak glavnog grada, iznimno je vrijedan resurs za opuštanje i rekreaciju stanovništva grada Zagreba u prirodnom okruženju, ali i sve značajnija atrakcija za turiste koji posjećuju grad Zagreb i okolicu. Kako su pritisci na taj zaštićeni prostor sve izraženiji u urbanističkom, sportskorekreacijskom i turistički razvojnom smislu, smatralo se važnim ispitati stavove i percepciju stanovnika grada Zagreba prema razvoju zimskog sportskog turizma na području Parka. Podaci za ovo kvantitativno istraživanje prikupljeni su anketnim ispitivanjem na uzorku od 309 stalnih stanovnika grada Zagreba. Istraživanje je pokazalo da stanovnici hrvatske metropole zimi često posjećuju Park te da taj prostor ipak ima veći značaj i vrijednost za gradsko stanovništvo, nego kao turistička atrakcija za privremene posjetitelje. Iako velika većina ispitanika smatra kako su ekonomske koristi od zimskog sportskog turizma od velikog značaja za očuvanje Parka i njegov daljnji razvoj, svjesni su da takav razvoj vrši dodatan pritisak na održivost zaštićenog područja. Među ograničenjima daljnjeg razvoja zimskog sportskog turizma ispitanici primarno vide u ograničenom prostornom kapacitetu i nedostatnoj infrastrukturi, ali i u neizbježnim klimatskim promjenama koje štetno utječu na redovitost održavanja međunarodnih skijaških utrka i imidž Medvednice kao destinacije zimskog sportskog turizma. Nalazi ovog istraživanja ukazuju na potrebu povećane brige o raspoloživim resursima, kao i pomnog promišljanja o mogućnostima i posljedicama daljnjeg razvoja zimskog sportskog turizma na promatranom prostoru. Originalnost ovog rada očituje se u dizajnu istraživanja i njegovoj primjeni na specifičnom prostoru, što do sada u tom obliku nije znanstveno istraživano., Medvednica Nature Park, as a green oasis close to the capital city of Zagreb, is a highly valuable resource for relaxation and recreation of the urban population in a natural environment, but also an increasingly important attraction for tourists visiting the city of Zagreb and its surroundings. As the pressures on this area are increasingly pronounced in urbanisation, sports-recreational and tourism development terms, it was considered important to examine the attitudes and perceptions of the urban population towards the possibilities of developing winter sports tourism in this protected area. The data for this qualitative research was collected through a survey on a sample of 309 residents of the city of Zagreb. The research showed that residents often visit the Park in winter, and that this area still has more significance and value for the local population than as a tourist attraction for temporary visitors. Although the vast majority of respondents believe that the economic benefits of winter sports tourism are of great importance for the preservation of the Park and its further development, they are aware that such development exerts considerable pressure on the sustainability of the protected area. Among the limitations of the further development of winter sports tourism, respondents primarily see limited spatial capacity and insufficient infrastructure, but also inevitable climate changes that adversely affect the regularity of organizing international ski races and the image of Medvednica as a winter sports tourism destination. The findings of this research point to the need for increased care about available resources, as well as careful consideration of the possibilities and consequences of further development of winter sports tourism in the observed area. The originality of this research is reflected in its design and application in a specific area, which has not been scientifically investigated in this format so far.

This study’s objective was to explore some of the annual Prussian carp’s (Carassius gibelio) biological characteristics (sex ratio, length–weight ratio, and gonado somatic index - GSI) in the Kopački Rit Nature Park in Croatia. The Prussian carp is an invasive fish species originated from Asia, which became widely distributed throughout Europe and is believed to be responsible for a decline in the number of indigenous fish, invertebrate, and macrophyte populations in different areas. The fish sampling was conducted from September to November 2017 and from February to July 2018, respectively, using electrofishing. A total of 475 fish individuals were caught and measured for the total length, standard length, body height, and body weight. Males made up 34.31% of the population of Prussian carp. The mean value of Fulton condition factor (FC) of Prussian carp in Kopački Rit was 1.77 ± 0.28. Overall, the FC value had a relatively small amplitude, but it exhibited a clear seasonal vari ability. The average GSI values of females (9.91 ± 5.34) were higher than those of males (3.58 ± 1.37) during the observed period. The average GSI values indicate that the majority of females are spawning in the late April and May, which are also the same periods when other cyprinid species are spawning, allowing the Prussian carp to exploit its gynogenesis strategy., Cilj ovoga istraživanja bila je istražiti neke od bioloških karakteristika (omjer spolova, dužinsko-maseni odnos i gonadosomatski indeks) babuške (Carassius gibelio) tijekom jedne godine u Parku prirode „Kopački rit“ u Hrvatskoj. Babuška je alohtona vrsta ribe uvezena iz Azije koja se od tada proširila diljem Europe te se vjeruje kako je odgovorna za opadanje autohtone populacije riba, beskralježnjaka i makrofita u pojedinim područjima. Ihtiološko uzorkovanje obavljeno je od rujna do studenoga 2017. te od veljače do srpnja 2018. s pomoću elektroribolova. Ukupno je ulovljeno 475 jedinaka, na kojima je izmjerena ukupna dužina, standardna dužina, visina tijela i masa. Mužjaci su činili 34,31 % populacije babuške. Prosječna vrijednost Fultonova kondicijskog faktora (FC) za babušku u Kopačkome ritu bila je 1,77 ± 0,28. Sveukupno, vrijednosti FC-a su imale relativno malo varijacija, ali ukazuju na jasnu sezonsku varijabilnost. Prosječne vrijednosti gonado-somatskoga indeksa (GSI) za ženke (9,91 ± 5,34) bile su veće negoli za mužjake (3,58 ± 1,37) tijekom promatranoga razdoblja. Prosječne vrijednosti GSI-ja ukazuju kako se većina ženka mrijesti krajem travnja i tijekom svibnja, što je isti period kada se mrijeste i ostale ciprinidne vrste, a to babuški omogućuje da se koristi svojom strategijom ginogeneze.

İnsanların boş zamanlarında katılmış oldukları rekreasyonel etkinlikler ile yaşam kalitelerini arttırmaları mümkündür. Sahip oldukları kaynak değerleri sebebiyle önemli bir yere sahip olan korunan alanlar, katılımcılara doğa ile iç içe vakit geçirebilecekleri olanaklar sunmaktadırlar. Ancak korunan alanlarda rekreasyonel engeller bazı kullanıcı profilleri üzerinde olumsuz etki göstererek katılımı azaltabilmektedir. Bu bağlamda, çalışmanın amacı kadınların rekreasyon alanı olarak korunan alanları tercih etmesinde etkili olan engellerin belirlenmesidir. Burdur Serenler Tepesi Tabiat Parkı araştırma alanı olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada materyal olarak anket formu kullanılmıştır. Anket formunda rekreasyonel engeller “Güvenliğe dayalı engeller, kişisel engeller, mekânsal engeller, spora dayalı engeller, zamana dayalı engeller ve arkadaşa dayalı engeller” olmak üzere 6 ana kriter altında sınıflandırılmıştır. Anket formu 83 kadın katılımcıya uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde SPSS programı kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak kadınların korunan alanları çok az kullandığı ve rekreasyonel tercihlerini etkileyen en önemli faktörün “Güvenliğe dayalı engeller” olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca kadınların demografik özelliklerine (yaş, eğitim, medeni durum, vb.) bağlı olarak rekreasyonel tercihlerinin değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Korunan alanlarda gerçekleştirilen mekânsal planlama ve tasarım çalışmalarında bu çalışmanın sonuçlarının dikkate alınması kadınların rekreasyonel faaliyetlere katılımına katkı sağlayacaktır., It is possible for people to increase their quality of life by engaging in recreational activities during their free time. Protected areas, which occupy an important place because of their resource values, offer participants the opportunity to spend time in contact with nature. However, recreational barriers in protected areas may negatively impact some user profiles and reduce participation. In this context, the study aims to identify the barriers to women's preference for protected areas as recreation sites. Burdur Serenler Hill Nature Park was identified as the research area. A questionnaire was used as material for the research. In the questionnaire, recreational obstacles were classified according to 6 main criteria: "safety-related obstacles, personal obstacles, spatial obstacles, sport-related obstacles, time-related obstacles and friendship-related obstacles". The questionnaire was applied to 83 female participants. The SPSS program was used to analyze the data. As a result, it was found that women use protected areas very little and that the most important factor influencing their recreational preferences is "safety-related barriers". In addition, women's leisure preferences were found to change depending on their demographic characteristics (age, education, marital status, etc.). Consideration of the results of this study in spatial planning and design studies in protected areas will help to promote women's participation in recreational activities.

As part of an international project, national parks and nature parks established in karst regions are examined, with a primary focus on how local residents, visitors and influential figures (i.e., park managers, mayors) perceive the advantages and disadvantages of a specific park. The study area in this paper is the Apuseni Nature Park (Romania). The main natural resources of this park are: the karst (morphology and hydrology), the forests and the landscape. In order to explore the perception and motivation of tourists visiting the park, a field survey using a convenience sampling strategy was conducted in 2019 and 2021 at eleven sites in the park. The results show that among the motivations, the “search for relaxation” option is the most frequently selected (43%), but “interest in caves” (34%) and “interest in karst terrains” (29%) were also relatively popular. In terms of public support for potential developments, one positive result of the questionnaire is that developments involving sustainability and nature conservation (visitor centre, education trails and viewpoints) enjoy significantly more support than developments that put a strain on the environment (adventure parks and expansion of entertainment facilities). The awareness of geotourism should be improved, but even at the current level it can be said that geotourists are an important segment of the park’s visitors. A careful development of tourism can be recommended for the park, but it must ensure that the principles of sustainability are taken into account during the developments. Given the environmental and economic challenges, strengthening the organization of the park is suggested in order to better protect the threatened natural resources.

Rad istražuje plemićke gradove (burgove) na području planiranog Parka prirode Ivanščica, Strahinjščica, Maceljska gora i Ravna gora iz aspekta prostornih mogućnosti njihova očuvanja i unaprjeđenja. Plemićki gradovi u Hrvatskoj istraživani su iz arheološkog, povijesnog i povijesno-umjetničkog aspekta, međutim često izostaje prostorno-planersko motrište koje uključuje šire prostorno sagledavanje mogućnosti korištenja i uklapanja u suvremeni život. Cilj rada jest popisati plemićke gradove, razvrstati ih, ukazati na potencijale povezivanja kulturnog i prirodnog naslijeđa te prepoznati moguće početne prostorne modele njihova očuvanja i unaprjeđenja. Za definiranje širih prostornih mogućnosti korištenje i uklapanja u suvremeni život analizirana je važeća prostorno-planska dokumentacija, status pravne zaštite, postojeće stanje, korištenje, smještaj / okruženje (setting), prostorni položaj te pristup plemićkom gradu. Temeljem provedene analize utvrđena su četiri moguća početna prostorna modela očuvanja i unaprjeđenja plemićkih gradova u Parku. Prvi prostorni model vezan je za ulaze u nacionalne parkove i parkove prirode. Drugi prostorni model uključuje plemićke gradove u zaštićenom kulturnom krajoliku. Treći utvrđeni prostorni model vezan je uz uspostavu turističko-rekreacijskog područja. Četvrti model očuvanja i unaprjeđenja plemićkih gradova jesu poučne staze. Plemićki gradovi u zaštićenim prirodnim područjima, pa tako i parku prirode, predstavljaju potencijal širenja uobičajene turističke ponude bazirane isključivo na prirodnim datostima te postaju jedan od važnijih čimbenika razvoja održivog turizma i edukacije u zaštićenim prirodnim područjima. Objedinjeno sagledavanje prirodnog i kulturnog naslijeđa na planerskoj razini omogućava istovremeno unaprjeđivanje i očuvanje oba tipa naslijeđa., The scope of this research are medieval castles (burgs) in the area of the planned Nature Park Ivanščica, Strahinjščica, Maceljska gora, and Ravna gora from the aspect of spatial possibilities of their preservation and enhancement. Medieval castles in Croatia have been researched from an archaeological, historical, and art-historical perspective, however, a spatial-planning point of view that includes a broader spatial analysis of the possibilities of use and integration into contemporary life is often missing. The aim of the work is to list the medieval castles, classify them, point out the potential of linking cultural and natural heritage and identify possible initial spatial models of their preservation and enhancement. In order to define the broader spatial possibilities of use and integration into contemporary life, valid spatial planning documentation, legal protection status, existing condition, use, setting, and access to medieval castles were analyzed. Based on the analysis, four possible initial spatial models of preservation and enhancement of the medieval castles in the Park were determined. The first spatial model is related to entrances to national parks and nature parks. The second spatial model includes medieval castles in a protected cultural landscape. The third established spatial model is associated with the establishment of a tourist-recreational area. The fourth model of preservation and enhancement of medieval castles is cultural routes. Medieval castles in protected natural areas, including the nature park, represent the potential of expanding the usual tourist offer based exclusively on natural values and become one of the key factors in the development of sustainable tourism and education in protected natural areas. The combined consideration of natural and cultural heritage at the planning level enables the simultaneous enhancement and preservation of both types of heritage.

Agrobiološka raznolikost rezultat je interakcije genetskih resursa, okoliša i sustava upravljanja i praksi koje koriste poljoprivrednici, odnosno rezultat prirodne selekcije i ljudske invencije razvijane tijekom tisućljeća. U kontekstu odnosa i značaja međuovisnosti prirode i agrobiološke raznolikosti razvija se i pozitivan međuodnos Parka prirode kao zaštićene prirodne cjeline i agrobiološke raznolikosti kao temelja održive poljoprivredne djelatnosti prema načelima ekološke poljoprivrede. Na području parkova prirode moguće je provoditi projekte koji se odnose na očuvanje tradicijskih kultura kao što to i čine neki aktualni parkovi prirode te pasmina domaćih životinja, a koji doprinose održivosti ruralnog prostora. Takvi projekti uključuju aktivnosti vezane uz očuvanje i revitalizaciju tradicijskih oblika poljoprivrede., Agricultural biodiversity is the result of the interaction between genetic resources, environment and management systems and practices used by farmers, i.e. the result of natural selection and human invention developed over the millennia. In the context of the relationship and importance of the interdependence of nature and Agricultural biodiversity, a positive interrelationship between the Nature Park as a protected natural whole and agricultural biodiversity as the foundation of sustainable agricultural activity according to the principles of organic agriculture is developing. In the area of nature parks, it is possible to implement projects related to the preservation of traditional cultures, as do some current nature parks, and domestic animal breeds, which contribute to the sustainability of rural areas. Such projects include activities related to the preservation and revitalization of traditional forms of agriculture.

The most common forms of using Medvednica Nature Park (Medvednica NP) are sport and recreation and enjoying nature. Public Institution Nature Park Medvednica (PI NPM) manages a total of 17.938 ha and has over 1.000.000 visitors a year. Due to such a large number of visits and the diversity of visiting interests, PI NPM is faced with a number of issues related to visitor management, which includes maintaining high standards of visitors' safety. Visitation itself, and especially some forms of recreation, have their hidden dangers, moreover for most recreational activities risk and challenges are their feature and integral part. Besides recreational activities, a large risk for visitors presents natural disasters caused by climate change, but also different human diseases like COVID-19 diseases, and wildlife diseases that can consequently endanger human health (zoonoses). Most risks are inherent risks that cannot be prevented due to a number of uncontrolled factors. A new type of risk emerged with the opening of the central visitation point, Medvedgrad Visitor Center, given that a larger group of people gathers in one place, which opens up new risk opportunities. The majority of visitors are prone to use drones without authorization, because of their easy commercial availability and relatively low prices. In such conditions, there is a high danger of using drones over a large group of people outdoors, which could fall and injure the group, but neither can the possibility of their misuse for terrorist purposes cannot be excluded. In order to adapt to the new conditions of protected area management, increased awareness of danger in Medvednic NP is being advanced, which indicates the need to manage visits and recreational activities by launching a modern concept of visitor risk management.