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V magistrskem delu sem se podrobneje seznanil s slovensko zakonodajo o varstvu pred požarom, požarni varnosti v stavbah in načinu projektiranja evakuacijskih poti. V uvodnem delu sem obdelal osnovne definicije pojma evakuacija, potek razvoja načrtovanja evakuacij, načine načrtovanja v sedanjosti in podatke, ki jih moramo zajeti med samim načrtovanjem. Na podlagi tehnične smernice za graditev TSG-1-001:2019 in Zakona o varstvu pred požarom ter podzakonskih aktov, ki obravnavajo evakuacijske poti, sem izdelal različne načrte prostorov ter scenarije evakuacije znotraj le-teh. Izdelal sem načrte treh osnovnih prostorov: učilnice, knjižnice in hodnika. Vsakemu od prostorov sem dodal različne predmete in opremo, ki sovpadajo z namenom prostora ter predstavljajo ovire na evakuacijski poti. V programu AutoCAD sem izdelal dvodimenzionalne načrte. Te sem nato izvozil v program Pyrosim in jim dodal še tretjo dimenzijo. Modele sem izvozil v program Pathfinder, kjer sem v prostore dodal ljudi z različnimi hitrostmi gibanja. Nato sem izvedel simulacijo evakuacije in dobil rezultate oz. evakuacijske čase, ki sem jih prikazal v obliki grafov in tabel. V magistrskem delu sem obravnaval vpliv ovir in orientiranost postavitve le-teh na evakuacijski poti, vpliv širine in dolžine evakuacijske poti, vpliv števila ljudi, njihove hitrosti gibanja in zadolžitve ter vpliv števila izhodov v prostoru na evakuacijski čas. V namenu magistrskega dela sem postavil pet hipotez. Na podlagi rezultatov eksperimentalnega dela sem štiri hipoteze ovrgel in eno delno potrdil. Prav tako sem iz dobljenih rezultatov ugotovil, da povečanje širine evakuacijske poti z 1,2 m na 2,0 m skrajša čas evakuacije za 8 %, da se čas evakuacije podaljša za največ 1,75-krat pri podaljšanju evakuacijski poti z 20 m na 40 m, da pravokotna postavitev predmetov v primerjavi z vzporedno postavitvijo predmetov na evakuacijsko pot podaljša čas evakuacije za 4 sekunde. Ugotovil sem tudi, da se čas evakuacije skrajša za več kot polovico v enem scenariju, v ostalih scenarijih pa za manj kot polovico, ko imamo dva zasilna izhoda na izbranih lokacijah v primerjavi z enim zasilnim izhodom, in da se čas evakuacije poveča do 1,33-krat, ko je v prostoru 20 ljudi v primerjavi z 10 ljudmi. Ugotovitve magistrskega dela lahko v prihodnje pripomorejo pri raziskovanju področja evakuacij in k razmisleku ob načrtovanju in postavitvi objektov ter vzpostavitvi evakuacijskih poti. This thesis closely examines the Slovenian legislation with regard to fire protection, fire safety requirements in buildings and the planning of evacuation routes. In the introduction, it elaborates on the basic definitions of the term evacuation, the history of the development of evacuation planning, the methods of contemporary planning and the data that must be collected during the planning stage itself. Following the technical guidelines for the construction of TSG-1-001:2019 and the Fire Protection Act with its by-laws on evacuation routes, I designed various room plans and their corresponding evacuation scenarios. I designed the plans for three basic room types: a classroom, a library and a corridor. I added multiple objects and pieces of equipment to each of the rooms in such a way that they coincided with the purpose of the room while also representing obstacles on the evacuation route. I made two-dimensional plans in AutoCAD and exported them to the Pyrosim program, where a third dimension was added to them. I then exported these models to the Pathfinder program, where people with different movement speeds were added to the rooms. An evacuation simulation was subsequently carried out which provided the results or evacuation times which have been presented in the form of graphs and tables. This master’s thesis discusses how the evacuation time is influenced by obstacles and the orientation of their placement on evacuation routes, the width and length of the evacuation route, the number of people, their speed of movement and workload, the number of exits in the room. The thesis proposes five hypotheses. Based on the results of the experimental part of the thesis, four hypotheses were refuted an one was partially confirmed. Based on the results, I found that increasing the width of the evacuation route from 1.2 m to 2.0 m reduces the evacuation time by 8 %, that the evacuation time is, at most, 1.75-times longer when extending the evacuation route from 20 m to 40 m, and that a perpendicular placement of objects on the evacuation route increases the evacuation time by 4 seconds compared to a parallel placement. I also found that when we have two emergency exits at selected locations as opposed to one, the evacuation time is cut by more than half in one scenario and less than half in the other scenarios, and that the evacuation time increases up to 1.33 times when there are 20 people in the room compared to 10 people. The findings of this thesis could contribute to evacuations research, to the planning and placement of objects and the design of evacuation routes.

Uživanje drog kot so alkohol, marihuana, kokain, plesne droge, heroin in ostale droge predstavljajo velik problem sodobne družbe. Vedno lažja dostopnost do drog, vedno večja sprejemljivost in rekreativna uporaba med mladimi ter vpliv industrije zabave predstavljajo ene izmed vodilnih problemov sodobne družbe. V magistrskem delu smo se posvetili problemu uporabe drog in alkohola med mladimi in vplivom na varnost in zdravje pri delu ter na posledice in nevarnosti njihove uporabe na delovnem mestu in delovni organizaciji. Poleg problemov povezanih z delavci migranti iz držav tretjega sveta in vedno starejše delovne sile, gre namreč za enega izmed največjih problemov oziroma izzivov varnosti in zdravja pri delu na trgu dela v Evropi in tudi svetu. V magistrskem delu so predstavljeni študentsko delo in razne definicije, kot so stimulansi, halucinogeni, depresorji, rekreativna uporaba drog, zdravstveni pregledi po Zakonu o varnosti in zdravju pri delu ter kako zakon opredeljuje položaj alkohola in drog na delovnem mestu. Predstavili smo razširjenost uporabe drog in alkohola med mladimi, njihovo vpetost v delo oziroma vplive na varnost in zdravje pri delu. Dotaknili smo se tudi družbene tematike in sicer v smislu osebnih dejavnikov mladih, ki pripomorejo k uporabi drog. Splošno so bile opisane skupine drog, kot so depresorji centralnega živčnega sistema, stimulansi, halucinogeni in kanaboidi ter predstavil glavne predstavnike teh skupin alkohol, kokain, krek, ekstazi, LSD. Opisali smo kratkoročne učinke uporabe drog, ki bi se morebiti pojavili pri delavcih ali delavcih študentih na delu in tudi dolgoročne posledice, ki bi se lahko pojavile po daljši zlorabi. V naslednjih poglavjih smo predstavili naraščajočo problematiko rekreativne uporabe drog in opisali znake ter posledice zlorabe drog na delovnem mestu. Dotaknili smo se tudi dejavnikov, ki lahko pripomorejo k uporabi drog na delovnem mestu. Opisali smo naloge vodstva, nadzornih delavcev in ukrepanje v povezavi z drogami in alkoholom, testiranja, obravnavo zlorab in preventivne programe uporabe drog na delovnem mestu. V okviru eksperimentalnega dela je bilo anketiranih več kot 1100 študentov različnih fakultet univerze v Ljubljani. Zanimal nas je njihov oseben odnos do drog, dojemanje in uporaba psihoaktivnih snovi v zasebnem in predvsem službenem življenju, med opravljanjem študentskega dela ter tudi na delovnem mestu, kaj morda opazijo njihovi sodelavci študenti in redno zaposleni ter kakšen pomen ima delodajalec v smislu problematike drog in alkohola. Ugotovili smo, da anketiranim študentom uporaba drog in alkohola v prostem času ni tuja, saj je bilo ugotovljeno, da jih 67 % uporablja tedensko. Največ jih je pričakovano uporabilo marihuano (68 %) in alkohol (97 %). Prav tako je bilo ugotovljeno, da je 46 % anektiranih študentov že čutilo posledice omamljenosti oziroma pijanosti na delovnem mestu, 23 % študentov pa je bilo na delovnem mestu omamljenih oziroma pijanih. Ugotovili smo, da kar 79 % delodajalcev delavce študente ne pošlje na preventivni zdravstveni pregled pred študentskim delom, prav tako pa 90 % delodajalcev ne izvaja nobenih preventivnih ukrepov na področju problematike uporabe drog in alkohola na delovnem mestu. Ugotovljeni je tudi bilo, da večina delodajalcev ne izvaja preizkuse na droge in alkohol. 59 % anketiranih študentov meni, da je problematika uporabe drog in alkohola pri bodoči delovni sili vedno večja. Cilji magistrskega dela so bili doseženi. Predstavil sem, da je uporaba drog in alkohola med mladimi, kot bodoči in tudi že sedanji delovni sili velika, da se delodajalci ne zavedajo problematike uporabe drog in alkohola in problematičnih vplivov na njihovo delovno organizacijo, in da bo ta problematika postajala vedno večja. The use of drugs such as alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, party drugs, heroin and other drugs is a major problem of modern society. Increasing access to drugs, increasing acceptance and recreational use among young people, and the influence of the entertainment industry are one of the leading problems of modern society. In master's thesis we focused on this topic which represents major problem on safety and health at work as well. In addition to problems related to migrant workers from third world countries and an increasingly aging workforce, it is one of the biggest problems and challenges of safety and health at work on the labor market in Europe and the world. The master's thesis presents student work and various definitions, medical examinations under the Law of Occupational safety and health and how the law defines the position of alcohol and drugs in the workplace. We presented the prevalence of drug and alcohol use among young people, their involvement in work and occupational health and safety. We also touched social issues, what are the personal factors of young people which contribute to drug use. We generally presented groups of drugs such as central nervous system depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and cannabinoids, and introduced the main representatives of these groups alcohol, cocaine, crack, ecstasy, LSD. We have described the short-term effects of drug use that may occur in workers or student workers at work, as well as long-term effects and consequences that could occur after prolonged abuse. In the following chapters, we presented the increasingly problematic recreational drug use and described the signs and consequences of drug abuse in the workplace and what are the factors that contribute to drug use in the workplace. We described the tasks of management and supervisors and drug and alcohol policy, drug testing, dealing with abuse, and prevention programs for drug use in the workplace. As part of the experimental work, more than 1,100 students from various faculties of the University of Ljubljana were surveyed. We were interested in their personal attitude to drugs, their perception and use of psychoactive substances in their private and, above all, work life, as well as how their colleagues, students and full-time employees perceive drugs and alcohol at work and the importance of the employer in drugs and alcohol work problem. We found that the surveyed students are no strangers with use of drugs and alcohol in their free time, as it was found that 67% of them use it on a weekly basis. As expected, most of them used marijuana (68%) and alcohol (97%). It was also found that 46% of the surveyed students already felt the effects of dazedness or drunkenness at the workplace, and 23% of students were dazed or drunk at the workplace. We found that as many as 79% of employers did not send student workers to a preventive health check-up before student work, and 90% of employers do not implement any preventive measures in the field of drug and alcohol use at the workplace. It was also found that most employers do not conduct drug and alcohol tests. 59% of surveyed students believe that the problem of drug and alcohol use in the future workforce is increasing. The objectives of the master's thesis have been achieved. I emphasized that the use of drugs and alcohol among young people, as a future and already the current workforce, is high, that employers are not aware of the problem of drug and alcohol use and the problematic effects on their work organization, and that this problem will continue to grow.

Study of the mechanical properties of glued laminated beech beams is presented in this doctoral thesis. The high strength and stiffness properties of beech wood require that special attention be paid to the tensile strength of different finger joint profiles with different adhesives used for longitudinal gluing of beech boards. The results of experimental testing of finger joints in tension have shown that longer and slimmer finger joints are required to increase the load bearing capacity of finger joints. The influence of the type of adhesive used decreases with the length of the finger joints, so that existing structural adhesives are suitable for use with glued laminated beech beams. Fourteen glued laminated beech beams were produced. The beams were then tested and the strength and stiffness properties were measured. In addition to flexural strength and flexural elastic modulus, shear modulus and contact stiffness between layers were measured. Analytical and numerical models for the analysis of glued laminated beech beams were established. The models are based on Reissner’s planar beam theory and take into account the slip between laminations and the influence of finger joints. The analytical solution for Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko-Ehrenfest glued laminated beech beams is presented. The numerical model can be used for modelling glued laminated beams with an arbitrary number of laminations and an arbitrary number of finger joints. The model has been validated with the experimental results and the results agree well. Stochastic analysis of glued laminated beech beams is also performed using analytical and numerical model and the results showed a good agreement with the experimental results and that numerical model can simulate the mechanical behaviour of the glued laminated beech beams. V doktorski disertaciji je predstavljena analiza mehanskih lastnosti lameliranih lepljenih nosilcev iz bukovega lesa. Zaradi visokih mehanskih lastnosti bukovega lesa je potrebno posebno pozornost posvetiti zobatim spojem ter njihovi natezni nosilnosti. Pri tem sta geometrija zobatih spojev in lepilo, ki se uporablja za dolžinsko spajanje bukovih desk, bistvenega pomena. Rezultati eksperimentalnih testov so pokazali, da z daljšimi in ožjimi zobatimi spoji nosilnost zobatega spoja narašča pri tem pa se vpliv lepila zmanjšuje. Obstoječa konstrukcijska lepila so se izkazala kot ustrezna za uporabo v lepljenih lameliranih nosilcih iz bukovega lesa. Štirinajst lameliranih lepljenih nosilcev iz bukovega lesa je bilo testiranih v upogibu. Poleg upogibne trdnosti in upogibnega elastičnega modula lepljenih lameliranih nosilcev iz bukovega lesa, smo izmerili tudi strižni modul nosilcev in togost stika med lamelami. Za analizo lameliranih lepljenih nosilcev iz bukovega lesa sta pripravljena analitični in numerični model. Oba temeljita na Reissnerjevi teoriji ravninskih nosilcev. Pri analizi je upoštevan zdrs med sloji in vpliv zobatih spojev. Analitična rešitev je prikazana za Euler-Bernoullijev in Timoshenko-Ehrenfestov nosilec. Z numeričnim modelom je mogoče modelirati lamelirane lepljene nosilce s poljubnim številom lamel ter poljubnim številom zobatih spojev. Model je validiran z rezultati eksperimentalnih testov in pokazalo se je dobro ujemanje med izracunanimi in izmerjenimi vrednostmi. Za ovrednotenje rezultatov je bila opravljena tudi stohastična analiza, tako z analitičnim, kot tudi numeričnim modelom lameliranega lepljenega nosilca.

Procesi, ki se izvajajo v kamnolomih, ob uporabi eksplozivnih sredstev predstavljajo tveganje, ki lahko v večji ali manjši meri vplivajo na varnost ter zdravje delavcev in drugih vpletenih oseb. Posledično je zelo pomembno usposabljanje delavcev in drugih ključnih oseb, ki morajo biti seznanjene z vsemi tveganji, ki lahko pri tem delu nastanejo. Pomembno je tudi poznavanje in seznanitev z varno uporabo eksplozivov in z njimi povezanih sredstev s katerimi rokujejo delavci. Prav tako je ključnega pomena, da delavci upoštevajo varnostne ukrepe za preprečevanje tveganj, ki bi ogrožale varnost in zdravje delavcev. Processes carried out in quarries using explosives pose a risk that can affect the safety and health of workers and others involved in these processes. Therefore, it is very important to prepare workers and other relevant persons who must be aware of all the risks that may occur during this work. It is also important that workers know and master the safe handling of explosives and related materials. It is also crucial that workers follow safety measures to avoid risks that would endanger the safety and health of workers.

V magistrskem delu je predstavljen matematični model za analizo in simulacijo požarov v naravi. Računalniški program je namenjen ponazoritvi razvoja talnih požarov. Sprogramiran je v programskem orodju Wolfram Mathematica po metodi celične avtomate (CA), ki spada med diskretne načine matematičnega modeliranja. Osnova algoritma CA je semiempirični matematični model, ki je izpeljan iz splošne energijske bilance, poenostavljene na podlagi osmih predpostavk. Koncept prenosa toplote je empirične narave. Uporablja geometrijski model, ki je analogen točkastemu modelu, vendar je velikost toplotnega toka plamena (Q̇c) odvisna od kalibracijskega faktorja (η), umerjenega na osnovi eksperimentalnih podatkov iz literature. Osnovnemu algoritmu CA je dodan še t. i. razširitveni del, ki je namenjen simulaciji požarnih preskokov in v nasprotju z osnovnim delom temelji na stohastičnem principu ter uporablja večjo sosesko CA. Obnašanje umerjenega matematičnega modela smo preizkusili s parametrično študijo in z analizo občutljivosti. Rezultate parametrične študije, v kateri smo spremljali odvisnost hitrosti požara (ROS) od vrednosti posamezne spremenljivke, smo primerjali z ugotovitvami iz literature. Analizo občutljivosti smo izvedli po principu polne dvostopenjske faktorialne analize po metodi DOE (angl. Design Of Experiments). Na podlagi standardnih odklonov ROS (s) smo primerjali velikosti vplivov testiranih spremenljivk v matematičnem modelu. Eksperimentalne rezultate smo analizirali tudi v programu Minitab, kjer smo s pomočjo t-testa določili, ali so testirane spremenljivke v matematičnem modelu statistično signifikantne. Na podlagi rezultatov analize matematičnega modela smo ugotovili, da je le-ta primeren za ponazoritev razvoja talnih požarov, saj se simulacije v različnih pogojih obnašajo skladno z opažanji iz literature. Pokazali smo, da je za uspešno širjenje požara potrebno minimalno razmerje gorljivih in negorljivih celic (p), ki je pri pogojih numeričnega eksperimenta znašalo 0,54. Kritična vrednost masnega deleža vlage v gorivu (Hu,k), pri kateri širjenje požara ni več možno, je odvisna od površinske gostote goriva (W). Vse testirane spremenljivke v matematičnem modelu so statistično signifikantne, pri čemer med velikostma vplivov začetne temperature goriva (T0) in temperature vžiga (Tvž) ni statistično signifikantne razlike. Najvplivnejši spremenljivki matematičnega modela sta konstanta hitrosti reakcije (kr) in kurilna vrednost goriva (Hcom), ki primarno vplivata na velikost toplotnega toka plamena (Q̇c) in višino plamena (Hf). Najmanjši vpliv med vsemi spremenljivkami pa je imela specifična toplota suhe snovi (cs). The master's thesis presents a mathematical model for analysis and simulation of wildfires. The computer program is intended to emulate the progression of ground fires. It is programmed in the Wolfram Mathematica software tool using the cellular automata (CA) method, which belongs among discrete techniques of modelling. The fundament of the CA algorithm is a semiempirical mathematical model. It is derived from the general energy balance, which is simplified based upon eight assumptions. The concept of heat transfer is empirical in nature. It uses a geometric model that is analogous to the point source one, but the magnitude of the flame heat flux (Q̇c) is contingent on the calibration factor (η), which is calibrated based on experimentally obtained data from the scientific literature. Moreover, to the primary CA algorithm an extension section is added, which is designed to simulate firebrand spreading. Unlike the elementary part of the program, it is founded on the stochastic principle and uses a larger CA neighbourhood. The response of the calibrated mathematical model was tested by a parametric study and sensitivity analysis. The results of the parametric study, where we observed the dependence of rate of fire spread (ROS) on the value of individual model parameters, were compared with other published research data. The sensitivity analysis was performed on the principle of two level full factorial analysis in accordance with the DOE (Design Of Experiments) method. Based on the standard deviations (s), we determined which variables our mathematical model depended on the most. Data of the full factorial analysis was also evaluated in the Minitab program, where we used a t-test to assess whether influence of model parameters is statistically significant. Considering the behaviour of simulations in different circumstances and results of the analysis of the mathematical model we have concluded, that the computer program is suitable to represent the development of ground fires. Furthermore, we have shown that a minimal ratio of combustible to non-combustible cells (p) is required for successful fire spread, which in the conditions of our numerical experiment was equal to 0,54. Moreover, the critical value of mass fraction of moisture in the fuel (Hu,k) is dependent upon the fuel load (W). All the tested variables in the mathematical model were statistically significant without any statistically significant difference between the influences of the initial fuel temperature (T0) and ignition temperature (Tvž). The predominant variables of the mathematical model are the reaction rate constant (kr) and the heat of combustion (Hcom), which primarily affect the heat release rate of the flame (Q̇c) and flame height (Hf). However, the specific heat of dry fuel matter (cs) had the smallest effect among all tested variables.

Gorenje odprtih kurišč poteka značilno pri nizki temperaturi in omejenem dostopu kisika, pri čemer nastajajo škodljivi produkti, kot so: trdni delci (PM), ogljikov oksid (CO), metan (CH4), hlapne organske spojine (VOC-i), policiklični aromatski ogljikovodiki (PAH-i), »težke kovine«, dioksini (PCDD-ji) in furani (PCDF-ji). Ob uporabi neustreznih goriv, kot so na primer odpadki, se količina nastalih emisij znatno poveča. V diplomskem delu so identificirani in na kratko opisani glavni produkti, ki nastajajo pri odprtih kuriščih. Predstavljena je tudi zakonodaja v Sloveniji, ki zadeva problematiko odprtih kurišč. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da globalne emisije odprtega kurjenja odpadkov prispevajo velik delež k emisijam vseh antropogenih virov (predvsem trdni delci (PM), benzen, policiklični aromatski ogljikovodiki (PAH-i), formaldehidi in vodikovi kloridi). Obravnava vseh odpadkov bi bila preobsežna, zato smo se v tem delu podrobneje posvetili odprtemu kurjenju odpadnih pnevmatik, ki so zaradi številčnosti in uporabe svetovni problem. Iz podatkov meritev koncentracij emisij, ki nastanejo pri odprtem kurjenju odpadnih pnevmatik (meritve so povzete iz že opravljenih študij), in s primerjavo rezultatov z mejnimi vrednostmi v Sloveniji je bilo ugotovljeno, da odprto kurjenje pnevmatik povzroča onesnaženje, ki presega dopustne meje. Visoka odstopanja od postavljenih mejnih vrednostih v Sloveniji so bila zaznana pri naslednjih produktih: trdnih delcih (PM10), policikličnih aromatskih ogljikovodikih (PAH-ih), benzenu, težkih kovinah (tako v dimnih plinih kot v pepelu) in vodikovem sulfidu (H2S). V praksi ni mogoče nadzirati in zaznati vseh nepravilnih uporab odprtih kurišč (sploh individualnih kurišč), zato se zdi, da bi bil najboljši ukrep za zmanjšanje emisij odprtih kurišč izobrazba ljudi o njihovi škodljivosti in uporabi v naravnem okolju. Open burning typically occurs at lower temperatures and with limited oxygen, producing harmful products such as particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), »heavy metals«, dioxins (PCDDs) and furans (PCDFs). The amount of produced emissions increases significantly when inappropriate fuels, such as waste, are used. In the thesis, the main products generated by open burning are identified and briefly described. Legislation in Slovenia concerning open burning is also presented. The global emissions from open burning of waste were found to contribute a large share to the total anthropogenic emissions (mainly particulate matter (PM), benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), formaldehydes and hydrogen chlorides). Since it is too large to cover all the types of waste, this thesis focuses in more detail on open burning of scrap tyres, which are a global problem due to their abundance and use worldwide. Through measured concentrations of emissions from open burning scrap tyres (measurements were taken from other studies) and comparison of the results with limit values in Slovenia, it is concluded that open burning of scrap tyres causes pollution exceeding the acceptable limits. High deviations from the limit values in Slovenia were detected for the following products: particulate matter (PM10), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene, heavy metals (both in flue gases and ash) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S). In reality, it is not possible to monitor and detect all improper uses of open burning (especially individual open burning). Therefore, it seems that the best measure to reduce emissions from open burning would be to educate people about harmful effects and use of open burning in the natural environment.

V magistrskem delu sem preučeval požarne scenarije Wellness centra Lipa. Najbolj me je zanimal evakuacijski čas in vpliv ovir, vidljivosti in psihofizična pripravljenost oseb na sam evakuacijski čas. Analizo sem opravil s pomočjo računalniških programov AutoCAD, Pathfinder in PyroSim. V izbranih prostorih sem opazoval osem izbranih oseb. Najprej sem v računalniškem programu AutoCAD narisal načrt evakuacije Wellness centra Lipa. Nato sem vnesel podatke v Pathfinder in analiziral potek evakuacije samih izbranih oseb in vpliv ovir na njihov evakuacijski čas. V nadaljevanju sem prostore Wellness centra Lipa analiziral še v računalniškem programu PyroSim. Tu sem izvedel dva evakuacijska scenarija. Zanimal me je evakuacijski čas posamezne izbrane osebe glede na vpliv vidljivosti. Vpliv dima se je poznal vsem osebam v izbranih prostorih. Dim in slaba vidljivost sta močno oslabila reakcijske sposobnosti vseh oseb v prostorih. Evakuacijski čas se s slabo vidljivostjo in neprehodnostjo evakuacijskih poti močno poveča. Evakuacija je tako upočasnjena in lahko postane tudi nevarna za reševalce. In my master thesis I studied fire scenarios from the Lipa Wellness Centre. I was most interested in the evacuation time and the impact of obstacles, visibility and the psychological readiness of the occupants on the evacuation time itself. The analysis was managed using AutoCAD, Pathfinder and PyroSim. I observed eight selected people in selected rooms. First, I drew an evacuation plan for the Lipa Wellness Centre in AutoCAD. I then entered the data into Pathfinder and analysed the evacuation process of the selected persons themselves and the impact of the obstacles on their evacuation time. Next, I analysed the premises of the Lipa Wellness Centre in the PyroSim computer programme, where I ran two fire scenarios. I was interested in the evacuation time of each selected person in relation to the impact of visibility. All people in the selected rooms were affected by the smoke. Smoke and poor visibility severely weakened everyone in the room. Evacuation times increase significantly with low visibility and impassable evacuation routes.

Varnost dirkačev, športnih funkcionarjev in gledalcev se je skozi čas spreminjala. Če smo še pred leti lahko zabeležili ogromno smrti med gledalci ali dirkači, se je statistika v zadnjih letih znatno izboljšala. Na varnost dirkačev vpliva ogromno faktorjev, največji faktorji pa so zagotovo sestavni deli varnostne opreme v avtomobilih ter uporaba osebne varovalne opreme dirkačev. Skozi leta se je tehnologija razvijala, obenem pa so se razvijali tudi varnostni elementi. Rally spada med avto moto šport in kot vsak drugi šport je lahko nevaren vendar varnostni elementi znatno povečajo možnost preživetja ali pa vsaj zmanjšajo možnost nastanka hudih poškodb. Zaradi kompleksnosti športa sem se na začetku seznanil najprej s termini povezanimi z dirkami, nato pa z uradniki, ki jih imenujemo športni funkcionarji. Za vsakega športnega funkcionarja sem opisal njegove naloge in zadolžitve. Najpomembnejši dokument, ki je pomemben pri načrtovanju dirk je varnostni načrt – v motošportu ga imenujejo biblija med organizatorji. Varnostni načrt določa vse nevarnosti, ki bi se lahko pripetile med izvedbo dirko, prav tako pa določa število in pozicijo uradnih oseb, ki so prisotni ob trasi hitrostne preizkušnje. Ugotavljal sem pomen nesreče na dirkah in postopke v primerih dirkaške nesreče. Najpomembnejši del pa je bil požar, pri čemer sem mogel najprej ugotoviti vzroke za nastanek požara v dirkalnikih. Za preprečevanje požara se uporabljajo naslednji varnostni elementi: gasilni aparati, centralni gasilni sistem, varnostni rezervoar, požarna stena ter obloge na varnostni kletki. Dirkače pred plameni varuje osebna oprema – podkapa, kombinezon, spodnje perilo, nogavice ter rokavice. Vsak del opreme, ki je vgrajen v vozilu ali osebna oprema dirkača mora biti izdelan po strogih navodilih FIA, obenem pa je potrebno upoštevati tudi FIA standard. Dirkač na dirki ne sme nastopiti, če vsa oprema ni homologiran. Opremo se vedno preveri pred začetkom dirke oziroma na tehničnem pregledu. Rally v Sloveniji žal ni najbolj prepoznaven šport, za kar pa obstaja cel kup dejavnikov. Diplomsko delo sem poskusil sestaviti na takšen način, da se bralcu na najboljši možen način predstavi organizacijski del, seznani z dokumenti, ki so pomembni za varno organizacijo dirk ter podrobneje spozna varnostne elemente tako dirkalnika kakor dirkača. The safety of racers, racing sports functionaries and observers of the sport has been changing constantly over time. If only a few years ago many deaths were recorded between racers and race fans alike, the statistics of these events happening have lowered significally. A lot of factors concerning safety must be taken into account with the races and their participants, the most prominent of which are the safety components of the cars themselves and the racers' body safety gear. Through the years as automobile technology advanced the advancement of these safety elements also played a crucial part in protecting the participants of races. Rally is a part of the auto-moto sport family and as such can be very dangerous, but the afforementioned safety elements highly increase the chances of survival or, at the very least, prevent heavy bodily injuries. Because of the complexity of the sport I first got familiar with the terminology concerning racing and then the officials we call racing sports functionaries. For every one of these functionaries I explained his role in the sport - meaning his duties and assignments. The most important document needed when planning a race is the safety document - between organisers in motosports it is called "the bible". It defines any and all dangerous events that might occur during the duration of the race, while also defining the number and position of safety personnel, who are also present during the speed test of the track. I also researched the meaning of accidents on races and the actions taken upon one occuring. The most important part though were possible fires, where I had to find out the reasons for their occurence in race cars. For fire prevention the following safety elements are used: fire extinguishers, central fire prevention systems, safety reservoirs, firewalls and the lining of the safety cages of race cars. The racers themselves are protected by their personalised safety equipment - an undercap, the racing suit itself, proper socks and proper gloves. Every piece of equipment in the car or the racers' personalised equipment must follow the rules of the FIA and meet FIA standards. A racer can't perform on a race if all equipment isn't homologated. The equipment is always checked before the race or on the vehicles' technical reviews. Rally racing sadly isn't a very recognised sport in Slovenia, having many contributing factors. This thesis was designed in a way that could present the reader many different elements of racing in the best way possible, from the organisation part to the documents needed to safely organise these races and an in-depth insight into the personalised safety equipment of race cars and the drivers themselves.

Pojav požara v športnih objektih, kjer je prisotnih veliko število ljudi, predstavlja zelo resno grožnjo za njihova življenja, povzroča pa tudi veliko materialno škodo. Pred takšnimi situacijami se je potrebno ustrezno obvarovati z uporabo sistemov aktivne požarne zaščite znotraj objekta. Posebej pomembna je ustrezna namestitev požarnih javljalnikov v vseh prostorih, da se karseda hitro prepreči nadaljnje širjenje požara, glede na vrsto zaznavanja je pomembno, da so le-ti ustrezni, ter da so pravilno razporejeni v prostoru. Poleg javljalnikov je potrebno zagotoviti tudi ustrezno število evakuacijskih poti in ročnih gasilnikov požara ter jih označiti s predpisanimi simboli. The occurrence of fire in sports facilities, where large numbers of people are present, poses a very serious threat to their lives and also causes significant material damage. Such situations must be adequately protected by the use of active fire protection systems within the facility. It is of particular importance that fire detectors are installed in all premises in order to prevent the further spread of the fire as quickly as possible, depending on the type of detection, it is important that these are adequate and that they are properly spaced. In addition to the detectors, an adequate number of evacuation routes and manual fire extinguishers must be provided and marked with the prescribed symbols.

Diplomsko delo obsega celovito analizo sistema za varno in hitro evakuacijo. Za višjo stopnjo preglednosti je bila najprej preučena zakonodajna podlaga evakuacije in nato glede na ugotovitve pripravljene ustrezne hipoteze o pomanjkljivosti sistema. Pri analiziranju hipotez sta bila uporabljena simulacijska programa Pyrosim in Pathfinder, ki v komplementarni obliki podajata realen vpogled v želene nevarne situacije in nudita popoln pregled nad prisotnimi parametri. Za izvedbo simulacij je bil nato izdelan model večnadstropne stavbe s preglednim in enostavnim tlorisom. Ta je bila opremljena v stilu pisarn in je vsebovala štiri izhode in dva ločena stopnišča. Dve izmed treh hipotez so bile analizirane s pomočjo pripravljenega modela, medtem ko je bila ena analizirana s preučevanjem strokovne literature iz tega področja. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da so podane hipoteze veljavne, kar je potrdilo začetne pomisleke glede pomanjkljivosti sistema. The work includes a comprehensive analysis of the system for safe and fast evacuation. In order to achieve a higher level of transparency, the legal basis for evacuation was first examined and then, based on the results, appropriate corresponding hypotheses were made about the shortcomings of the evacuation system. The Pyrosim and Pathfinder simulation programmes were used to analyse the hypotheses, which provide a realistic insight into the desired hazardous situations in a complementary form and offer a complete overview of the existing parameters. A model of a multi-storey building with a transparent and simple floor plan was created and used to perform the simulations. The building was office-like style and contained four exits and two separate staircases. Two of the three hypotheses were analysed using the relevant literature in the field. The hypotheses were found to be valid and confirmed the initial concerns about the inadequacies of the evacuation system.