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The world is experiencing a knowledge-based economy with a revolution in information technology, innovation, and telecommunications. The rise of the "new economy", driven by information and knowledge, has led to an increased interest in intellectual capital theory, which aims to manage intangible assets of organizations. Firms belonging to technology and knowledge-based industries recognize intellectual capital as the key knowledge base that contributes to the creation of a competitive advantage for the firm. This paper aims to answer the question "How are Intellectual Capital (IC) and Information Technology (IT) related?" through a systematic review based on four steps: 1) search conduction; 2) selection of papers based on their titles and abstracts; 3) content analysis of selected papers; 4) evidence mapping and discussions. The analyzed papers were categorized into five themes: "Statistical analysis or case study in IT companies from the Intellectual Capital perspective"; "IT as a tool for Intellectual Capital Management"; "Intellectual Capital or technology knowledge assets influencing innovation and development", "Intellectual Capital assets to evaluate a technology" and "Intellectual Capital theory as a way to understand and share knowledge in IT projects". Our findings evidenced that the Human Capital was the main dimension studied by the authors, followed by Structural Capital and Relational Capital. We believe that this work may help to clarify on Intellectual Capital Management procedures into Information Technology projects, thus opening new topics for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable tourism and local economic development as a mechanism for religious pilgrimages in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). This is particularly pertinent for religious pilgrimages in KZN province which boosts historical landmarks and pilgrimage destinations. Pilgrimage tourism and several other forms of tourism related to it have significant affinities to the tenets of sustainable development. The purpose of this paper is to examine the complications that could arise from religious pilgrimages' potential as a form of travel that, once implemented, would be beneficial for sustainable tourism and local economic development (LED). This paper further intends to assess the pilgrimage destinations to be viewed as a mechanism for local economic development. A quantitative research design was employed, as the nature of this research necessitates the use of numerical data and descriptive statistics to draw conclusions. A standardised questionnaire was used to collect data from 410 respondents selected using a convenience sampling technique from different pilgrimage destinations in KZN, South Africa. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were conducted using IBM's SPSS version 28 sotiware. The pilgrims and local communities' perceptions of socio-economic contribution indicate that the availability of tourism facilities might be perceived as a socio-economic contributor to pilgrimage destinations. The findings further reveal that African religious pilgrimages can be sustainable and be a local economic development catalyst in KwaZulu-Natal. The study recommends that the South African National Christian Forum (SANCF), in collaboration with the South African government (national and provincial), develop an operational plan to provide business education, entrepreneurial skills, and relevant support to local communities surrounding religious pilgrimages or religious destinations, to empower them to contribute to the development of the local economy. This will assist to reduce South Africa's high unemployment rate, particularly in less developed regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most research on gender equality and feminism have been concentrated on non-indigenous women worldwide, with very few studies focusing specifically on Jahai tribe women. Indigenous women are important in advancing the ideas of feminism and gender equality within their societies. This paper is a case study focuses on the indigenous women which is the Jahai tribe women in Royal Belum State Park, Malaysia. In this case study, we explored Jahai women's perspectives of gender equality and feminism aspects in this indigenous society. This case study employed a quantitative and a qualitative method for data collection. A total of 20 Jahai women were selected to complete a set of questionnaires and five of them were chosen for the in-depth interview. From the study, there were four main themes that emerged including socioeconomic equality, equal treatment, gender responsibilities and egalitarian leadership and decision-making prospects. This research study was guided by the Transnational Feminism Theory and Theory of Gender Equality approach. The findings revealed that there was the similarities and distinctions perceptions in gender equality and feminism aspects among Jahai women. The study's conclusions shed new light on the gender equality and feminism interpretations and challenges those women in indigenous societies face. As a result, this study is important for future research since it adds to the body of knowledge about gender equality and concerns pertaining to indigenous women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This theoretical study offers an extensive exploration of the ecosystem approach to tourism destination management. Ecosystems have gained prominence in contemporary discourse across various domains, including business and the academic world. The study examines tourism destinations through the lens of a business ecosystem, shedding light on the intricate interplay of elements within such ecosystems. For this purpose, first, the concept of a business ecosystem is defined and delimitated, laying the foundation for its application to the unique context of tourism destinations. Ecosystems, both in biology and in business, are complex and spontaneous structures, which raises profound questions about the feasibility of managing an ecosystem, the responsible entities, and the methods entailed. This paper argues that rather than a traditional management approach, it is plausible to adopt a governance perspective when dealing with the tourism destination ecosystem. By synthesizing existing bibliographical data on the characteristics of the ecosystem, the roles and functions of actors in it, as well as unique attributes of tourism enriching the understanding of the ecosystem approach, the research concludes on the important aspects that could be used for successful governance. This study serves as the initial phase of a broader research endeavor, which overarching goal is to contribute to the socioeconomic understanding of tourism management, casting it through the prism of business ecosystems by expanding on these foundational insights and conducting further empirical investigations on particular types of tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ideology of curriculum design is believed to be the core of teaching and learning, yet it is in direct opposition to current notions of curriculum development. The contextual factors that underpin teaching and learning are derived from curriculum design. The principal factors that influence what is being taught may be categorised into three levels: the macro, meso and micro. At the macro level, there are national and international influences such as globalisation, massification, and marketization. Also, socio-economic, and political influence may be included. At the meso-level the Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET) and institutional level influence is forthcoming. Issues such as policies, culture, location, student profile and so forth are examined. Also, external influence from employers, professional bodies, accreditation bodies, quality agencies as well as political redress is evaluated. The micro-level examines individual academics and support staff concerning personal theories, beliefs, and professional knowledge. Systems theory in the educational context views the institution as a system where there is an interaction of variables of input, process and output that enable learning to take place. Because of the complexity and nature of curriculum design, there is limited change in this critical sphere of the education system. This paper reflects on the design and development of a curriculum in an open distance learning higher education institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is unanimously acknowledged that enterprise clusters, as any other social systems, which are organically embedded into a particular context and thus reflect naturally emerging biological ecosystems, create various benefits, such as lowering transaction costs, creating innovations and well-being at the levels of business enterprises, regions and countries. Such a bottom-up emergence without a centralised control reflects an essence of sustainability and can be explained by a dynamical or complexity theory approach. Taking into account the scarcity of scientific research on emergence of enterprise clusters as social complex adaptive systems, this paper aims to adapt a complexity theory approach towards a sustainable emergence of regional tourism clusters. This paper presents a theoretical framework, which reveals four stages of the emergence of social systems in a particular industrial, socio-economic and cultural-institutional context because of four emergence preconditions being in place. This theoretical framework is illustrated by case study analysis, which reveals the guidelines to enable economically, socially and ecologically sustainable emergence of regional tourism clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Paper reports on a longitudinal study of Entrepreneurial Leadership by Design. It takes a new perspective through a 'designerly' approach to research, conducted simultaneously with generative activity (Cross 2006). In doing so it highlights the similarities in cognitive approaches common to strategic design and entrepreneurial leadership. The methodological approach is based on abduction; the core reasoning process that underlies design, as the starting point for focusing on the design practice of problem framing as the foundation for innovative activity. Donald Schön's (1987) views on design as a reflective activity and the central role of frame creation (Dorst 2016) are taken up as situated action and situated cognition. In particular, the improvisational nature of reflection-in-action and subsequently reflection on reflection-in-action, are considered appropriate when investigating the complicated realm of socio-economic value creation. The research was conducted in the shared setting of studio practice known as Strategic Design Labs. Here collaborative design was employed as research methodology through a process of naming, framing and sense-making. In particular naming that which warrants attention (problem or paradox) and framing the context as a problem setting activity. Frame creation is a design-based approach that is purely problem-focused; as such it is the fundamental underpinning of a repertoire of generative methods employed in Strategic Design Labs. Here entrepreneurial leaders, be they expert designers, managers and/or stakeholder, platform strategic design activity so as to co-evolve multiple solutions in a co-creation process. This participatory action led to retrospective sense-making and subsequently yielded new hybrid research methodologies. The paper concludes with a holistic Design Dynamics Research Model Canvas that aggregates a range of design and business approaches into a combined methodology; its phases, methods, activity and instruments. This new model is of relevance to those seeking to investigate how entrepreneurial leaders engage in developmental innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The masses connote the lower strata of the society, comprising the low income, and lower-middle income earners, and the less-privileged people in the country. Data from the World Bank reveals that greater percentage of the population live in the rural areas in most low resource countries (developing countries). A major global challenge is how to facilitate a transitioning of the masses to higher social and economic status. This paper performs an objective critique of existing e-Government initiatives that are geared towards enabling socio-economic development of the masses in many developing countries; using Nigeria as a case study, it argued that a change of direction is required. Second, we discussed how e-Government could be a veritable tool for inspiring developments of the masses in developing countries. The propositions of this paper would give impetus for new pragmatic e-government initiatives for socio-economic developments of the masses in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of the Nigerian electoral process has been hitherto characterized by violence stemming from disputes in election outcomes. For instance, violence erupted across some states in Northern Nigeria when results indicated that a candidate who was popular in that part of the country was losing the election leading to avoidable loss of lives. Beside, this dispute in election outcome lingers for a long time in litigation at the electoral tribunals which distracts effective governance. However, the increasing penetrating use of ICTs in Nigeria is evident in the electoral processes with consequent shift in the behavior of actors in the democratic processes, thus changing the ways Nigerians react to election outcomes. This paper examines the trend in the use ICT in the Nigerian political system and its impact on the stability of the polity. It assesses the role of ICT in recent electoral processes and compares its impact on the outcome of the process in lieu of previous experiences in the Nigeria. Furthermore, the paper also examines the challenges and risks of implementing e-Democracy in Nigeria and its relationship to the economy in the light of the socio-economic situation of the country. The paper adopted qualitative approach in data gathering and analysis. From the findings, the paper observed that e-democracy is largely dependent on the level of ICT adoption, which is still at its lowest ebb in the country. It recognizes the challenges in the provision of ICT infrastructure and argues that appropriate low-cost infrastructure applicable to the Nigerian condition can be made available to implement e-democracy and thus arouse the interest of the populace in governance, increase the number of voters, and enhance transparency, probity and accountability, and participation in governance as well as help stabilize the nascent democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a work-in-progress paper for a doctorate study that builds upon a growing stream of literature on the circular economy (CE) as an emerging sustainability paradigm. A literature review suggests the need to understand how the CE is conceptualised and applied in tourism contexts, especially in small island destinations (SIDs) where tourism is often a socioeconomic activity that contributes to the degradation of the ecosystems, and whose territorial characteristics may facilitate or challenge sustainable development. The overreaching aim of this study is to analyse how the CE is perceived, conceptualized, planned, implemented in SIDs. The theoretical contribution of the study lies in the empirical knowledge expected to emerge from in-depth documentation of one or more case studies embracing circular initiatives. It is expected that the study will provide a representative framework that can potentially be beneficial to similar contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last years HEIs acquired a new role in the promotion and support of regional economic development. As a consequence, and to facilitate this process, the modernization of universities ranks high in the European policy agenda. Part of this redefinition of universities roles is based on the "three mission" heuristic, namely that HEIs' contribution to economic and social development is carried out by engaging (1) teaching (2) research (3) interaction with socio-economic environment. The traditional view does not explain in detail if and how the three missions are related to one another, and that the growth of one is implicitly suggests the beneficial for the others. The present paper challenges this perspective and takes the view that university missions are constructs connected by complex relationships. In so doing, we make two contributions to the literature: first we explore the connection between the theoretical rationale of university missions, and second we assess the complementarity among missions. Our empirical study on Spanish public universities corroborates this hypothesis by finding complementarity between research (2nd mission) and interaction with the socio-economic environment (3rd mission), and substitutability between the former and teaching (1st mission). The paper calls for a critical reflection of university engagements with the missions: rethinking whether all higher education institutions should be simultaneously developing all three missions may be vital to ensuring their contribution to the socio-economic development of regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The e-learning training needs of people are very important to consider in a society that promotes lifelong learning, in order to improve the educational status of people and to make them capable of meeting the current demands of the dynamic environments in which they operate during their everyday activities, regardless of the fields they activate in. To have more successful students, a country should have more successful teachers, and training programs should be delivered to teachers according to their needs. A critical review of literature is carried out with the aim of developing a more practical framework for achieving success in e-learning. Further more, to capture data about K-12 teachers e-learning training needs, a questionnaire, consisting of 62 items, was created by the authors and distributed online and on paper. The online questionnaire, which was posted on Surveymonkey.com, and the paper questionnaire were distributed in four countries (England, Romania, Turkey and Cyprus), in three languages (English, Romanian, and Turkish). 600 paper questionnaires were distributed in schools without computer access and in total; it was distributed to over 2000 K-12 teachers. A total of 621 questionnaires were filled in 3 months. Responses revealed that schools socio-economic backgrounds and schools racial expectations were two factors that contribute to the teachers' e-learning gap. Overall result was that 90% of the participant teachers have access to the internet both at home and at school and 57.3% of these preferred "self study". In conclusion, researchers found out that "online self learning" programs would be the best way to improve K-12 teachers' e-learning training needs. Responses on questionnaire differed significantly based upon countries. Teachers are key personnel in the integration of computers in instructional situations and in the adoption of all other innovations in schools Hence, further studies of the researchers would include implementation of "online self learning programs". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: COVID-19 pandemic outbreak remains one of the most influential events in the global economy over the recent years. While being primarily public health-related, it has a tremendous impact on many other aspects, such as public transport, education, and business management. Many businesses were forced to introduce rapid changes to their business models in order to survive. The aim of this paper is to show the complexity and inter-relations of changes triggered by COVID19 outbreak. Understanding of this complexity is crucial for developing business resilience to similar events in the future. Methodology: The paper uses Systems Thinking approach to analyse influence of COVID-19 pandemic on business operations. Causal loop diagrams are used to show the complicated mechanisms behind the impact of pandemic on several aspects of business operation and management. Findings: Causal loop diagrams indicate that complicated relations between various elements may produce surprising and unexpected outcomes. The existing delays may result in actions bringing counterintuitive results. Perceptions of some variables play more important roles than actual variables and it often requires more than one actor to solve a particular problem – hence the need for organisational, as well as social learning. Adaptive business management may prove to be a particular challenge for small business owners. Research limitations: The paper is mostly of a conceptual nature. Causal loop diagrams require extensive data in order to be transformed into full Systems Thinking models. Hence this paper may serve as a basis for further development. Practical implications: The paper provides useful insights into the complex nature of contemporary business operation and management in the wake of a major epidemiological crisis. It may contribute to a better understanding of important factors that often tend to be disregarded and not paid enough attention to by business owners/managers. Originality/value: The paper links one of the major current challenges for the global economy with Systems Thinking, which offers a holistic perspective on business operation and management with emphasis on linkages and interactions between numerous stakeholders involved. It offers food for thought not only for academics, but also to business owners/managers, aware of the complexity of contemporary world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the task of encoding emerging meanings (=concepts of human knowledge) in the digital medium of artificial intelligence systems (hereafter, AI-systems). Our study had been caused by a need to create and enrich linguistic ontologies supporting machine translation. The task is of particular importance in connection with the widespread use of machine translation systems in the world. To describe the process of creating and enriching linguistic ontologies, a three-dimensional model is proposed in the paper. The first dimension is that of socialization. In addition to conventional concepts as parts of human knowledge, which have stable forms of their presentation, for example, by the words of natural languages, in the process of creating ontologies it is necessary to encode individual and group concepts. It is necessary to take into account the degree of concept socialization within a community, as well as to fix the stages of the transformation of concepts, using a socialization dimension with nominative qualitative categories (individual, group, organization, conventional) or an integer-valued socialization dimension. The second dimension is temporal, for which the spectrum of scales has expanded in AI-systems to describe the temporal dynamics of concept transformations. If for conventional concepts scales are used with units of measuring the dynamics in years, for individual, group, and organization concepts it is necessary to use scales that fix their dynamics in days, and sometimes in hours. Besides these two dimensions (socialization and temporal) the explicitness one is needed. For example, in the spiral model this dimension has two categories (tacit and explicit ones). The goal of the paper is to describe a three-dimensional model (socialization, temporal, and explicitness dimensions; hereafter, 3D-model) for representing emerging concepts. To illustrate the 3D-model description, an example of externalizing emerging word meanings and encoding their annotations is provided. New word meanings are discovered in bilingual parallel texts by lexicographers during the enrichment of a linguistic ontology. : [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many social sciences experts consider the applied field of the etiquette and institutional protocol as a chapter of internal, closed and rigid, institutional policies that do not directly contribute to the institution's growth capacity and, moreover, which do not have any influence (not even an indirect one) on the civic engagement involved in the public opening of institutions to the society. In our paper, we have started the analysis from the premise that the evaluation of the techniques applied to the institutional rules of etiquette and protocol can illustrate the degree of openness and civic engagement, while taking into account the fact that some institutions use protocol rules as a pretext for hermetism and lack of openness. We do not theoretically support this idea, especially since protocol techniques / procedures need to become transparency tools in the near future. We have designed a study on public institutions in Romania, using the social document analysis strategy (public information displayed on the institutional webpages of central institutions as direct information, and social media tools -- such as Facebook, twitter -- as institutional indirect label). We also designed and validated a research tool tailored to these study needs, an analysis grid for these two categories of information, which we have collected, then processed in order to obtain the expected data or findings. Several questions still remain important ... where is the boundary between enabling and non-enabling, social and civic environments or "the periphery" as they are called in the international literature. The last part of our study was devoted to managerial and leadership issues based on concrete targets, including managerial / leadership targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally banking and finance have been male domains, however in recent years women have been attempting to challenge this status quo. However, Investment Management and the trading floor (despite being the most lucrative sub sector of the industry) stubbornly remains "a jungle of chest-pounding males". This paper aims to address the current gap in the literature concerning the educational choices, and subsequent career orientated decisions, made by women which lead them to opt into or out of careers in financial services and in particular Investment Management. Within the educational and labour market, a plethora of choices exist for men and women in terms of programmes of study and occupations Equally a wide range of theories have been put forward in the literature to explain women's educational and subsequent occupational choices, however to date very little focus has been placed on financial services specifically. Theories from disparate disciplines including: sociology, gender studies, psychology and economics have been examined and explored over time and while all add value, no one theory explains educational and occupational choice fully. What is common across the literature however is that choice is a multifaceted, intricate process which is dynamic and complex. This paper concentrates on one strand of the literature, namely the individual factors which have been put forward to explain the existence of gendered behavior in educational and occupational choice with particular focus on male dominated fields. This research will contribute to the literature by exploring whether men and women's educational and occupational choice differ not because of stereotypes embedded by society, family and institutions, but because of our neurological makeup. Specifically this research aims to address whether biology contributes to explaining the underrepresentation of women within Investment Management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sought to consider the socio-economic impacts of the Cape Town Carnival, given the significant impacts impinged on the event's exponential socio-economic potential in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. During the period 2020 and 2021, the event was suspended as the world grappled with mobility-restricting and other pandemic-related regulations, which grounded almost all social and economic activities. Through strategic planning and innovative efforts by the event's organisers to curtail the pandemic's impact, a reimagined format was conceptualised in 2022, while a postpandemic version returned in 2023, explorations of which form the focus for the current study. Relying on CTC pre-pandemic socio-economic impact studies, pandemic, and post-pandemic era empirical investigations of 800 spectators provided data for socioeconomic impact exploration. SPSS version 29 sotiware was utilised in the analysis and exploration of variable relationships in the collected data. The findings of the study suggest that spectators displayed positive perceptions of the socio-economic benefits of the CTC relating to job creation, tourism revenue generation, and community empowerment. The negative impact of the pandemic on the CTC's ability to deliver these benefits was acknowledged. The study highlights the importance of mitigating the negative effects that come with unprecedented events such as COVID-19 through the development of resilience strategies including adaptation, diversification of revenue streams, development of new partnerships, and investment in community engagement opportunities. The study recommends the need for a qualitative inquiry exploring stakeholder insights with key stakeholder groups to assimilate socio-economic objectives for the event for comparative purposes. Additionally, a deeper investigation into specific sectors, such as accommodation, catering, and local businesses is recommended for a more holistic view on the socio-economic impacts while a participant survey is suggested to determine the aspects of job creation and innovation, as envisioned by the objectives of the CTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generational traits generally have mixed impact on work activities. From previous research we have a very scattered picture of the impact of generational differences in the workplace context. This paper investigates how generational differences influence the knowledge-sharing behaviour in organizations. Interviews were conducted in two Finnish organisations. Our analysis shows that when it comes to values and priorities in relation to knowledge sharing, there are no differences between younger and older employees. However, the interviews revealed nuances between generations, which explain why generational differences are not so decisive. It was found that professional age is a more important factor when describing differences between employees’ attitudes to knowledge sharing. Furthermore, the organizations’ socialization process plays an important role in overriding generation differences in knowledge sharing. Finally, the interviews underlined that a flexible approach to IT is increasingly important for work tasks in all age groups and generational differences do not matter to a large extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to define the need of knowledge management in the healthcare sector to keep up with the massive increase in the amount of information needed to be in the hand of each practitioner before dealing with the public health, and how it can manage to reach all health practitioners once it's needed. For simplicity, this research paper will focus on the KM in healthcare facilities and how it can help solve problems and make the best decisions for the organization and public health. Moreover, to achieve the medical provider's goal to deliver the quality of care, we will talk about managing the internal and external generating of the knowledge, and how it could increase the efficiency of the operations. The research findings may advise the healthcare practitioners to ahead the primary target, the human being lives, and health. Part of a case study will be discussed about Knowledge management application in the Kingdom of Bahrain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large part of leadership research has focused on transformational leadership. The research has focused on why this form of leadership is good. However, there are few, if any, studies on how to learn this way of leading. The research question is: How do adults prefer to learn transformational leadership? Based on the theory of learning and learning style theory, this research paper discusses the findings from in depth interviews with 68 people before the completed executive courses in transformational leadership. The findings show in the learning process of transformational leadership, promoting intellectual stimulation and creativity perceives as difficult. Creating visions and being able to motivate their employees is a challenge. Learning by doing is a desired learning process, and a mixture of exercises and theory is preferred. When it comes to the way of learning, half of the informants want to learn with others, learn something new, and approach the new skills in a structured way. They also want to see what they learn from different perspectives. There is a positive attitude to learning transformational leadership, but a demanding context of learning by doing using the existing knowledge and experiences developed further by learning together by using actual problem-based situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both resource and intellectual capital models tend to have an incomplete and biased view of assets within the firm. Traditional accounting standards and practices focus on the tangible and financial assets and only consider limited intangible assets. This paper builds on the modelling of intellectual capital in organizations from the literature and uses Popper’s 3 World theory to develop a more practical ontology. This model identifies and values a comprehensive classification of a firm’s capital and includes both tangible and intangible assets. The resulting integrated model comprises the five asset classes of physical, financial, structural, human and social capital. The result validates the work by Adler & Kwon (2002) but offers an alternate sub-structure for social capital that is a more pragmatic model for industry. A hypothesis is developed that organizations that better understand the range of assets in the firm and invest in a portfolio of integrated management practices to manage that capital, should remain competitive and perform better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2015 the United Nations General Assembly adopted 17 Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs) which are interpreted as a blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all by 2030. For the university sector, including other Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), there is an increasing expectation to implement the UN SDGs, not only into wider operations, but also specifically into course delivery. By widening participation through improved societal and community engagement it is argued that the role of the university will have greater impact in how sustainable knowledge is produced for and with society (Gibbons et al 1994). Achieving sustainability as a goal requires us to consider how we improve collaborative engagements with various stakeholders (Bartunek 2011, Van de Ven 2007) and within communities of practice (CoP). Changing university activities to achieve this is an inherently complex activity. To effectively do so universities must engage purposefully, to a far greater extent than ever before, with a complex array of communities and their input and cooperation (Wenger-Traynor 2020) is needed to integrate the SDGs into everyday activities. This paper introduces a knowledge management (KM) approach for improving sustainable engagement with a specific focus on increasing engagement with and within student engineering communities of practice. We consider how the significant pivotal change from dominant classroom delivery to a new normal of virtual delivery due to the Covid-19 pandemic will impact on collaborative engagements within a CoP of engineering students and staff. As a way forward principles for maintaining student engagement, while meeting the UN SDGs, are outlined. We identify, in the principles, some organisational characteristics and attributes that inform pedagogy to be considered when designing KM processes and systems for sustainable student engagement. We conclude that in order to successfully support the CoPs the university will need to allocate resources to facilitate building a holistic picture of the university’s knowledge ecosystem and address any contradictions identified. The university will also have to encourage the mutual development of interrelated CoPs and provide university support to develop share practices for effective CoP networking. Exposing staff-student communities to broader curricula will also help to exploit existing hidden social networks within the university and support integrating the UN SDGs into the university’s operations and course delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current advancement of the digital economy underlines the necessity of the cultural and creative industries (CCI) to innovate and adopt, in order to enhance their competitiveness and sustainability. Digitalisation enables novelty approaches towards their new business models and organisations of work. Nevertheless, existing research is skewed towards the innovation and collaboration within the CCI, treated largely as an end in itself. We argue that this denotes only a partial explanation of the CCI and their role in knowledge sharing. Thus the paper addressed the research question of regarding knowledge sharing digitalisation, and what outcomes does digitalisation of the CCI in the Czech Republic unveil. Methods comprise of Kruskal Wallis and Dunn’s multiple comparisons test to provide insight into differences in digitalisation of the knowledge sharing in various branches of the CCI. The analysis revealed positive outcomes of digitalisation on rapid knowledge sharing and knowledge preservation for newcomers. On contrary, certain negative outcomes concerning the risk of knowledge leakage in the creative economy were identified. Further research activities are proposed to be directed towards an international comparison of knowledge sharing digitalisation, in order to reveal differences in cultural settings and socioeconomic backgrounds that might affect processes of digitalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social capital, interpreted as the cumulative potential of modern society composed of its norms of conduct, trust and involvement, may be regarded as a novel production factor (alongside the more established ones of physical and human capital). Its value is constantly rising and is beginning to drive the competitiveness of enterprises, industries and entire economies. This paper is aimed at investigating the theory of social capital, representing the key element of intellectual capital at the firm level, and examining its importance for the corporate value chain. The growing significance of social networking in the business world of today leads us to believe that without social capital (identified as the inter-and intra-organizational trust on which the system of relations with the environment is based), enhancing corporate competitiveness is practically implausible. The primary objective of the paper is to present the concept of social capital in Polish enterprises against the background of the EU-27 country group. It is commonly assumed that (in order to develop more dynamically) Polish enterprises need to focus increasingly on the growth of their intangible assets. Given the continued rise of knowledge and innovation as the key drivers of economic expansion, special emphasis must be laid on promoting social value creation. That is why investing in external and internal relation building among corporate stakeholders is particularly desirable. Unfortunately, the quality of social capital in Poland seems to be relatively inferior - in essence not due to insufficient investment but rather due to the lingering legacy of the ancient regime (the old communist system). A study of social capital in Poland demonstrates relative underdevelopment of social capital in Polish enterprises and denudes critical factors which can impede the social value accumulation process. The research is based not only on selected prior literature focused on social capital (in particular previous works on this particular concept) but also backed by broad empirical findings and statistical data derived from Polish and international think tanks. Additionally, the paper aims to attract the attention of scientists and practitioners focused on the significance of intellectual capital to social capital in the process of knowledge creation and achieving a sustainable competitive advantage. The author believes that it is a relatively unexplored area of research worth pursuing within the so called third stage of intellectual capital research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known for innovative IT projects in the public sector healthcare within the UK to fail and disappoint. The announcement of National Programme for IT (NPfIT) is an example, at a cost of £12.7 billion that ended. The problem of IT projects failing have a destructive impact on wasting resources and at the socio-economic cost to the tax payers. The aim of this paper is to improve the understanding and inter-relationship qualities between people, process and technology. A quality healthcare innovation project was to consign new improved services and processes to be more efficient and to deliver value to the stakeholders in a competitive sector. The starting point for quality healthcare innovation to take place, two key elements are required, (1) ideas and (2) the implementations of those ideas that bring the innovation process to fruition and gain benefits to the healthcare organisations. The architect ideas need to be implemented into practice to become a practical reality for innovation to transpire and thrive. The underlying problem within the literature review, of introducing new innovative IT systems implemented, focus on functionality and fail to acknowledge measuring production, efficiency and linking to performance. The challenges are cultural changes, expertise of knowledge, technological advances and practice methods. Furthermore, the poor state of challenges is hindered by inadequate understanding and clarification of requirements analysis in IT projects. An innovative public sector healthcare IT project was successfully delivered using the software engineering management methods by Tom Gilb. The empirical use of Planguage a formal, natural language modelling notation, a quantifiable measurement metrics, addressed the problem area of system innovation within the software engineering discipline. The paper establishes how the technique could integrate towards the risk concepts of introducing a new software system including building quality of performance and design within, as often, aftermath, system innovation quality is 'designed on top' rather than 'designed within. The quantified approach is illustrated by describing Planguage concepts and Impact Estimation method that is fundamental towards evaluation of system management - design, people and control processes to analyse and transform. This method enables addressing stakeholder value and viewpoints more visually and explicitly. Further recommendation is subsequently addressed for future exploration works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge Ecosystems (KEs) desist to be just a new paradigm and become reality for many economic and social fields. The KE is a digital ecosystem (DE) where knowledge flows dynamically among the entities within the ecosystem. Defining the KE as an ecosystem that "fosters the dynamic evolution of knowledge interactions between entities", we emphasize on dynamic character of knowledge into the ecosystems. Continuous knowledge creation is what transforms the DE into a KE, the process of dynamic knowledge creation occurring when internal knowledge is made external. What makes the KE different from the classic DE is an active and general process involving (1) the creation of knowledge, (2) the intentional elicitation of knowledge, (3) the ability of share knowledge across the entities and (4) the possibility to depreciate and forget knowledge. These processes involve the gathering, processing and usage of a huge volume of data and real time information. This requirement far exceeds the human knowledge agents' capabilities to fulfil it, leading to the necessity of designing and use Knowledge Agents (Knowbots). As the KEs continue to expand, new issues in knowledge creation and sharing processes emerge. Therefore, KM techniques used by classical organizations are challenged to give answers to the KEs particularities. Since we are in the stage of both identifying and managing these particularities, approaching such a field is quite provocative for the KM as a whole. In this respect, our paper will focus on two sets of problems: • 1. First we will investigate the main processes and conditions that precede and accompany the KEs' development, both in business and healthcare areas. A distinctive attention will be given to knowledge dynamics, and knowledge networks designing, respectively. • 2. Secondly we will identify and describe the role and functions of the Knowbot in creating and developing of the KEs. We will first define the concept, and then will present its evolution and main characteristics. At the end, we will analyze the knowbots' structure, their way of working, and the way they fulfil their tasks within the KEs. We conclude our paper work by opening few development directions concerning the evolution of knowledge networks designing and knowbots' creation, programming and roles in the tomorrow KEs. Taking into account our previous researches in the KE area, this paper is a consequent continuation of our work, contributing to the building of an integrate vision over the role of the KM techniques and tools as well as the knowledge dynamics in the existence of KEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Higher Education Institutions are expected to play a meaningful role in the socio-economic development of the nation. In the Higher Education System the administration is managed either by teachers who have taken administrative responsibilities in addition or by people who have risen through ranks from the clerical cadre. The present educational administrative system is traditional and inefficient and it is mostly maintenance oriented (UNESCO 1979). There should be a high quality of higher education with efficient syndrome. This needs decentralization of administration and greater involvement of community, modernizing supervision, and monitoring system, autonomy and accountability, result oriented management, strong management information system and greater private involvement and increasing competence in educational administrations. Academic leaders are expected to monitor the applications of norms prescribed by the apex bodies and promote research activities. Academic leaders are not powerful enough to break ice and bring quality in controversy driven teacher education programme. Positive attitude by all functionaries is important and cooperation is key for a healthy culture. Conducive working environment should be priority of administrations to offer a direction to the mindsets for adoption of the principle of 'some gains and some pains' instead of 'all gains and no pains'. Keeping this in mind, the thought comes is that in the present scenario academic administrators need to be given training for achieving excellence in higher education. Academic administrators even today are doing well; majority of them are doing it, is out of their experience and emotional upbringing. If properly trained they will certainly uplift the quality of higher education as academics and administration are two faces of the same coin called 'higher education'. In this paper with reference to higher education system in India we tried to put forward a training module for administrators of higher education, based on the secondary data collected through various government and Para government sources. The academic administrators are divided in groups and broad training model is developed along with the training contents, duration and institution by whom it is to be executed. This paper argues the need for a fresh examination of the role of education leaders towards higher education in India. To bring professionalism in administration of institutions of Higher Education in the country, this new concept urgently demands attention on providing training and development on technology and management for these academic leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to study Health Tourism and in particular Medical Tourism in Greece, which is growing rapidly on a global scale. Medical Assisted Reproduction, as Health Tourism, is a pillar of development of the countries where it is practiced, contributing dynamically to the gross domestic product. The methodology of the research was based on the review of the provisions of the Greek legal rules and the most recent international literature. Through the results of the study, the actual dimensions of the definitions of the science of tourism are given and these dimensions are delineated based on contemporary literature and Greek legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article aims to analyse emotional intelligence as an influence in the various dimensions of the organizational life, namely in the professional context it is possible to observe a diverse set of emotional situations, that seem to influence the work performance of the collaborators and organisations. An exploratory study with a qualitative approach was developed in the sector of social economy organisations (Private Social Solidarity Institutions at Viana do Castelo District, Portugal) that aimed to investigate the impact of the emotional intelligence of employees on the performance of social economy organisations. The interviews were conducted with the technical directors of the Residential Structures for the Elderly, whose sample was defined by convenience. The results showed the existence of a positive relationship between emotional intelligence and job performance, both from a technical and relational point of view, and suggest the existence of influence on the performance of the organisations themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism is an activity established as an alternative in the rural territory and there are few investigations that have contributed to the understanding of its development with the solidarity economy. Even tourism as an economic activity is of great importance; for this reason, research must be carried out to allow recognition of the relationship between community tourism and the foundations of the solidarity economy. For the development of this research, two theories of the social sciences were analyzed, on the one hand, the concept of solidarity economy and its main characteristics are reviewed, and on the other, the theories of community-based tourism in a rural context are reviewed. These two elements allow a discussion between the theoretical assumptions, the case study and reality. This allows describing the way in which the community manages tourism and how it incorporates the solidarity economy. The methodological structure used for this research is based on a mixed approach based on a case study. The research analyzes rural community tourism from a local perspective and with a socioeconomic point of view. This case study allows us to recognize the tourism phenomenon and the solidarity economy, delimiting the object of study to a geographical context, in which social and productive relationships are recognized. This study is analyzed from what was found in the Municipality of Gachala, located in the department of Cundinamarca in Colombia. For this, interviews were conducted with the people of the community to recognize the socioeconomic aspects that were raised for this investigation. A diagnosis was made to know the tourist services offered. In the same way, quantitative aspects were examined by means of an instrument for the measurement of community-based tourism. Where, aspects such as: employment, investment, training, value chain and the incorporation of tourism with the community are reviewed. In conclusion, tourism is an opportunity for rural communities to expand their sources of income and publicize their local activities and their territory in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to present the process of smart specializations identification in one of the Polish regions - Lublin Voivodeship. This region currently faces a key challenge, which is the necessity to overcome its relatively low social-economic development syndrome. The value of GDP per capita in 2010 was PLN 25,100, which placed the voivodship in penultimate position in the country (the national mean was 67.6%, in 2000 this value was 68.5%). According to purchasing power parity, this value was EUR 9,600, ca. 41% of the mean for the European Union (Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Lubelskiego, 2013b). One of the main priorities of the Regional Innovation Strategy for Lublin Voivodeship (RIS) up to the year 2020 is a focus on the process of economic structure transformation within the voivodship aimed at an increase in the region's economic absorption abilities; i.e. the ability to gain, assimilate, transform and utilize new technological and organizational knowledge (Zarząd Województwa Lubelskiego, 2013). The identification process of the smart specializations of Lubelskie Voivodeship proceeded in several stages: identification of endogenous development potentials of the region; determination of research and technological specialization of regional universities and R & D units; Identification of the main directions of personnel training at the level of higher education and finally preliminary identification of specialization areas, and their submission for a public consultation process and expert judgment. According to RIS, the key specialization of Lublin region is to become a bio-economy including selected activity areas (including sciences) related to the manufacture and processing of biological-origin resources (bio-resources) for food, energy and medical purposes. Methodology of smart specializations selection, has moreover allowed the identification of complementary specialization in the form of medical and health promoting services, supporting specialization, e.g. IT and automatics, and emerging specialization, i.e. low-emission power industry. This article discusses the premises which determined the choice of the specific areas of smart specializations for Lublin Voivodeship, with particular consideration of the intellectual capital elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is the most important natural source of human existence and the main element of the socio-economic development of any industry. Water is an essential in meaningful experience of the visitors, who have an internal relation with this touristic resource as an attraction. As a cultural resource is associated with symbolic and artistic meanings. In urban areas where water is often ignored and its heritage elements are underestimated, the valorisation of its heritage elements and natural state is essential to create a safeguard and protection attitude towards this vital asset of life. To value is to recognise importance, to understand significance, to act towards conservation in both natural and cultural angles, particularly in cities where the conservation of water resources is critical and ignored in an urban development process. In this perspective, the present study attempts to analyse the water heritage state in the historical city Guimarães with the aim to valorise the water heritage resources linked to traditions and local historical narratives. Giving significance to those historical assets, aims to promote sustainable use and sustainable visit development. In this context, it is important to understand the residents’ view about the water presence in Guimarães, to understand the local opinion about the valorisation of water heritage for tourism and to understand what could the city do in conservation and the implementation of sustainable attitude related with this vital resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The government's agenda towards an e-inclusive society in Malaysia are not without challenges; one of which is the digital divide. The empirical evidence from a cross-sectional investigation showed that 52.2% of the sample population are without internet access. Consequently, the impact and effect of non-internet access will be a paradox in attaining esociety. By understanding the impacts of the e-disadvantagedamong rural communities and the poor, policymakers can develop a strategy for an inclusive society that leverages technology to support access for socio-economic assistance at the federal, state, and local levels. This can further democratize the government-to-citizen relationship and accountability for the government's Economic Transformation Program (ETP). Lastly, suggestions for policymakers as well as for future research to deeply understand this research gap on democratizing e-government system and information access will be described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promotion is becoming one of the most commonly and intentionally used by local governments element of marketing mix. It can be either internal (addressed to the inhabitants of the unit) or external (aimed at people who are not residents of the unit). The subject of the presented studies will be culture promotion of the region. One of the areas of promotion, little appreciated in Poland so far, is culture and culture heritage which are of greater and greater importance for the regional development. Culture heritage can be a resource that strengthens the region and improves the conditions for economic growth. Culture goods constitute an important factor in the development of socio - economic region. They increase tourist attractiveness contributing to the development of tourism and agrotourism in the area. The rich history, multi-layered and diverse culture heritage, both tangible and intangible, can be one of the main assets of raising the competitiveness of the given region in the country and the European Union. It should be assumed that in a market economy town or municipality operate in a manner similar to enterprise i.e. they produce products and services offered to the internal market (municipality) as well as to external one (surrounding of the municipality). Competitive conditions require the use of all tools to increase the effectiveness of the operation, including marketing tools. Being a marketing issue a product, which is offered by a city/town, can be considered in two aspects: first as a mega-product i.e. a city/town as a whole, second as a distribution of a mega-product for individual municipal sub-products. Presented concept of a product offered by a city in its two distinctions can be also applied to a municipality. Market-based approach in relation to territorial units is usually called "territorial marketing." Alternatively, they can be also called „spatial marketing‟ and „area marketing‟. Depending on the type of territorial units and the scope of marketing activities various concepts are used e.g. urban marketing, municipal marketing. Currently in Poland these concepts are generally related to basic units of the administrative division of the country namely to urban and rural municipalities. Therefore, for this type of activities one can suggest the term "municipal marketing". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]