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In the present work, an analytical study has been carried out to find the temperature variation in the welded steel plates. The shielded metal arc welding was done in low carbon steel plates (AISI 1020-0.18% C). Five such welded joints has been made by varying the current values and keeping the voltage constant. The temperature distribution on different point of the plates was determined by a mathematical expression available in Ref [14]. Also, the modelling and simulation works were carried out through ANSYS software. The aim behind this work is to find the location of lower critical temperature (i.e. 727°C) on the welded plates. Up to this temperature only, microstructural changes occur (from Ferrite to Austenite). In other words, the heat affected zone can exist up to the temperature zone of 727°C. The location of heat affected zone in each welded plates was found in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pack carburizing is an old method of case hardening of steel, mainly low carbon steel. In this, the sample is placed inside the solid environment of carbon/charcoal. As soon as the temperature of chamber is increased, the carbon diffusion rate on the surface of the sample increases. A thin layer (µm to mm) of carbon is possibly adhered on the surface and thereby the surface becomes hard. The present work deals with an experimental analysis to find the temperature vs hardness relationship after pack carburizing process applied in five different steel samples. Each sample was kept inside the carbon powder chamber and heated at certain temperature. Five different temperatures were selected for five different samples. It was found that hardness of the sample gets increased with increasing the heating temperature. By the simulation, an attempt was made to know the approximate temperature of the sample inside the carbon chamber in each case. Based on the simulation result, a relationship between case thickness (and thereby hardness of the sample) and sample temperature was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mild steel is one of the most widely utilized alloys in engineering practice. It has good mechanical properties that endear it to many engineering applications. However, its high susceptibility to corrosion is one of the biggest concerns and threats to its engineering usage. This present work attempted to study the corrosion resistance of a nail made from mild steel in an aggressive medium like sulphuric acid. The study explores the possibility of using Orange Peel Extract (OPE) as an inhibitor in the corrosion solution. The results obtained from the elemental composition analysis of the OPE revealed some metals which could have formed protective oxide layers to slow down corrosion in any environment. However, the addition of the OPE to the corrosive solution in concentrations of 1g/mol and 2g/mol could not mitigate the corrosion attack on the mild steel as expected. The potentiodynamic polarization data and the Open Circuit Potential (OCP) analysis show that the performance of the OPE in the corrosive solution is a function of its concentrations in the solution. These findings formed the basis for the optimization of the OPE concentrations as an inhibitor in a corrosive solution. The images obtained from the scanning electron microscope analysis show severe damage to the surface exposed to the solution. These further depict the high susceptibility characteristics of mild steel to corrosion when exposed to a highly corrosive environment. This study shows that the orange peel extract is a potential as a corrosion inhibitor to mild steel material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mild steel (MS) plate used different type of construction design. To find the vibration analysis of plate is important work to find the fundamental frequency. In this paper ball is impact on metal plate with different height and different plate area to find the fundamental frequency. Apply welch periodogram method to vibrating signal and find the fundamental frequency. Fundamental frequency by welch periodogram method compare with ANSYS software by finite element method. It observed that fundamental frequency accuracy is very good by Welch method. Further elastic constant also estimates by method. Estimate result it show that elastic constant from Welch method is very accurate. The proposed method is accuracy 3.92%. Young modules estimate for MS plate by proposed method is accuracy is 7.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep drawing is a Forming sheets metals technique that is frequently utilized due to its ability to generate a broad range of forms without flaws or Lamination that is too localized the study of the octagon shape is one of them. The procedure of the octagonal cup by cylindrical cup redrawing and the creation of an octagonal cup from drawing the blank were used to make an octagonal cup with the dimensions of (41.5 X 39.69 mm) and high (30mm). The purpose of this paper evaluation the thickness alteration behavior of deep drawing octagonal cups under the impact of different forming parameters such as die's wall curve radius, speed of punch, the thickness of Blank, and type of metals. Numerical simulation was conducted using ANSYS Workbench 18.0 software used to carry out forming of octagonal cup. The results reveal the highest thinning thickness (11.626 %FEA, 10.072 %EXP) in the corner radius area of the cup with low carbon steel (t=0.7 mm) whereas growing in punch speed and a decrease in die wall curvature radius results in higher thinning. Furthermore, we conclude that the first method produces a superior octagonal cup with less thinning thickness than the second method. The results have shown that experimental and numerical work agree well, with the biggest difference being 5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elastic deformations of drawing tools, in general, have a positive and negative impact on the process and so may be undesirable. In the same drawing circumstances, an elastically deforming rubber in contact with the lower surface of the metal may help achieve equal distribution of the punch pressure across the bottom region of the cup. This will result in a more consistent material flow throughout the drawing process and, consequently, better cup quality. In this paper: An experimental study was carried out for the drawing process of low carbon steel to form a cup with a depth of 15 mm, the thickness of the blank was 0.5, and the diameter was 78 mm. The depth and hardness of the rubber were changing. Rubber was used with a hardness of (40, 60, and 80) shore A, and a height of (30, 50 and 70) mm. A series of studies were conducted to see how the rubber hardness and height affected the pressure and defects in low carbon steel cups. The change in the load and the difference in the product's final shape were measured, the reason for its appearance was discussed, and a defect-free product was also reached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mild steel is widely used in industries. So, it is very important to keep the metal in pristine condition. One of the ways is by using the acid-cleaning method which also leads to the acid stripping of the metal. Thus, corrosion inhibition is deployed which forms a barrier between the metal and the acidic environment. In this study, Musa Acuminata is chosen as the basis for the corrosion inhibitor. The concentration of the corrosion inhibitor, the soaking temperature, and the time of soaking have been kept constant at 500 ppm, 70°C, and one hour. Corrosion inhibition efficiency is recorded at 32.74 percent. Three types of additives are added to the inhibitor namely potassium iodide, potassium chloride, and potassium bromide. As a result, the maximum inhibition efficiency increased to 47.69 percent. The majority of the synergism effect has shown a positive increment of efficiency up to 15 percent compared to the usage of Musa Acuminata alone. The surface coverage increases following the addition of halide ions into the system. In a conclusion, the corrosion inhibitor is capable to reduce the corrosion rate in the high-temperature setting. This finding has also been amplified by the addition of halide ions into the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the use of welding wire is examined in relation to the weld strength and microstructure of low carbon steel used in the construction of components for heavy machinery. The goal of this research was to compare the microstructure and mechanical properties of two types of welding wire (A and B) that conform to the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) Z 3312. A tensile test, a Vickers hardness test, and a metallographic test were carried out. Type B welding wire had a tensile strength of 472.5 MPA, while type A welding wire had a tensile strength of just 448.9 MPA. Average hardness was determined to be 165 HV for type B welding wire, which also requires the most heat input. Type A wire, with its 162 HV hardness and low heat generation, is an excellent example. These findings indicate that the welding heat input is strongly correlated with the tensile strength and hard-ness value. The metallographic analysis also revealed the presence of pearlite and ferrite. Type A welding metal welding wire had a maximum pearlite content of 16.40%, whereas type B welding metal welding wire peaked at 17.33%. The strength of a material can be affected by its pearlite content, with a positive correlation between the two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the difference in the strength of SS316L metal with the Rockwell hardness testing tool after going through the welding process and Post Weld Heat Treatment. This study also determines the difference in the hardness of SS316L metal after the welding process and Post Heat Treatment. This experiment was carried out with several stages of testing. The tested material is a plate-shaped SS316L, and natural cooling is carried out to average temperatures. After cooling is complete, Rockwell hardness testing is carried out with three testing methods: HAZ, Welding, and Main Metal, at each temperature variation. And it obtained different hardness values from each test method and temperature variations of 300 ° C, 400 ° C, and 500 ° C. The structure of low-carbon steel is dominated by ferrite and a little pearlite. The addition of alloying elements is usually carried out in low-carbon steel welding. The addition of this element can increase the strength of the steel without reducing its elasticity. Low-carbon steel plates can be welded by any means of welding, and the results will be good if the preparation is perfect and the requirements are met. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schiff base (N'-((1H-indol-3-yl) methylene) thiophene-2-carbohydrazide) (IMTC) and the starting material (indol-3-carboxyaldehyde) have been investigated as mild steel corrosion inhibitors in (0.2, 0.4, 0.6) M HCl media using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), energy dispersion X-ray analysis (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It has been demonstrated that the inhibition efficacy increases with increasing inhibitor concentration. A charge transfer technique is primarily responsible for controlling the mild steel's corrosion. Excellent results for the inhibitor were attributed to the creation of protective adsorption layers on the steel surface. Quantum chemical calculations have been utilized to clarify the inhibition mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of this research is to compare the surface roughness of holes drilled in normal and annealed mild steel to the surface roughness of holes drilled in mild steel that has not been treated in any way. Both the Materials and the Methods: For the purposes of this investigation, a plate made of mild steel with a thickness of 10 millimetres was used. Normalization of mild steel was place at 750 degrees Celsius inside of a muffle furnace, and annealing took place at 840 degrees Celsius. After then, tungsten carbide drills were used so that the holes could be drilled. Testing of the surface roughness was carried out in accordance with the recommendations provided by ASTM. On each plate in both the experimental group (annealed and normalised Mild steel) and the control group (annealed and normalised Mild steel), there are 39 test samples (N=39) (untreated Mild steel). According to a one-way ANOVA run by SPSS software with a significance level of 0.00 (p0.05), the maximum surface roughness of annealed mild steel (3.08 m) is significantly less than that of normalised mild steel (3.28 m) and untreated mild steel (3.95 m). It was found that heat treatment of mild steel increased the surface finish property, and that annealing, in particular, resulted in a considerable improvement in the surface finish of mild steel. However, it should be noted that these findings should be interpreted with caution due to the limitations of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this research is to evaluate the cylindricity tolerance of normalised and annealed Mild steel holes to untreated holes. This experiment employed a 10 mm mild steel plate. A muffle furnace normalised mild steel at 750°C and annealed it at 840°C. Drills made of tungsten carbide created the holes. The ASTM cylindricity tolerance criteria were followed. In the experimental (annealed and normalised Mild steel) and control groups, 39 test samples (N=39) are on each plate (untreated Mild steel). Sample size was determined using G-Power 80%. According to a one-way ANOVA using SPSS software, annealed Mild steel (0.0487 m) has a considerably lower maximum surface roughness tolerance than normalised (0.0541 m) and untreated (0.0587 m) (p0.05). This study demonstrated that mild steel surface quality increased with heat treatment, especially annealing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, focused on the bending of a small-size copper pipe and proposed a theoretical model of a pipe bending fixture. A fixture is made to bend type K (B-75) copper pipes for industrial purposes in air conditioners. This pipe bending fixture is designed according to the geometry of the bending of a pipe using Rotary Draw Bending (RDB) process. Simple and easily operated a pipe bending fixture is designed and fabricated to bend the pipe to require diameter during a radius and angle. SS304 is used for a pulley and mild steel is used for other parts of the machine and force applies manually. Two major drawbacks in pipe bending are wall thinning and change in cross-section ovality that determines the quality and extent of a pipe forming. The required relationship between the die must be maintained to achieve tube accuracy through rotary draw bending operation. The most critical parameter to be considered while bending pipes are bend angle, bend radius, pipe thickness, and pipe diameter. The main objective behind this fixture to reduce wall thinning over the entire bent area and keep the force distribution uniform over the bent area. Another is that the cross-section of the bent pipe is oval to minimal. The design of the pipe bending fixture has been made using solid edge modeling software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotary friction welding (RFW) is joining materials through the forging process generated by rotation and friction. Both materials are gripped, frictioned and pressed until they generate a heat which can form a bonding. Generally, RFW is used to weld round bar geometry. The objective of this research is to analyze peak load and fracture occurred on RFW joints. The materials welded are ST41 low carbon steel and SS304 stainless steel. Parameters used in this study are friction time (WG), forging time (WT), and surface profile (PU) with a single chamfer while rotational speed is constantly set. All of the specimens show that HAZ in ST41 is larger than SS304. Tensile test shows that fracture occurred on weld joint (brittle fracture), but it still gives a reaction until it achieves its peak load. The highest peak load of 553.93 kgf obtained from the 5th experiment, while the lowest peak load is 56.60 kgf (8th). 5th experiment using 60° chamfer on surface profile so the friction tends to be stable on its axis and nugget size is larger than 8th. 8th experiment using 0° surface profile so the friction tends to be unstable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December 2016, Bureau Of Indian Standards adopted I.S. 1893 : 2016 (Part 1) (Sixth Revision). The code defines, soft storey is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than that in the storey above. Thus, equal or higher lateral stiffness of lower storey as compared to immediate upper storey is proposed than that were allowed in I.S. 1893 Part 1 : 2002. To create column free spaces to provide clear drive way and parking movability, under scarcity of land, development rules regarding open spaces and parking, multi-storey and high-rise structures are constructed with transfer girders. Using 28 different experimental models made of mild steel, the present experimental & analytical model comparative study concentrates on effect of variation in stiffness of transfer girder on the lateral stiffness of the frame floated from it under lateral load. The results show that, the soft storey condition of a floating frame remains unaltered, irrespective of the change in stiffness or end support conditions of the transfer girders or its placement on transfer girder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to terminate the burr rejection on compressor driven pulley. The research is undergone using Minitab analysis software to design experiments with three factors and two levels, which is carried out by process capability analysis method. After that process, the experiment was further engaged in normalizing cooling process and optimized cooling process which help to know about the status of material hardness and its machinability. Hardness of forgings was higher at Optimized Conveyor Cooling (56 HRB 65to) and Hardness was getting lower at Normalizing Cooling (47 HRB to 58 HRB). Machinability of normalizing cooling forgings was not good as contrast to the Optimized conveyor cooling forgings. Sipoc approach was taken for detailed analysis. A significant amount of reduction in total machining rejection percentage in addition to the straight savings in incalescence, labour force and tool cost and rework cost. Study the effect of hardness improved material machinability status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Joining aluminium alloy and steel together is hard due to different thermomechanical properties of two materials. FSW was introduced to join two different materials in a safer way. The observation of influence of plate thickness difference between AA6061-T6 aluminium alloy and S235JR mild steel plates, plate positioning and plunge depth during FSW on temperature profile has been conducted to address the increasing interest in FSW to join dissimilar plate thicknesses in applications such as tailor welded blanks. Varying plate thickness, plate position and plunge depth from the top of the thickest plate will be used as the study parameters. By using eleven (11) welded samples with different parameters as guide, the experiment was conducted by using conventional milling machine with specialised tool for FSW. Temperature profile results were expressed in line graphs. As in conclusion, higher plate thickness ratio which is obtained when thicker plate divided by thinner plate can lead to lower peak temperature result, thus first objective is achieved. The second objective achieved as results show that joints with backers tend to have higher peak temperature and the last objective achieved when results of deeper plunge depth gave higher peak temperature as the tool shoulder came in contact with thermocouple during the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mild steel is a primary material used to construct ships and other maritime structures. Corrosion protection systems are sometimes ineffective in aqueous mediums subjected to movement, flow, waves, and even turbulence under unpredictable conditions. This study aims to ascertain the influence of flow velocity on mild steel corrosion in the aqueous medium. The mild steel samples are immersed in a 3.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution for five days. They were protected against corrosion using an impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system. The flow velocity is increased to 200-800 rpm, while the stationary flow is also examined as a control. Data on the metal's potential and current density were collected, and the surface morphology was analyzed using a stereomicroscope. Corrosion protection occurs exclusively in stationary flow, whereas corrosion occurs in solutions flowing at a most studied velocity. Metals show corrosion severity levels ranging from 200 to 600 rpm with increasing current consumption and metal potential. At 800 rpm, the metal surface appears to begin passivating, reducing the current consumption and potential. The flow velocity accelerates corrosion, yet at the high-speed stream, the corrosion is slowed because the steel surface becomes passive and assists the corrosion protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active Vibration Cancellation (AVC) is a technique for an isolation system that reacts to the incoming external vibration or noise with an active counter actuation. A series of testing and investigation on the system are required before the deployment to the targeted system to increase the system efficacy. In this study, the dynamic properties of aluminium, stainless steel, and mild steel beam materials with similar dimension are studied using an Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA). The beam material with the least natural frequencies and better response within the frequency of interest from 0 Hz to 500 Hz is selected for the AVC studies. However, the implementation of piezoelectric patch actuator and testing rig can affect the mechanical properties of the AVC system. Thus, subsequent study is carried out on the beam dynamic properties to study the effect of the installation of piezoelectric patch and AVC testing setup using the EMA. From the results, it is proven that the aluminium beam produces the best dynamic properties and the inclusion of piezoelectric patch has shown a positive effect on the system dynamic while damped the peaks. The installation of testing setup has clearly shown that process largely affected and changed the mechanical properties of the AVC system negatively which require further mitigation solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the improvement of mechanical properties, especially on the tensile strength and hardness, of low 0.03 wt.% C Steel through intercritical annealing process have been studied. The steel was intercritical annealed at the temperature between AC1 and AC3 to increase the strength and hardness. The temperature of AC1 and AC3 was determined around 737 and 895℃, respectively. After being austenitized (920℃) for 30 minutes and then briefly cooling to the intercritical annealing temperature for 15 minutes, the low carbon steel — contains 0.0302 wt.% C and 0.2183 wt.% Mn — was rapidly quench into the water at 30℃. The intercritical annealing temperature was varied to 750, 775, 800, 825, and 850℃. The mechanical properties of this steel were analysed and evaluated using different heat treatment temperatures. Each specimen's hardness, tensile, and microstructure tests were carried out to compare with the initial condition of low-carbon steel. The results showed that the hardness and tensile strength of the specimens increased in mechanical properties depending on the intercritical annealing temperature. After intercritical annealed, the microstructure transformed to ferrite and martensite phase. The increase in temperature increased the martensite fraction from 25.16 to 33.03%. Af, which directly improved the tensile strength. The highest strength (680 MPa for TS and 495 MPa for YS) and hardness (351.9 VHN) was obtained by the intercritical annealed at 800℃, due to the higher martensite fraction (31.35 %. Af) and the smaller grain size (7.69 µm), when compared to the sample underwent intercritical annealed at lower temperature (700℃ and 725℃). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the petroleum industry, sweet corrosion is the most severe corrosion concern for steel-based crude oil transportation pipelines. It is a type of severe localized corrosion caused by the aqueous phase of petroleum, consisting of CO2 gas dissolved in the saline drilling fluid. Inhibitors are compounds that prevent corrosion on the surface of metals used in the oil and gas industry. The inhibitor is adsorbed on the surface of the metal, generating a thin protective coating. Due to increasing awareness of the environment, various research about green corrosion inhibitors using plant extract was developed. Plant extracts are abundant, inexpensive, less or nontoxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible, so the study of corrosion prevention, particularly on mild steel, utilizing plant-based corrosion inhibitors is of great interest. Seaweed (Sargassum polycystum) extract was used to reduce the corrosion of mild steel in a CO2 environment. The seaweed was dried (100 g) and extracted using ethanol (900 ml). Then the extract was evaporated and used as a corrosion inhibitor. Tafel polarization test was conducted using the Gamry instrument. The polarization test was carried out at 30, 40, and 50°C; the inhibitor variations were performed at 100, 200, 300, and 400 ppm in CO2-saturated 3.5% NaCl solution. The addition of 400 ppm seaweed extract reduces the corrosion rate of mild steel with the highest efficiency of 87% at 40°C. The difference in potential corrosion (Ecorr) after adding seaweed extract below 85 mV indicated that the extract is a mixed-type inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistance spot welding has the concept of joining two or more metals, by emphasizing the electrodes that are electrified, causing heat in the contact area so that the material will melt. In this article, will describe the results of research on the effect of holding time variations on Resistance Spot Welding for mild steel AISI 1008 series and aluminum 3000 series, zinc powder mesh 200 for filler with locator on each material. The tested things were connected by the ASME IX standard lap joint configuration with zinc on both material locators. The parameter processes are weld time of 0.5 seconds, weld currents of 8000A and 9000A then the holding time in the range of 1 second, 3 seconds, and 5 seconds. Characteristics of the welded joint are investigated by shear tensile test, macro photo test and SEM-EDX test. The results showed tensile strength at the parameter of welding time 0.5 seconds, a current of 9000 A and holding time 1 seconds obtained a value of 380N, while at the holding time of 5 seconds the tensile strength obtained was 630N. In macro photo testing holding time of 1 second, the weld there is a wide cavity and low density. While the holding time of 5 seconds, the density is quite good. Holding time variations affect the tensile shear strength, joint density and nugget shape on the welded joint. Tensile strength of the welding joint obtained will be higher when the holding time is getting longer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the effect of welding time on the structure and strength of the spot welded mild steel and aluminum with zinc powder as filler on the locator of the two specimen. The results of the stress test show that the filler zinc and welding time affect the strength of the spot welded joint. The highest value obtained is 630 N with a welding time parameter of 0.5 seconds, a current of 9000 A and a holding time of 5 seconds and the lowest is 260 N with a welding time parameter of 0.5 seconds, a current of 8000 A and a holding time of 5 seconds. In macro photo testing, it is found that the variation of welding time affects the size of the resulting nugget diameter. In the SEM test with variations in welding time of 0.5 seconds, current of 9000 and holding time of 5 seconds, zinc powder was mixed and diffused with mild steel and no gaps were seen in the zinc area. Then the EDX data shows the connection of mild steel and zinc with variations in welding time of 0.3 seconds and 0.5 seconds in the form of elements of zinc (Zn) in the joint area because zinc melts and diffuses into mild steel in that area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion inhibitors that are favorable to the environment have attracted a lot of attention in recent times as a result of the growing environmental problems created by the extensive usage of toxic inorganic and organic corrosion inhibitors. Environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors classified as green corrosion inhibitors act as an excellent substitute to avoid toxic corrosion inhibitors. Because the green inhibitors are made from renewable resources, they have low cost and high inhibitory efficiency while having little or no environmental impact. This review article describes the research about use of natural chemicals as inhibitors. In this article, the type of green inhibitors such as gums, medicines, plant extracts, ionic liquids, natural oils, etc have been discussed. In addition, the efficiency of various corrosion inhibitors is reviewed, as well as the methodology utilized to test them and the fundamental inhibitory mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various steel components of rectangular hollow section (RHS) are of common use in many transport industries. Study of three point bending behavior is a special requirement for these RHS steels. In the present work, modeling of three point bending behavior for RHS of mild steel and galvanized steel has been analyzed using the Fusion 360 CAD/CAE system and compared. RHS with cross sections of 40 mm x 50 mm having different wall thicknesses, i.e. 1.936 mm, 1.843 mm and 0.7 mm were considered for the modeling study. The effects of increasing the magnitude of load on smaller and larger faces on deflection of the RHS were analyzed. Results reveal that the bending deflection was lesser for galvanized steel specimen as compared to its mild steel counterpart for a constant RHS thickness and variable load conditions at any loading faces. In addition, increase in RHS thickness caused reduction in bending deflection, when the applied load was constant on RHS galvanized steel specimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present work, the inhabitation of corrosion of copper metal has been studied in acidic environment HCl by using organic compound (ethyl-2-bromothiazole-4-carboxylate) as inhibitor using polarization and loss by weight methods at different inhibitor concentration ranging (100-400) ppm. The impact of temperature was also examined, revealing a decrease in the corrosion rate and an increase in inhibition efficiency. It was observed that the inhibition efficiency decreased as the temperature increased, particularly at 50 and 60 °C. At a temperature of 40 °C, the thermodynamic parameters of the process, including activation energy, enthalpy, and free energy of adsorption, exhibited an increase with the inhibitor concentration, while the entropy energy decreased. This is because of the presence a group of thiazol, bromine, nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen atoms. It is effectively contributes to the creation of a film layer on copper's surface by adsorption this act as inhibitor on surface of metal, which prevents or reduces corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present study solution 1 M HCl acid with different concentration of 2-(p-Tolyl) ethylamine used to study the resistance of Low carbon steel toward corrosion using gravimetric and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. The inhibitor demonstrated a high inhibitory effectiveness (IE (% in acidic solutions, When the inhibitor's concentration and temperature rise which tend to decline the efficiency. The best value of efficiency for both weight loss and polarization was at 30°C with 400 ppm concentration of inhibitor due to the formation of a layer on the metal's surface as a result of the inhibitor adhering to it, as well as the structure's inclusion of an amine and methyl group, which is an important component of the adsorption process, both the polarization and weight loss approaches yield results for corrosion inhibition efficiency that are acceptable. According to several researches, the 2-(p-tolyl) ethylamine molecule was known to be one of the most efficient inhibitors. The thermodynamic parameters, entropy change, enthalpy, and absorption free energy, were calculated, and their values were suitable and in excellent agreement with prior investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research aimed to study the erosion resistance of the (Ni-Cu) coating layer deposited by flame thermal spraying technic onto a low carbon steel substrate. The microstructure and phase analysis of the coating layer was observed by using SEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Erosion rate was measured by using the erosion system with salty solution (3.5% sodium chloride)with impingement angle 0° and 90 °. The impact ofthreefactors on the erosion rate of the protective coatings layer (time, sand/ liquid, and sand particle size) were investigated. The data confirmed that timehas a major influence on the erosion rate with high delta (3.070) rank 1, while the sand/ liquidwith delta (0.960) and rank 2 has a major influence on the coated layer erosion rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major goal of this study is to create an accurate approach for tool flank wear prediction using the tool force signal during mild steel cylindrical blind hole end mill machining. Low-cost spindle current sensing technology is one of the most popular methods of predicting tool wear by measuring spindle power consumption in CNC machines and correlating power growth to tool wear. This paper presents a method for monitoring tool condition based on cutting power measurement. The findings demonstrate the accuracy of this method and the ability to greatly improve comprehension of the overall connection between cutting power and tool wear. A sharp instrument also required less power than one that was used or worn. Due to having to overcome the increased friction force on the cutting contact area, power consumption rises as tool wear does. Additionally, increasing the cutter diameter results in a higher power requirement. Also, the results showed that when the flank wear reaches up to 0.15 mm, the time required to fail the tool decreases by 67% with an increase in the energy consumed by 20%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The findings of an investigation on work hardening in milling operations during the specified cylindrical cavity machining process as a function of tool wear are presented in this study. Mild steel was used as the workpiece material for a test program. Wet cutting circumstances were considered while using 4-flute High-Speed Steel end mill cutters. Cutting speed and feed rate were changed, and tool wear was assessed using an indirect method based on component evaluation. The tool wear increased by 48% and was connected to the workpiece strain hardening. The machined part's hardness values were much higher, according to the results. The bottom of the cutting edge has excessive wear from the rigorous cutting processes. Additionally, the cutting tool upper segment wear did not remove any material, contributing to the work hardening of the machined parts that met these segments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrodeposition is one of the composite coating deposition techniques of a metal on a cathode during electrolysis through a method of purification. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is one of the potential non-hazardous electrolyte. In this work, NaCl was used as electrolyte in electrodeposition of copper-nickel on mild steel substrate. Three different parameter was used in order to find the suitable parameter to use in NaCl electrolyte. Optical Microscope (OM) shows all sample have different thickness of coating. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows distribution of coating on substrate and Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy confirm element on coating. Results shows that 0.03 A current used in this NaCl electrolyte was most suitable as it shown highest thickness of coating and have fairly coating on substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface roughness is one of the important characteristics of the workpiece made by machining process. In addition to the machining or cutting parameters, the stiffness of the workpiece in the machining affects its surface roughness. The surface roughness of the workpiece will get better as the stiffness of the workpiece increases. For workpieces that have a large length to thickness ratio, increasing the stiffness of the workpiece becomes an important issue to improve its surface roughness. The cutting test was carried out on the gearbox housing model (g-h model) which was represented as a thin-walled workpiece. Mild steel was chosen as material for the g-h model. Taking into account the shape of the thin-walled workpiece and the orientation of the face milling tool on the workpiece wall, granular stiffener is used to increase the stiffness of the workpiece. Although granular stiffener may not always be used as good stiffeners because of its several constraints, for face milling process of the g-h model the choice of this stiffener is appropriate. Preliminary measurements of the average vibration amplitude with experimental modal analysis on the tool spindle and g-h model in time domain using accelerometer to measure the vibration response have given results of 10 ms−2 and 400 ms−2 for the vibration amplitude. The magnitude of the average vibration amplitude of the g-h model of this initial measurements was the reason for why its stiffness must be increased. The addition of a stiffener to the g-h model (workpiece) has reduced the vibration amplitude of the workpiece from 2892 ms−2 to 393.04 ms−2. In the cutting test with 1.2 mm depth of cut, the addition of stiffener on the g-h model has improved the surface roughness from 1.8 μm to 0.92 μm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is needed to avoid toxicity and corrosion in terms of improving the aesthetic magnitude of steel components used in electrical appliances, recreational materials, and construction of automobiles, which processing industries use every day in lives that have sparked increased interest in the electrodeposition solid substrate field, particularly nickel (Ni) on steel plates. Nickel coating was prepared using a Watt bath, then adding a titania ratio (5, 10, and 15) g\L to the nickel electroplating solution. Micro-sized TiO2 ceramic particles (20-30) μm were co-deposited with nickel using an electrodeposition technique to develop composite coatings. In this work, several tests were carried out, including coating thickness, surface roughness, hardness, EDS, SEM, and polarization tests in seawater and tap water for the coating layer. The final results of polarization curves were carried out by potentiodynamic technique for different coating layers with tap water and 3.5%NaCl a medium and found all data by computerize which shows the addition of TiO2 extract improved the corrosion rate with (82%) than uncoating specimen, in tap water as a medium for the test performed and improved the corrosion rate with (45%) than the uncoated specimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion can corrode and pollute metals and alloys in the environment. Corrosion causes the most plant and equipment failures, say experts. CUI, or corrosion under insulation, is famously difficult to identify because it occurs disguised beneath insulation materials until it becomes a substantial concern, which is frequent in petrochemical plants that have been in operation for a long period. Catastrophic failures can have a detrimental impact on the economy due to downtime and repair costs. This experiment uses X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis to identify corrosion products on coupons and SEM to examine attack corrosion surface morphology (SEM). Fabricated low-carbon steel pipe. Coupons are experiment-based. Low carbon steel 0.24mm x 0.24mm x 0.05mm (height). Installation of CUI coupons. Using a ruler, the coupon metal is 2.5 cm long. Both SEM and XRD use coupon metal size to determine corrosion rate and characteristics. Figure 1 depicts the deterioration under insulation specimen. SEM and XRD were used to test the sample. The lab did all testing. Experiment to identify Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI) by its corrosion product and surface morphology using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Analysis Method and identify the corrosion coupon using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis Method. SEM was performed on both sides of coupon metal. Front and back of the coupon. The SEM scanned all metal sides. Coupon metal was recorded 5 times per side. Graph shows image at position X. In this chart, the difference between weight and atomic number stands apparent. At point X are Oxygen, Iron, Carbon, Aluminium, and Silicon (Si). The front area's iron content reaches 70.64 percent. The rate declined to a low point at 29.36% oxygen weight. For excellent coating adherence to metal, surface preparation and profile criteria were stressed [1]. Interactions and compatibility of polyurethane foams with anticorrosive coatings were discussed. After SEM testing, this part's rate may approach elemental level. Back region point X only recorded Carbon (C). 100% of carbon's mass is atomic. If there's too much carbon, the metal may break and can't be shaped. Not breaking doesn't guarantee a product is good. In extreme simulated CUI settings, 2. tested three coatings (heat-resistant epoxy, new technology liquid, and thermal sprayed aluminium) for CUI protection. Higher carbon diminishes air corrosion resistance and induces rusting. Steel corrosion increases as carbon content rises. Comparing specimens without prior deformation and in a stressed state indicates that distortion increases corrosion rate. In this chart, the difference between weight and atomic number stands apparent. Carbon is at X (C). 100% of weight and atomic for this part. After SEM testing, this part's rate may approach elemental level. It specifies the parameters that must be monitored during simulation as well as the classification of simulation kinds, including a CUI exposure equipment, or CUI-Cell, preparation procedure, and simulation protocols for isothermal or cyclic temperature and wet/dry conditions. [3] did a pipeline corrosion study. SEM studies surface morphology and microstructure near the surface. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) delivers high-resolution images for analysing materials for surface fractures, defects, impurities, or corrosion. The SEM uses kinetic energy to provide signals on electron interaction. SEM-EDS provides structural and compositional data. It offers high-magnification photographs of object surfaces. The XRD determines if a sample is crystalline or amorphous. If the sample is crystalline, microstructure and flaws. XRD reveals crystalline structure, phase, lattice parameters, and grain size. Using the Scherrer equation and the broadening of a sample's most intense XRD peak, the latter parameter is computed. XRD only works on small, flat samples. XRD and SEM measure crystallite size differently. Particles have many diffracting crystallites, which XRD measures. Higher carbon diminishes air corrosion resistance and induces rusting. Steel corrosion increases as carbon content rises. Comparing specimens without prior deformation and in a stressed state indicates that distortion increases corrosion rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of friction stir welding in joining process has gain much interest in many industry sectors such as in automotives, aerospace and other metal forming area. It is solid state welding process which intended to overcome problems encounter during fusion welding. However incorrect parameter setting could minimize the strength of the joining area which results in total failure of the welded join. Effect of tensile strength with different friction tool's tip with round, square and triangle shape was used with optimized for different spindle speed and feed rate in order to predict the strength ability of the welded specimen. Taguchi Method was used and specimen used was aluminum 6061 T6 where the tool tip was made of low carbon steel. Conventional milling machine was employed with the parameters of rotational and traverse speed are varies from 700 to 1400 rpm and 100 to 200 mm/min respectively. Results shows that rotational speed of 700 rpm, 200 mm/min in tranverse speed and square pin profile gain an optimum strength of welding joint specimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alumunium and low carbon steel are some of many materials that are commonly used in machining process. One of the reasons is that Stainless steel has a high resistance towards rust, followed by a maximum shear strength of approximately 124-290 MPa. On the other hand, low carbon steel has a higher shear strength of approximately 500 MPa. In this study, spot welding process on these dissimilar materials is using filler and then analyzed using linear regression analysis, by varying voltage towards the shear strength results based on the parameters used in this research. The research was carried out using an experimental method by processing secondary data. The secondary data was then reprocessed by linear regression analysis using IBM SPSS software, The use of filler in spot welding using Aluminium 6061 and Low Carbon Steel SS400 has a positive effect on the shear tensile strength, resulting in a shear tensile strength of 923MPa with a stress of 3.5 V and a pressing time of 5 seconds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study involved the using of "2-(4-methoxyphenoxy) benzylamine HCl" in order to prevention of carbon steel corrosion in acidic medium. Weight loss and hydrogen gas evolution methods were utilized. Inhibitor concentrations ranging from 50-250 ppm at temperatures ranging from 40-60 °C were used in the current research. The presence of the amine molecules, as well as the oxygen and nitrogen atoms that are important in the adsorption methods, which enhancing the efficiency of inhibition when the inhibitor concentration and temperature are increased. These two approaches demonstrated the inhibitor's efficiency as well as the creation of a layer on the metal's surface via adsorption. The results have been observed that at a temperature of 40 °C and an inhibitor concentration of 250 ppm, the inhibition efficiency was good, and as the temperature increases, the efficiency decreased. Adsorption activation, enthalpy, entropy, and free energy all showed positive findings, with rising activation and enthalpy energy and decreasing entropy energy, suggesting effective adsorption to the inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has been carried out on the inhibition efficiency of expired metformin drugs as a corrosion inhibitor for boiler pipes. Metformin is highly soluble in water, contains five nitrogen atoms, which provides adsorption in the formation of thin films on metal substrates, and has considerable anti-corrosion behaviour. This study aimed to determine the efficiency of Metformin expired drugs to inhibit corrosion and optimize the use of Metformin expired drugs. The research was conducted by characterizing the steel pipe sample using optical emission spectroscopy (OES), characterizing the expired Metformin drug sample using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), measuring the corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency using the weight-loss method, and surface morphology analysis using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results of the characterization of the steel pipe sample showed that the sample was composed of Fe, C, Si, Mn, P, S, Cr, Mo, Ni, Al, Co, Cu, Nb, Ti, V, W, and Pb elements. The characterization of expired drug samples showed stretching of the amine group at wavelengths 3369.5 cm-1 and 3295 cm-1, proving that Metformin was present in the expired drug. The results of the weight loss test showed that expired Metformin was able to inhibit corrosion with its optimal condition being at temperature 70oC with 25 ppm inhibitor, and the inhibition efficiency reached 73.54%. At temperature 50oC with 50 ppm inhibitor, the inhibition efficiency reached 84.81% in the corrosive medium NaCl. 3%. The SEM micrographs show the surface of the steel that does not use inhibitor looks damaged and has holes, while the surface of the steel that uses inhibitor looks smoother. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, mild steel AISI1080 was butt welded by an automated shielded metal arc technique (ASMAW) using E6013 electrode. Parameters such as welding speed (3.19, 3.9 and 4.6 mm/s), with the electrode diameter (2.6, 3.2 and 4.0 mm), and welding angle of (45, 50 and 60°), were tested and listed by Taguchi orthogonal arrays. Microstructure of welded samples were observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). According to the microstructural observations, the amount of pearlitic phase in the weld area increased with increase in welding speed, and angle of electrode, and the smallest size electrode of 2.6mm at the expense of ferrite. However, in the HAZ the amount of ferrite increases with increase in welding speed and the electrode diameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact stress between the contact parts may not be significant at the time of design in comparison to other parameters but it is very important to consider while designing the product. Contact stresses can be occurred between sphere and sphere, cylinder and cylinder, cylinder and sphere etc. In this paper presented the contact stress analysis for cutting tool of milling machine with various materials such as Al 7075-T6, Brass and Mild steel. The contact stress analysis was studied in simulation and observed the contact stress during the impact and shear stresses in each body. The contact force was calculated experimentally by using milling dynamo meter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carburization is done by heating at a high enough temperature at austenite temperatures in an environment that contains active zinc atoms, so that the active zinc atom will diffuse into the surface of the brass and reach a certain depth. After the fuscous is diffused, followed by a rapid cooling treatment (quenching), so that a harder surface is obtained, but clay and tough the middle. This study aims to determine the properties, especially the hardness and strength of carbon steel low after carburizing using coconut shell charcoal carburizing media. The method is brass carburizing using coconut shell charcoal with a temperature of 800 ⁰C with a holding time of 3 hours using oil, air and water cooling experienced the greatest change in mechanical properties in water cooling media, namely an increase of 67.647 % with a hardness value of 57 HRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low velocity impact is a massive problematic issue causing a damage to the thin plate from the dynamic impact velocity below than 10 m/s especially the impact effects of coal pulveriser at coal powerplant sector. This paper presents the damage behaviour of 11% Manganese Steel plate structures when subjected to dynamic loading at flat (0°) and oblique plate of 45°.and 60° at different height which means different velocity of free fall (6.26 m/s, 7.67m/s, 8.85m/s and 9.9m/s). Experimental was examine thoroughly from strain test using mild steel and simulation development to validate the strain result assigning mild steel properties in Abaqus. This procedure is vital for understanding validation methods procedure. Furthermore, 11% Manganese steel was applied corresponding with model simulation validation from literature by extracting the Mn-steel's mechanical properties from the previous researcher work. After the validation, the geometry was altered based on actual situation of coal impact and thin plate dimension for further damage impact analysis. Finite element Analysis (FEA) was built generally for validation purposed and damage analysis by identified several parameters that influence the result. Flat plate, 0° at the highest velocity 9.9 m/s create significant damage based on highly mass loss compare to others variable because has a greater contact force and energy absorption of Mn-steel plate. Other than that, thickness modification was generated to reduce the damage where 10 mm minimize the damage up to 0.8% of the first impact whereas different material set-up was utilized from Shape Memory alloys (SMA) that cause no visibly damage at all due to high fracture-resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For human being travelling has become vital. To sustain in this fast forward world, we must travel from place to place. Compared to fuel-based vehicles Electric vehicles are efficient to use and it is economical and Eco friendly too. The aim of the project is to design and fabricate the frame for electric motorcycle. The frame comes under Cafe Racer segment. The frame must sustain for the point load and the surface load acting on it. The frame must be designed in a way such that the frame can accommodate the major driving mechanisms of the motorcycle. In this work numerical analysis is carried out using Ansys FEA software to determine the failure of the frame. The material selected for this work is mild steel. The final design is selected based on the factor of safety (FOS), stress and strain value. As the obtained values satisfies the requirement, the frame has been moved on to the fabrication process with respect to the designed CAD Modelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this current scenario, automobile industry occupies a large space and manufacturing of automobile engine parts have become a tough competition for the companies in order to give their best, among in which the most important component of an engine is piston and that is made with materials which are strong and should have minimum weight. Piston should be as much as strong in order to withstand the structural and thermal loads and also be corrosion resistance when it has minimum weight it will reduce the inertia force which is created due to reciprocating motion. Commonly pistons are manufactured using low carbon steel or aluminium silicon alloy which has high strength and less weight, alongside the aluminium alloy has good corrosion resistant. This gives us an idea that to design the piston with better material to give the best performance in-service. In this investigation, a 3D model piston is design and compared using Fusion 360 software with two different materials named Al-4032 and LA141. Furthermore the structural and steady state thermal analysis is performed in ANSYS simulation software by giving common load conditions on the piston and the results are compared and studied. From the research work, the material Al-4032 has higher strength than to manufacture piston. Alongside the heat flux of Al 4032 has higher heat flux compare to the LA 141 alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computational quantum mechanics research and organic molecular modeling can provide information about the characteristics of organic compounds and the adsorption mechanism of corrosion inhibitors. Lignin extracts from various plant parts acted as corrosion inhibitors and have reduced the corrosion rate (2.51-15.26%) in steel. The aims of this study were (1) to predict the molecular structure of protonated lignin using density functional theory; (2) predict the reactivity of lignin species and the interfacial adsorption properties of low carbon steels; and (3) investigate the interaction of neutral and protonated lignin compounds with atoms in H2SO4. This study was conducted using computational modelling. including (1) calculation of the molecular structure optimization of monolignol lignin monomers (p-caumaryl-, coniferyl-, and sinapyl alcohol) as neutral and protonated inhibitor species and (2) modeling of corrosion inhibitor molecules adsorbed on the surface of low carbon steel in H2SO4 medium. The predicted result of the protonated structure shows the tendency of the H+ proton to be bound to the O-phenolic and O-methoxy atoms. The interaction of lignin monolignol molecules with the adsorbed sulfate ion result in physisorption interactions. In contrast, the chemisorption interaction of lignin species occurs through the transfer of heteroatom electrons and the heterocyclic π-ring from the inhibitor to the empty d-orbital of Fe in sulfuric acid. The quantum mechanics calculations results show that the p-coumaryl alcohol molecule has the highest inhibition efficiency value of 23.41%. The results of the Monte Carlo (MC) calculation, enthalpy of inhibitor-Fe 19.673 kcal/mol. At the same time, acid-Fe -126.082 kcal/mol shows that the function of acid as an adsorption medium is stronger than ionized Fe. Based on the calculation of DFT/B3LYP 6-31G(d,p) the adsorption of p-coumaryl alcohol in H2SO4 has the highest inhibition efficiency with a bond energy of 78.543 kJ/mol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new equation of state for 304L stainless steel has been constructed and entered in the Los Alamos National Laboratory SESAME database with material ID 4273. The equation of state is based on a multiphase approach. The solid and liquid phases were fitted to available experimental data for thermal expansion, heat capacity, and shock Hugoniot, as well as to data from density functional theory calculations of the cold curve and quantum molecular dynamics of the liquid regime. The electronic thermal contribution over the entire equation of state range is based on Tartarus (Green's functions) average atom calculations. For this low-carbon stainless steel both the density functional and electronic thermal calculations are comprised of 19 wt% Cr, 10 wt% Ni, and the remainder Fe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the surface of low-carbon pipe steel is modified with oxygen, aluminum, and boron ions using the ion implantation method. Secondary-ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) has shown that ion implantation in the oxygen-aluminum-boron sequence is the most optimal, since in this case the ions penetrate deeper into the sample. Using the methods of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization, it has been established that the corrosion resistance of low-carbon pipe steel increases as a result of two-stage implantation of oxygen ions and, further, of aluminum and boron ions simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heterogeneity of plastic deformation in a wear-resistant three-layer bimetal obtained by rolling from low-carbon steel C 1015 and carbon steel C 1059 has been studied. The uniaxial tensile tests were carried out on flat samples at a constant rate at room temperature. The influence of heat treatment conditions on the mechanical properties and plastic flow stages of bimetal has been established. It is shown that the transition zone of a bimetal is structurally heterogeneous and affects both the mechanical characteristics and local deformation distribution. The origin of Lüders bands in various layers of bimetal at the initial stages of plastic flow has been investigated via speckle photography technique [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]