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This work reports the development of low-cost and rapid multiplexed colorimetric assay of antioxidants (total phenolics, antioxidant capacity, flavonoids and anthocyanins) in wines at daisy-shaped fluidic paper-based analytical devices (PADs). The desired fluidic patterns were formed on paper by pen drawing and colorimetric reagents were immobilized at the 6 peripheral test zones. The sample was added at the central sample zone, migrated to the test zones and reacted with the immobilized reagents producing characteristic colors that were captured and analyzed. The paper-based approach was applied to the analysis of several wine samples and the results were statistically correlated to standard solution-based colorimetric assays, indicating that it could be reliably used for ranking wines according to their antioxidants content. In addition, the paper-based analytical methodology is simple, instrument-free, portable, cost-effective, rapid and environment friendly. [Display omitted] • Daisy-shaped paper-based analytical devices (PADs) were fabricated by pen drawing. • The PADs were used for a sextuple antioxidant/phenolics/anthocyanins/flavonoids assay. • Reagents were added to the 6 peripheral test zones and sample was added to the central sample zone. • The results of the assay for 18 wines correlated well with those of solution-based assays (R2 > 0.97). • The paper-based analytical methodology is simple, instrument-free, portable, cost-effective, rapid and environment friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cost-effective assay for antioxidant using simple cotton thread combining paper based device with mobile phone detection has been investigated. Standard and sample solutions flow along a bunch of cotton thread treated with sodium hydroxide via microfluidic behaviors without external pumping. The analyte solution reacts with the reagents that have been immobilized on the paper strip fixed at the end of the cotton bunch. The developed platforms were used for the assays of total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity by employing Folin-Ciocalteu and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) respectively. Simple detection can be made by employing a mobile phone camera (iPhone 4S) with Image J or Photoshop for image processing and evaluation. Gallic acid was used as a reference standard in this work, as its polyphenol structures can be found in many plants. The total phenolic content is expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) (mg/g material). Inhibition capacity is calculated by the equation: % I = [(I o – I s )/ I o ] × 100, where I s is the relative magenta intensity (CMYK mode) of sample, and I o the relative magenta intensity of DPPH•. IC 50 inhibition can be estimated from the graph and can be used for the antioxidant capacity consideration. Applications to the assay green tea samples were demonstrated. The total phenolic contents in the green tea samples were found to be 48–105 mg/g, with %RSD of less than 10 for that of higher 50 GAE mg/g and IC 50 values of the samples studied were 25–50 mg/L. The results obtained by the developed methods agree with that of the standard methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to explore the use of native herbs for the removal of heavy metals from pulp and paper industry wastewater, with the view of applying them as part of a multidisciplinary approach for detoxification. Results showed that after in-situ phytoremediation by the native herbs, the heavy metal, and metalloid contents in the wastewater were reduced by almost 60%. Heavy metal analysis of the plant tissues revealed that Fe accumulation was highest in all the tested plants. In general, the bioconcentration factor (BCF) was higher than one (>1) for all the metals except for Cd, suggesting most of the metals were concentrated in the plant tissues. In particular, As was concentrated significantly in Momordica doica and Cannabis sativa with elevated BCF of 269.46 and 131.20, respectively. High translocation factor (>1) was observed in P. hysterophorus and Tribulus terrestris for Cr (5.63) and Cd (7.53), respectively. Results showed most of the native plants examined in this study had hyperaccumulating tendency. Transmission electron microscope analysis of plant root tissues showed abundant metal depositions in the root cell wall, cytoplasm, and vacuole as strong evidence of the in-situ phytoremediation capability of these plants. Antioxidants activities of the plants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, hydrogen peroxidase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase production were also noted to be higher than the control. These results support the use of native plants as a novel green process that can be integrated into the multidisciplinary treatment of hazardous industrial wastewater in the polluted sites. [Display omitted] • Disposed wastewater contains mixture of metals and recalcitrant organic pollutants. • BCF and TF values have propensity of hyperaccumulators plants. • Findings of results can be useful for eco-restoration process at polluted site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We report the first use of a paper-based device as a simple, low-cost and rapid detection platform for simultaneous determination of antioxidant activity and total phenolic content in food samples. Two antioxidant activity assays including 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical cation (ABTS) assay and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assay and one total phenolic content assay, Folin Ciocaltue reagent (FC) assay were simultaneously employed as a proof-of-concept. The device composed of a central sample zone connected to four pretreatment zones and consecutive detection zones to accommodate all three assays and a sample blank measurement. The analysis was achieved by dropping the samples onto the sample zone to flow to the pretreatment and detection zones containing the stored reagents for each antioxidant assay making the color change that was measured using imageJ software. Assay optimization including key reagent concentrations, reaction time, and surface modification were carried out to obtain sensitive and wide linear rage analyses. Various antioxidant standards were then evaluated to determine the analytical features of the method. The paper-based assays were successfully applied to detect antioxidant activity and total phenolic content in 10 beverage samples with similar gallic acid equivalent (GAE) values to those obtained from traditional assays at a 95% confidence interval. Moreover, the GAE values of the samples obtained from three assay analyses were well correlated to each other with relatively high Pearson's correlation coefficients. These results indicated that the assays gave accurate results and are suitable for simultaneous analysis of antioxidant activity and total phenolic content in real samples. Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • Multiple antioxidant and total phenolic content assays can be performed simultaneously on a single PAD. • Various information on antioxidant mechanisms can be obtained in one analysis. • Rapid analysis with low reagent and sample consumption for multiple antioxidant analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A simple and sensitive device is presented based on the use of pencil-drawn paper based electrochemical detector placed at the end of a cotton thread fluidic channel in wall-jet configuration. This innovative and fast responding electroanalytical system can be adopted for both single and dual electrode electrochemical detection, this last achieved by applying two different potentials at two independent working electrodes drawn on the opposite faces of the paper based detector. Its performance was preliminarily optimized by adopting hexacyanoferrate(II) as probe species undergoing reversible electrochemical processes. These devices were then used for the single electrode detection of ascorbic acid in aqueous samples and the dual electrode detection of orthodiphenols in extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs). In fact, these devices enable hydrophilic orthodiphenols, typically present in EVOOs (extracted by a 80:20% v/v acetonitrile/water mixture), to be discriminated from hydrophilic monophenols instead present in almost all vegetable oils. Flow-injections runs were conducted by using a 0.01 M H 2 SO 4 + 0.5 KCl running electrolyte allowing the rapid and selective detection of hydrophilic orthodiphenols with satisfactory sensitivity and a low enough detection limit (2 μM). Different real samples of EVOOs and sunflower oils were analyzed. Abundant enough contents of orthidiphenols were found in EVOO samples, while no trace of these antioxidants was found in sunflower oils. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Paper based wall-jet electrochemical detectors coupled with cotton-thread fluidic systems are proposed. • A pencil drawing approach was used to construct electrochemical detectors. • Dual electrode configuration of electrochemical detectors enables detection of analytes with reversible behavior. • Simple and inexpensive methods for the detection of ascorbic acid and orthodiphenols are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to identify and analyze the 100 most cited papers on the topic of nutraceuticals and functional foods. Scopus database was searched to extract bibliometric data. Two-thirds of the 100 most cited papers were reviews. Papers were mostly published in food science and nutrition journals, and one-third were published in seven journals, namely: British Journal of Nutrition (6), Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (6), Journal of Food Science (5), Trends in Food Science and Technology (5) , American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (4) , Food Chemistry (4) and Journal of Nutrition (4). Topics with high citation counts dealt with prebiotics, probiotics, antioxidants and phenolic content. Hot topics with over 1000 citations per paper include bifidobacterium (1147), colon (1032) and lipid metabolism (1013). The United States and Europe were major places of origin. These results can serve as a quick benchmarking reference for researchers or general public members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Current study presents the effect of irrigation with different compositions (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) of PBM effluent on growth and antioxidant potential of Brassica rapa var. rapa L. plants. Seeds were exposed to different PBM effluent compositions, which resulted in significant decrease in their germination potential with elevated delay index. Significant changes in growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves and leaf area) were recorded for turnip plants at regular intervals (25, 50 and 75d) as function of PBM effluent proportion. Response of biochemical and antioxidant constituents in different parts of turnip, against stress induced by PBM effluent, was assessed by estimating the contents of chlorophyll (a+b), carotenoids, protein, phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid and malondialdehyde. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring DPPH radical scavenging potential. The results of this study suggest that the impact of PBM effluent irrigation is dependent on concentration of effluent in irrigation mixture and is very clear on plant growth and antioxidant attributes. Maximum benefits were secured at 40% PBM effluent to irrigate turnip plants till maturity while higher concentrations were found useful for shorter period (25–50d). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A simple, sensitive and fast responding device is described for the discrimination of hydrophilic ortho-diphenols, whose presence in abundant enough amounts is typical for extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs), from hydrophilic mono-phenols instead present in almost all vegetable oils. It consists of a dual electrode detector pencil-drawn at the end of a paper microfluidic channel, defined by hydrophobic barriers, where samples of these antioxidants, extracted from vegetable oils by a 80:20% v/v acetonitrile/water mixture, were applied. Thin-layer chromatographic runs conducted by using a 0.01 M H 2 SO 4 + 1 M KCl running buffer allowed the selective detection of hydrophilic ortho-diphenols by profiting from the fact that they undergo reversible oxidation at less positive potentials than those required by monophenols for displaying their irreversible anodic process. On this basis, a potential for the oxidation of hydrophilic ortho-diphenols was applied to the upstream pencil-drawn electrode (W 1 ) (at which a minor fraction of mono-phenols was also oxidized), while a potential for the reverse process involving the sole product (ortho-quinones) of the reversible oxidation of ortho-diphenols was imposed at the downstream pencil-drawn working electrode (W 2 ). Thus, cathodic peak currents linearly dependent on analyte concentrations could be recorded at W 2 which led to a satisfactory detection limit (8 μM, equivalent to 1.23 mg/L) even when working electrodes W 1 and W 2 with same dimensions were employed. Improved sensitivities and lower detection limits were achieved by increasing the dimensions of W 2 with respect to W 1 , thanks to the improvement of the collection efficiency. Throughout this investigation, hydroxytyrosol (HTy) and tyrosol (Ty) were adopted as models of ortho-diphenols and mono-phenols, respectively, in view of their abundant presence in EVOOs. Real samples of EVOO from different production companies, of a simple olive oil and of a sunflower oil were analyzed. Different hydrophilic ortho-diphenol contents were found in EVOO samples (up to 40.8 mg/kg), while only a negligible amount turned out to be present in simple olive oil. No trace of these antioxidants were instead found in sunflower oil, as expected. All concentrations found were in good agreement with those detected by a more frequently employed spectrophotometric method used for the sake of comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing interest in the health benefits arising from the consumption of dietary products rich in antioxidants, there exists a clear demand for easy-to-use and cost-effective tests that can be used for the identification of the antioxidant power of food products. Paper-based analytical devices constitute a remarkable platform for such expedient and low-cost assays with minimal external resources but efforts in this direction are still scarce. In this work we introduce a new paper-based device in the form of a sensor patch that enables the determination of antioxidant activity through analyte-driven on-paper formation of gold nanoparticles. The principle of detection capitalizes, for the first time, on the on-paper nucleation of gold ions to its respective nanoparticles, upon reduction by antioxidant compounds present in an aqueous sample. The ensuing chromatic transitions, induced on the paper surface, are used as an optical “signature” of the antioxidant strength of the solution. The response of the paper-based sensor was evaluated against a large variety of antioxidant species and the respective dose response curves were constructed. On the basis of these data, the contribution of each species according to its chemical structure was elucidated. For the analysis of real samples, a concentration-dependent colorimetric response was established against Gallic acid equivalents over a linear range of 10 μM–1.0 mM, with detection limits at the low and ultra-low μM levels (i.e. <1.0 μM) and satisfactory precision (RSD = 3.6–12.6%). The sensor has been tested for the assessment of antioxidant activity in real samples (teas and wines) and the results correlated well with commonly used antioxidant detection methods. Importantly, the sensor performed favorably for long periods of time when stored at moisture-free and low temperature conditions without losing its activity thus posing as an attractive alternative to the assessment of antioxidant activity without specialized equipment. The use of the sensor by non-experts for a rapid assessment of natural products in field testing is envisioned. Importantly, we demonstrate for the first time that analyte-mediated growth of nanomaterials directly on the paper surface could open new opportunities in paper-based analytical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a low-cost, disposable, and portable lab-on-paper device is proposed to simultaneously quantify total polyphenol content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (AOC) in 15 min; the assay requires no pre-treatment of the samples. The lab-on-paper device fabrication has been carried out employing a xurography-based benchtop microfabrication technology using low-cost materials as chromatography paper and polymeric sheets. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) phenolic compounds' represents a nutritional added value, nevertheless, the high lipidic content hinders their direct and rapid analysis, resulting in an extremely challenging sample. The realized lab-on-paper allows to perform the dual TPC and AOC determination in three simple steps: (i) sample loading, (ii) analytes transport to the analysis spot, and (iii) double colorimetric analysis exploiting the growth of AuNPs and AgNPs on paper mediated by phenolic compounds. Signal acquisition is achieved using a standard digital camera. The dual colorimetric assay is able to detect phenolic compounds in the 25–500 mg L−1 range with limits of detection ≤6 mg L−1 and good reproducibility (RSDs ≤11%). Direct analysis of EVOO samples (n = 30) correlated well (r > 0.92) with conventional spectrophotometric methods for TPC and AOC determination. [Display omitted] • A dual read-out colorimetric lab-on-a-paper device has been fabricated. • Benchtop technologies and office-grade sources were used to produce the device. • The device allows direct simultaneous phenols and antioxidant capacity analysis. • The device allowed reliable extraction-free analysis of 30 olive oil samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The colorimetric assay on a paper microzone plates (PμZPs) was developed. [•] We demonstrate that PμZPs can be prepared in large numbers by using robotic spotter. [•] Automatic image processing software has been developed. [•] The test is a green analytical chemistry assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of medium light roast (MLR) and medium roast (MR) paper-filtered coffee on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy volunteers. Methods: This randomized crossover trial compared the effects of consuming three or four cups (150 mL) of MLR or MR coffee per day for 4 wk in 20 healthy volunteers. Plasma lipids, lipoprotein( a) (Lp[a]), total homocysteine, and endothelial dysfunction-related inflammation biomarkers, serum glycemic biomarkers, and blood pressure were measured at baseline and after each intervention. Results: Both roasts increased plasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) concentrations (10%, 12%, and 18% for MLR; 12%, 14%, and 14% for MR, respectively) (P < 0.05). MR also increased high-density lipoporteincholesterol concentration by 7% (P = 0.003). Plasma fibrinogen concentration increased 8% after MR intake (P = 0.01), and soluble E-selectin increased 12% after MLR intake (P = 0.02). No changes were observed for Lp(a), total homocysteine, glycemic biomarkers, and blood pressure. Conclusion: Moderate paper-filtered coffee consumption may have an undesirable effect on plasma cholesterol and inflammation biomarkers in healthy individuals regardless of its antioxidant content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Oxidative processes lead to enhanced degradation of cellulose in alkaline environment, especially in the presence of transition metals, such as iron and copper. Considerable parts of collections of manuscripts, drawings, maps and archival materials throughout the world are seriously damaged as the result of the use of iron gall inks and copper based pigments. The research on cellulose degradation and stabilization in the presence of transition metals is therefore crucial for the development of paper stabilization methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of slowing down oxidative degradation of papers containing transition metals by their contact with paper folders containing antioxidant. The paper discusses the degradation rate constants of paper samples with elevated amounts of copper and iron ions and their mixtures during accelerated thermal ageing in contact with papers containing none or various amounts of quaternary ammonium salt. Their efficiency in respect to concentration of the antioxidants is presented. The research demonstrates that effective stabilization of paper samples with higher amounts of iron and copper ions in mildly alkaline environment by interleaving with papers, impregnated with antioxidant tetrabutylammonium bromide can be achieved under given conditions. Simple conservation procedure was proposed and evaluated for iron gall ink containing paper samples. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Herein, a novel paper-based chemiluminescence (CL) assay is reported using a smartphone readout for on-site and reliable analytical applications. The CL system was based on the high-performance improving effect of cobalt-imidazole metal-organic framework (CoMOF) on luminol-hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) CL emission. The CoMOF was grown on paper and used as a support for the CL reaction, which led to an intense CL emission and good reproducibility. More importantly, the stability of luminol, as the CL reagent, was greatly improved in the presence of CoMOF. This high stability, along with the high-yield CL emission, makes the device highly suitable for commercialization. Furthermore, using a smartphone as the detector for the developed device made the process easier and more accessible for public usage. In this work, the new paper-based CL smartphone device was used for the detection of the total phenolic content of food samples. Phenolic compounds (PC) are hydroxyl radical scavengers that can effectively quench the CL emission of the luminol–H 2 O 2 –CoMOF system. After optimizing the reaction conditions, the system could detect PC at the μg mL−1 level. Detection limits of 0.12, 0.28, 0.46, 0.85, and 1.23 μg mL−1 were obtained for gallic acid, quercetin, catechin, kaempferol, and caffeic acid, respectively. This work is the first report on the practical application of smartphone CL assays for the estimation of PC. The proposed assay is an easy-to-use, low-cost, portable, and suitable assay for on-site screening purposes. [Display omitted] • Efficient improving effect of a Cobalt MOF (CoMOF) on luminol-H 2 O 2 CL emission. • Direct synthesis of CoMOF on the paper to improve the reproducibility of CL signal. • Development of a simple paper-based CL analytical device with a smartphone readout. • The great advantages of the device make it suitable for public usage. • Application of the new smartphone assay to measure the total phenolic content of foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of chemiluminescence (CL) sensing strategy with multiple-parameters for discrimination of small molecules remains a great challenge. Herein, a multicolor CL sensing strategy for the discrimination of five antioxidants, including dopamine, catechin, cysteine, glutathione, and thioctic acid was presented. Firstly, multilayer paper chips modified with luminol-Co(II), luminol-fluorescein-Co(II), and luminol-rhodamine B-Co(II) that can produce strong blue, green and purple colored light emission, respectively, via CL and CL resonance energy transfer (CRET) reactions were fabricated. The presence of antioxidants exhibits different inhibition or enhancement effect on the CL reactions, creating unique multicolor CL response pattern to each antioxidant. The red (R), green (G), and blue (B) channel split from the purple, green and blue CL image, respectively, generate cross-reactive sensing parameters for the discrimination of the five antioxidants. The distinct R, G, and B values of the CL images to each antioxidant are created as analytical fingerprints to identify five antioxidants by using principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. Satisfied results were obtained for discrimination antioxidant mixtures and spiked antioxidants in serum samples. Identification of 10 unknown samples resulted in 100% accuracy. This work presents the first example of multicolor CL sensing strategy for the discrimination of small molecules. • Paper chips that can produce blue, green and purple CL emissions were fabricated. • A multicolor CL sensing strategy for discrimination of antioxidants was developed. • Dopamine, catechin, cysteine, glutathione and thioctic acid were discriminated. • First multicolor CL sensing array for discrimination of small molecules was reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Coffee is among the most frequently consumed beverages worldwide and epidemiological studies indicate that its consumption is inversely related to the incidence of diseases in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved (liver cirrhosis, certain forms of cancer and neurodegenerative disorders). It has been postulated that antioxidant properties of coffee may account for this phenomenon. To find out if consumption of paper filtered coffee which is the most widely consumed form in Central Europe and the US protects humans against oxidative DNA-damage, a controlled intervention trial with a cross-over design was conducted in which the participants (n =38) consumed 800ml coffee or water daily over 5 days. DNA-damage was measured in peripheral lymphocytes in single cell gel electrophoresis assays. The extent of DNA-migration attributable to formation of oxidised purines (formamidopyrimidine glycosylase sensitive sites) was decreased after coffee intake by 12.3% (p =0.006). Biochemical parameters of the redox status (malondialdehyde, 3-nitrotyrosine and the total antioxidant levels in plasma, glutathione concentrations in blood, intracellular ROS levels and the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in lymphocytes) were not markedly altered at the end of the trial, also the urinary 8-isoprostaglandine F2α concentrations were not affected. Overall, the results indicate that coffee consumption prevents endogenous formation of oxidative DNA-damage in human, this observation may be causally related to beneficial health effects of coffee seen in earlier studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A concept of composable paper-based analytical devices has been proposed. • The concept of composable μPADs is illustrated by the determination of flavonoids. • The detection principle includes reduction of silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles. • Architectures for the determination of high and low concentrations flavonoids are reported. • A composable μPAD utilizing preconcentration on a magnetic adsorbent is described. A concept of composable paper-based analytical devices (composable μPADs) is proposed. The key idea of composable μPADs is to develop a paper-based analytical platform that can be easily and quickly assembled into a desired architecture from standard pre-made paper-based parts. Here it is illustrated by the determination of several flavonoids, as an important class of natural polyphenol antioxidants. Two methods for the determination of flavonoids, at high (a two-part configuration) and at low (a three-part configuration including an additional preconcentration zone) concentrations, were developed. The principle for flavonoid detection was based on their ability to reduce silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) producing an intense surface plasmon resonance band. The effects of main factors on the formation of AgNPs and the analytical response in proposed μPADs were studied. The concentration limits of detection were 2.3, 5.2, 14 μg mL−1 and the absolute limits of detection were 0.12, 0.26, 0.70 μg for quercetin, morin and dihydroquercetin, respectively. To determine flavonoids at low concentration level, a three-part configuration of a composable μPAD utilizing preconcentration on magnetic hypercrosslinked polystyrene was used. It was shown that such preconcentration increases 5 times sensitivity of morin determination. The method was applied to the analysis of hawthorn tincture and onion peel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing evidence that chemicals/test substances cannot only have adverse effects, but that there are many substances that can (also) have a beneficial effect on health. As this journal regularly publishes papers in this area and has every intention in continuing to do so in the near future, it has become essential that studies reported in this journal reflect an adequate level of scientific scrutiny. Therefore a set of essential characteristics of studies has been defined. These basic requirements are default properties rather than non-negotiables: deviations are possible and useful, provided they can be justified on scientific grounds. The 10 basic requirements for a scientific paper reporting antioxidant, antimutagenic or anticarcinogenic potential of test substances in in vitro experiments and animal studies in vivo concern the following areas: (1) Hypothesis-driven study design; (2) The nature of the test substance; (3) Valid and invalid test systems; (4) The selection of dose levels and gender; (5) Reversal of the effects induced by oxidants, carcinogens and mutagens; (6) Route of administration; (7) Number and validity of test variables; (8) Repeatability and reproducibility; (9) Statistics; and (10) Quality Assurance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Synthetic antioxidants were used here to control the corrosion of iron gall ink in papers. • Optimum amount of each antioxidant was determined using the electrochemical method. • BHA alone and in combination with BHT and TBHQ showed the best performance. Iron gall ink is one of the oldest inks used in many countries. Acid hydrolysis and oxidation are two important factors in the corrosion of iron gall ink, which cause the degradation of cellulose. Antioxidants can control the oxidation process by scavenging the radicals. In this study, three synthetic antioxidants (butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA), butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), and tert‑butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ)) used in the food industry were selected to control the oxidation of iron ink in cellulose papers. The effectiveness of these antioxidants in reducing paper degradation was studies individually and in combination with each other. The long-term effect of these antioxidants on paper samples was evaluated after accelerated aging by heat and moisture, and the changes occurring during aging were studied by measuring the tensile strength, pH, color, and oxidation rate of the paper samples. To control the acid hydrolysis together with oxidation process, inked paper samples were deacidified before coating them with antioxidants. The results show the positive effect of these antioxidants on the control of iron gall ink corrosion. Among these antioxidants, BHA alone and in combination with other antioxidants (BHA+BHT+TBHQ) and (BHA+TBHQ) showed better performance in preserving paper samples and BHT shows the lowest effect on control the degradation processes in paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The effect of free-air ozone fumigation and crown position on antioxidants were determined in old-growth spruce (Picea abies) trees in the seasonal course of two consecutive years (2003 and 2004). Levels of total ascorbate and its redox state in the apoplastic washing fluid (AWF) were increased under double ambient ozone concentrations (2×O3), whilst ascorbate concentrations in needle extracts were unchanged. Concentrations of apoplastic and symplastic ascorbate were significantly higher in 2003 compared to 2004 indicating a combined effect of the drought conditions in 2003 with enhanced ozone exposure. Elevated ozone had only weak effects on total glutathione levels in needle extracts, phloem exudates and xylem saps. Total and oxidised glutathione concentrations were higher in 2004 compared to 2003 and seemed to be more affected by enhanced ozone influx in the more humid year 2004 compared to the combined effect of elevated ozone and drought in 2003 as observed for ascorbate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study assesses the antioxidant enzymes activities viz., catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and nonenzymatic antioxidant molecule such as glutathione in Anguilla anguilla L. gill, kidney and liver in response to 8- and 48-h exposure to bleached kraft pulp mill effluent (BKPME). A. anguilla were caged and plunged at three different sites—50 (Site 1), 100 (Site 2) and 2000 m (Site 3) away from the closed BKPME outlet. A significant gill (8 and 48 h) and kidney (48 h) catalase activity decrease was observed at site 2 exposure whereas liver showed a significant increase in catalase activity after 8 and 48 h to site 1 exposure. Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity was significantly decreased in gill after 8-h exposure to site 1 and 48-h exposures to sites 1 and 2, respectively. Concerning gill, kidney and liver glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity, a significant gill GST activity decrease after 8 h at site 2 and 48 h at sites 1 and 2 was observed; in kidney, a significant decrease in its activity was observed after 48 h at sites 1 and 2, respectively, whereas in liver, the decrease was significant only at site 2 after 48-h exposure. The in situ BKPME exposure caused a significant total gill and kidney reduced glutathione (GSH) decrease after 8 h at site 2 exposure and after 48 h at site 1 and 2 exposures, respectively. However, a biphasic response was observed in liver, i.e. initial significant increase after 8 h at site 2 followed by a significant decrease after 48 h to the same site exposure. The enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants pattern in gill and kidney, as observed in this study, was different than liver, demonstrating that the liver was more resistant to oxidative damage than gill and kidney. In addition, A. anguilla gill, kidney and liver antioxidants adaptation potentials may serve as a surrogate biomarker to BKPME exposure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Propolis is a resinous product collected by bees from different plant species that contains numerous compounds with biological activity like antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, among others. These properties make propolis the ideal candidate to be used as a functional ingredient in foods, beyond its known use as an additive. This article provides a review of the latest papers about the chemical composition (especially polyphenols, flavonoids and terpenes), antimicrobial activity and antioxidant properties of propolis as a functional food ingredient. Besides, this article also reviews the newest technologies developed to incorporate propolis in food systems keeping its antioxidant properties and masking its off-flavour. Key findings and conclusions : Despite the differences in the chemical composition of propolis from all over the world, all of them show antioxidant and pharmacological activity making propolis an attractive natural product to be included in foods as a functional ingredient. Many researchers have proposed the use of encapsulation techniques like spray drying, which allows transforming the ethanolic propolis extract into an easily-handled alcohol-free powder appropriate to be incorporated in food systems. The inclusion of propolis in nanoparticles, biopolymers films and sucrose matrix is also promising. Based on the papers reviewed, further studies are needed relating the incorporation of propolis in foodstuffs, the dose at which its antioxidant or biological properties are effective and the sensory properties of the final product. [Display omitted] • Propolis from all over the world show antioxidant and pharmacological activity. • The massive use of propolis extracts would require standardization. • Application of propolis as a food ingredient is limited due to its unpleasant taste. • New strategies have been developed to overcome the use of ethanolic extracts in foods. • Spray drying and co-crystallization with sucrose convert propolis extract to a powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. is mainly distributed in Shanxi, Gansu, and Sichuan province of China. It is also found in Korea and Japan. Its dried roots and rhizomes are used as medicinal herbs and have been used to treat hyperglycemia and various inflammatory disorders. This paper aims to provide an up-to-date review of the developments in the studies involving the extraction and purification, structure analysis, pharmacological effects, and potential applications of polysaccharides obtained from Polygonum cuspidatum. Additionally, the possible future research directions of this plant are discussed. This article used " Polygonum cuspidatum polysaccharide (PCP)" and " Polygonum cuspidatum " as the keywords and gathered relevant data on Polygonum cuspidatum using electronic databases (Elsevier, PubMed, ACS, CNKI, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Web of Science), relevant books, and classic literature about Chinese herb. Excluding irrelevant and repetitive documents, 278 documents were finally included, of which 88 were in Chinese and 190 were in English. The CiteSpace software was used to visualize the trends and keywords in this research field. We concluded that the main extraction methods for Polygonum cuspidatum polysaccharide are water extraction and alcohol precipitation, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and microjet extraction. High-performance liquid chromatography and column chromatography are also commonly used in the separation and purification of PCP. PCP has antitumor, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, and antioxidant effects. This paper provides an updated and deeper understanding of PCP, serving as a theoretical foundation for the further optimization of polysaccharide structures and the development of PCP as a novel functional material for clinical application. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin, a biopolymer obtained from agricultural/forestry residues or paper pulping wastewater, is rich in aromatic structure, which is central to its adoption as a candidate to natural antioxidants. Through insight into its structural features from biomass, different functional groups would influence lignin antioxidant activity, wherein phenolic content is the most important factor, hence massive studies have focused on its improvement via different pretreatments and post-processing methods. Besides, lignin nanoparticles and chemical modifications are also efficient methods to improve antioxidant activity via increasing free content and decreasing bond dissociation enthalpy of phenolic hydroxyl. Lignin samples exhibit comparable radicals scavenging ability to commercial ones, showing their potential as renewable alternatives of synthesized antioxidants. Besides, their applications have also been discussed, which demonstrates lignin potential as an inexpensive antioxidant additive and consequent improvements on multiple functionalities. This review is dedicated to summarize lignin antioxidants extracted from biomass resources, methods to improve their antioxidant activity and their applications, which is beneficial for realizing lignin valorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai., a commonly used herb, is known as "Guan Zhong" in China, "Oshida" in Japan and "Gwanjung" in Korea. It has long been used for parasitic infestation, hemorrhages and epidemic influenza. The present paper aims to provide an up-to-date review at the advancements of the investigations on the traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, toxicology and pharmacokinetics of D. crassirhizoma. Besides, possible trends, therapeutic potentials, and perspectives for future research of this plant are also briefly discussed. Relevant information on traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, toxicology and pharmacokinetics of D. crassirhizoma was collected through published materials and electronic databases, including the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Flora of China, Web of Science, PubMed, Baidu Scholar, Google Scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. 109 papers included in the article and we determined that no major information was missing after many checks. All authors participated in the review process for this article and all research paper are from authoritative published materials and electronic databases. 130 chemical components, among which phloroglucinols are the predominant groups, have been isolated and identified from D. crassirhizoma. D. crassirhizoma with its bioactive compounds is possessed of extensive biological activities, including anti-parasite, anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, bone protective, immunomodulatory, anti-platelet and anti-hyperuricemia activity. Besides, D. crassirhizoma has special toxicology and pharmacokinetics characterization. D. crassirhizoma is a traditional Chinese medicine having a long history of application. This review mainly summarized the different chemical components extract from D. crassirhizoma and various reported pharmacological effects. Besides, the toxicology and pharmacokinetics of D. crassirhizoma also be analysed in this review. However, the chemical components of D. crassirhizoma are understudied and require further research to expand its medicinal potential, and it is urgent to design a new extraction scheme, so that the active ingredients can be obtained at a lower cost. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morels (Morchella spp.), which are cultivated only in a few regions of the world, are edible mushrooms known for their various properties including antioxidation, immune regulation, antiinflammation, and antitumor effects. Polysaccharides from Morchella are principally responsible for its antioxidant activity. This paper reviews the extraction, purification, structural analysis and antioxidant activity of Morchella polysaccharides (MPs), providing updated research progress. Meanwhile, the structural-property relationships of MPs were further discussed. In addition, based on in vitro and in vivo studies, the major factors responsible for the antioxidant activity of MPs were summarized including scavenging free radicals, reduction capacity, inhibitory lipid peroxidation activity, regulating the signal transduction pathway, reducing the production of ROS and NO, etc. Finally, we hope that our research can provide a reference for further research and development of MPs. • Possible mechanisms of antioxidant activity of Morchella polysaccharides (MPs) are reviewed and proposed. • This paper examines the relationship between MPs' antioxidant activity and their extraction, structure and other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fructus Choerospondiatis is the dried and mature fruit of Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt et Hill. It has been used for a long time in Tibetan and Mongolian medicine, first recorded in the ancient Tibetan medicine book "Medicine Diagnosis of the King of the Moon" in the early 8th century. Fructus Choerospondiatis shows multiple pharmacological activities, especially in treating cardiovascular diseases. This paper reviews the progress in research on the botanical characteristics, traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activity, clinical studies, and quality control of Fructus Choerospondiatis. This review aims to summarize current research and provide a reference for further development and utilization of Fructus Choerospondiatis resources. The sources for this review include the Pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China (2020), theses, and peer-reviewed papers (in both English and Chinese). Theses and papers were downloaded from electronic databases including Web of Science, PubMed, SciFinder, Scholar, Springer, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure.The search terms used were " Choerospondias axillaris ", " C. axillaris ", " Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt et Hill", "Fructus choerospondiatis", "Guangzao", "Lapsi", and "Lupsi". Fructus Choerospondiatis contains polyphenols, organic acids, amino acids, fatty acids, polysaccharides, and other chemical components. These ingredients contribute to its diverse pharmacological activities such as antioxidant activity, protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, anti-myocardial fibrosis, heart rhythm regulation, anti-tumor, liver protection, and immunity enhancement. It also affects the central nervous system, with the ability to repair damaged nerve cells. Fructus Choerospondiatis , with its various chemical compositions and pharmacological activities, is a promising medicinal resource. However, it remains under-researched, particularly in pharmacodynamic material basis and quality control. These areas require further exploration by researchers in the future. [Display omitted] • This is the first review systemically summarized Choerospondiatis Fructus (CF). • The cardiovascular effect of CF was reviewed, which accords to its traditional use. • The structure-activity relationship of chemical constituents in CF was summarized. • The clinical uses of major prescriptions containing CF were summarized. • The possible quality control components of CF were summarized for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Several procedures for conservation treatment were comparatively studied for degraded “Suga-fibres” made of raw silk fibres dyed black. Two traditional methods, (1) neutralization with magnesium bicarbonate, and (2) antioxidant treatment with phytic acid, originally used for paper preservation, were tried for the conservation of Suga-fibres. The influences of a single treatment, or a combination of neutralization and antioxidant treatments, for the model fibres on their tensile strength were investigated under conditions of high humidity at high temperature before and after the accelerated aging test. The effect of the novel antioxidant cysteine on the fibre degradation was also examined. For the single treatments, the neutralization with magnesium bicarbonate retarded the degradation of higher iron-content iron (20%)/tannate-silk fibre, while the antioxidant with phytic acid treatment most effectively prevented the degradation of lower iron-content iron (2%)/tannate-silk fibre. This may be due to the different acidity in iron/tannate-silk fibres, and thus the degradation of iron (2%)/tannate-silk fibre would be caused by iron-catalyzed oxidation rather than acid-catalyzed hydrolysis because of its lower acidity. Among antioxidant treatments, cysteine more effectively retarded the degradation of the iron (20%)/tannate-silk fibre, while in the case of the iron (2%)/tannate-silk fibre, phytic acid more effectively conserved its strength and breaking strain. The result suggests that the thiol group of cysteine coordinates with an excess of ferrous ions in the iron (20%)/tannate-silk fibre and quenches the production of hydrogen peroxide. This study demonstrated that phytic acid, cysteine and magnesium bicarbonate treatments are useful as effective reagents for the conservation treatment of black-dyed textiles. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Systematic and thorough investigation of the structure and antioxidant properties of different technical lignins, high molecular polyphenols of natural origin, which are formed in large amounts as by-product of pulp-and-paper industry and other lignocellulosics chemical processing, was made. Py-GC/MS was the main method used to quantitatively determine the structural descriptors needed for rationalization of lignin antioxidant activity. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and wet chemistry tests were also used as complementary methods. Antioxidant properties of lignin samples under study were evaluated as their capacity to scavenge the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH ) free radicals. The use of Py-GC/MS in combination with some other experimental and chemometric methods allowed for the first time quantitatively characterize lignin structure-antioxidant activity relationship, which can significantly favor the rational use of lignin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferula species have occupied great value in traditional medicine in various countries. The aim of the present paper was to assess for the first time to the phytochemical profile of Ferula tunetana Pomel ex Batt. (F. tunetana) seed and leaf extracts using HPLC-MS/MS, as well as to evaluate their antioxidant and anti- α -amylase activities. Therefore, total phenolic and flavonoid amounts of the studied extracts were determined and 38 compounds were detected and quantified (phenolic acids, flavonoids, non-phenolic acid and stilbenes). In addition of their antioxidant potential against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays, in vitro and in silico studies were adopted to evaluate α -amylase inhibitory properties of F. tunetana extracts. Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) seed extract showed the highest total phenolic content, antioxidant potential (IC 50 = 19.00 ± 0.37 μg/mL) in terms of free radical scavenging, also for α -amylase inhibition activity with IC 50 values of 17.39 ± 0.92 μg/mL. The molecular docking analysis and the drug-likeness prediction of the major selected compounds explained the significant anti- α -amylase activity of the studied extracts. The obtained analysis and results suggest that F. tunetana extracts could be promising candidates to develop a new generation of efficient and especially safe antidiabetic treatments. [Display omitted] • 38 phytochemicals were quantified in Ferula tunetana extracts by HPLC-MS/MS method. • Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in seed and leaf extracts were estimated. • The studied extracts exhibited good anti- α -amylase and antioxidant activities. • The molecular docking of main components validated the strong antidiabetic effects. • The drug-likeness proprieties of the major compounds were predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is one of the major threats to sustainable agriculture that globally decreases plant production by impairing various physiological, biochemical, and molecular function. In particular, salinity hampers germination, growth, photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance. Salinity decreases leaf water potential and turgor pressure and generates osmotic stress. Salinity enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in the plant cell as a result of ion toxicity and disturbs ion homeostasis. Thus, it imbalances nutrient uptake, disintegrates membrane, and various ultrastructure. Consequently, salinity leads to osmotic and ionic stress. Plants respond to salinity by modulating various morpho-physiological, anatomical, and biochemical traits by regulating ion homeostasis and compartmentalization, antioxidant machinery, and biosynthesis of osmoprotectants and phytohormones, i. e, auxins, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellins, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and polyamines. Thus, this further modulates plant osmoticum, decreases ion toxicity, and scavenges ROS. Plants upregulate various genes and proteins that participate in salinity tolerance. They also promote the production of various phytohormones and metabolites that mitigate the toxic effect of salinity. Based on recent papers, the deleterious effect of salinity on plant physiology is discussed. Furthermore, it evaluates the physiological and biochemical responses of the plant to salinity along with phytohormone response. This review paper also highlights omics (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) approach to understand salt stress tolerance. • Salt stress creates ionic and osmotic stress on plants. • Salinity harms morphological and biochemical functions in plants. • Plants respond to salinity by various strategies involve the complex physiological traits, and metabolic pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The difference in seam squeeze-out antioxidant loss (in terms of standard oxidative induction time, Std-OIT loss) and thickness reduction are evaluated for three different 1.5 mm-thick high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes (GMBs) seamed using a variety of welding parameters and two different wedge welders. Partial squeeze-out antioxidant loss was detected in seams created from each of the three materials examined, with the majority off loss occurring when seam thickness reductions fell between 0.4 mm and 0.8 mm. Seams with thickness reduction exceeding 0.8 mm were found to exhibit greater squeeze-out Std-OIT loss, with near full Std-OIT depletion for one material. Wedge welder size was found to influence this relationship, some seams created with the large wedge welder exhibiting a near full Std-OIT depletion from squeeze-out at approximately 0.6 mm thickness reduction. Variation in seaming pressure and high load melt index (HLMI) were found to shift the degree of thickness reduction a seam may experience for a given welding speed and temperature, with higher seaming pressure and HLMI values generally resulting in greater thickness reduction. Although, for a given welding speed, wedge temperature, and sheet temperature combination, changes in seaming pressure had a limited effect on squeeze-out Std-OIT loss. This paper provides a rational basis into defining a practical 1.5 mm fusion seam thickness reduction criteria based on limiting antioxidant loss within a seam's squeeze-out and also provides a framework for identifying potentially higher risk fusion seams for future research. • First detailed evaluation of relationship between seam squeeze-out antioxidant loss and thickness reduction. • First detailed evaluation of effect of choice of welding parameters and wedge welder. • Provides a rational basis into defining a 1.5 mm fusion seam thickness reduction criteria based on limiting antioxidant loss. • Provides a framework for identifying potentially high risk fusion seams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the implications of oxidative stress in disease and ageing process, antioxidant research has been a research hotspot. Antioxidants are derived from among the active components of plant and animal extracts, including macromolecular proteins, peptides and polysaccharides, and some small molecule peptides, phenols and flavonoids, among others. Exogenous antioxidant supplementation is effective in combating oxidative stress and promoting recovery from diseases and disease-associated processes, such as inflammation, atherosclerosis, and neurodegeneration. In clinical studies, antioxidant supplementation has been shown to mitigate disease exacerbation. Therefore, screening of antioxidants and the active substances in natural biological macromolecules is crucial. In vitro studies of antioxidant properties represent the first step in screening. Selection of a suitable method to evaluate the properties of antioxidant substances from biological macromolecules sources is particularly important. However, a critique of existing methods for comparing the antioxidant activities of macromolecular antioxidants is lacking. The aim of this review is to provide a set of redox reaction-based methods and application strategies to evaluate the antioxidant properties of natural biological macromolecules components. The paper describes the mechanisms, advantages, disadvantages and applicability of different in vitro methods for assessing antioxidant properties. In particular, a set of strategies for screening antioxidant supplements are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ru complex based fluorescence probe realized the sensitive detection of PG and TBHQ. • Ru complex probes can distinguish PG and TBHQ antioxidants by adjusting pH. • Ru complex probe successfully used for the determination of antioxidants in food. • Visual Ru complex test paper strip can achieve portable detection of antioxidants. This study reported a ruthenium complex-based fluorescence probe, achieving rapid and sequential detection of propyl gallate (PG) and tert -butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) for the first time by tuning pH only. Under 480 nm excitation, probe exhibited intensive emission at 620 nm, which was selectively quenched by PG at pH 7.0 due to the covalent binding between the boric acid of probe and o-diphenol hydroxyl of PG. Then pH was tuned to 7.4, the emission was significantly quenched by TBHQ because of the π-π stacking between aromatic rings of probe and paraquinone of TBHQ. This probe realized specific and sensitive detection of PG and TBHQ with wide range and low detection limit (0.26 µM for PG and 0.66 µM for TBHQ). Furthermore, a portable visual test paper detection platform was built based on this probe for rapid and sensitive detection of antioxidants in food, which was of great significance for market regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vine tea is a popular folk tea that has been consumed in China for more than 1200 years. It is often used in ethnic medicine by ethnic groups in southwest China with at least 35 aliases in 10 provinces. In coastal areas, vine tea is mostly used to treat heatstroke, aphtha, aphonia, toothache, etc. In contrast, in the southwest inland regions, vine tea is mostly used to clear away heat and toxic materials, antiphlogosis and relieving sore-throat, lowering blood pressure and lipid levels, and alleviating fatigue. Three main species have been used as the source of vine tea, Nekemias grossedentata , Nekemias cantonensis and Nekemias megalophylla. Among them, the leaves of Nekemias grossedentata were considered as new food resource in complicance with regulations, according to the Food Safety Standards published by the Monitoring and Evaluation Department of the National Health and Family Planning Commission in China. At present, the comprehensively summary of Materia Medica on the history and source of vine tea is currently unavailable. The current article summed up the Materia Medica, species origin and pharmacological effects of all 3 major species used in vine tea to fill the knowledge gaps. We also aim to provide a reference for future research on historical textual, resource development and medicinal utilization of vine tea. Adhering to the literature screening methodology outlined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), this review encompasses 148 scholarly research papers from three database, paper ancient books, local chronicles and folklore through field investigations. We then comprehensively summarized and discussed research progresses in scientific and application studies of vine tea. The historical records indicated that vine tea could have been used as early as Southern and Northern Dynasties (AC 420–589). Nekemias grossedentata , Nekemias cantonensis and Nekemias megalophylla , were used to considered as vine tea in the ethnic medicine. The main phytochemicals found in three plants are flavonoids, polyphenols and terpenoids, among which dihydromyricetin (DHM) is the most important and most studied active substance. The key words " Ampelopsis grossedentata " (Synonym of Nekemias grossedentata) and "dihydromyricetin/DHM" showed the highest frequency over the last 27 year based on the research trend analysis. And the ethnopharmacology studies drawn the main activities of vine tea are antioxidant, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and anti-atherosclerosis activities. This review systematically summarized and discussed vine tea from the following five aspects, history, genetic relationship, phytochemistry, research trend and ethnopharmacology. Vine tea has a long historical usage in Chinese ethnic medicine. Its outstanding therapeutic efficacies have attracted extensive attention in other places in the world at present. Nekemias cantonensis and Nekemias megalophylla are quite similar to Nekemias grossedentata in terms of many aspects. However, the current research has a narrow focus on mainly Nekemias grossedentata and DHM. We propose that future studies could be carried out to determine the synergistic effect of multi-components and multi-targets of vine tea including all 3 species to provide valuable knowledge. [Display omitted] • Vine tea, renowned in China, exhibits an array of pharmacological effects. • Dihydromyricetin (DHM), abundant in vine tea, is a key focus of scientific research. • N. cantonensis, N. megalophylla , and N. grossedentata are identified as vine tea sources. • Promising results in DHM clinical trials warrant further robust investigations. • Future research opportunities lie in the exploration of other bioactive components in vine tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.), a member of the Pandanaceae family, has been consumed as food and medicine since ancient times. The current paper provides an overview of the botanical profile, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and applications of P. amaryllifolius. Information regarding P. amaryllifolius was collected from online sources (using PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ACS, and CNKI) as well as traditional textbooks. Over 100 compounds have been identified, including its characteristic components 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline and Pandanus alkaloids. Several therapeutic uses of P. amaryllifolius , such as antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities, have been demonstrated in modern pharmacological studies. Additionally, it could be applied in various fields, including food, energy, material, and the environment. Continued research on P. amaryllifolius can contribute to the development of new drugs and therapies for various diseases. And further studies are needed to improve its utilization. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clerodendranthus spicatus (Thunb.) C.Y.Wu (CS) is a widely studied plant that shows potential in treating urinary diseases. Previous studies have focused on its chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and clinical applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary and evaluation of the existing literature on CS. It also suggests future research directions to increase our understanding of its medicinal value. 129 pieces of literature were selected from several databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wan-fang Database, and Google Scholar, and were analyzed. Forty-five active compounds of CS have pharmacological effects such as lowering uric acid, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and kidney protection. The potential mechanisms of these effects may be related to inhibiting transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) activation, reducing inflammatory factors such as IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α, PGE2, IFN-γ, and IL-6 levels, suppressing the activation of NF-κB, JAK/STAT pathway, enhancing the clearance of ROS, MDA DPPH·, and O 2 ̇ −, and regulating the expression of apoptosis-related pathways and proteins. This paper also discusses the quality control of CS and its efficacy and safety in treating urinary diseases. The study concludes that CS has a high potential for treating urinary diseases. Future studies should focus on observing the metabolic changes of CS active compounds in vivo and investigating the effects of CS on key signaling pathways. Additionally, more standardized and reasonable clinical studies and safety evaluation experiments should be conducted to obtain more clinical data. [Display omitted] • The mechanism of CS treatment in urinary disease was summarized. • Summarized the role of active constituents or sites of CS in underlying mechanisms. • It presents conclusions about the cytokine changes observed in patients after applying CS. • The assistant therapy action and side effect evaluation of CS were discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major polyphenols in Rosmarinus officinalis L. primarily consist of phenolic acids, phenolic diterpenes, and flavonoids, all of which have pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory and antibacterial characteristics. Numerous in vitro and animal studies have found that rosemary polyphenols have the potential to decrease the severity of intestinal inflammation. The beneficial effects of rosemary polyphenols were associated with anti-inflammatory properties, including improved gut barrier (increased mucus secretion and tight junction), increased antioxidant enzymes, inhibiting inflammatory pathways and cytokines (downregulation of NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasomes, STAT3 and activation of Nrf2), and modulating gut microbiota community (increased core probiotics and SCFA-producing bacteria, and decreased potential pathogens) and metabolism (changes in SCFA and bile acid metabolites). This paper provides a better understanding of the anti-inflammatory properties of rosemary polyphenols and suggests that rosemary polyphenols might be employed as strong anti-inflammatory agents to prevent intestinal inflammation and lower the risk of inflammatory bowel disease and related diseases. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Red wines had up to 60 times higher levels of phenolic compounds than white wines. • Hydroxycinnamic acids were a characteristic of white wines. • Anthocyanins were responsible for the highest variations between varieties. • Epicatechin and some phenolic acids could be a terroir characteristic of Fruška Gora. • Domestic and autochthonous Fruška Gora varieties showed great biological potential. This paper presents a comprehensive study of commercially available monovarietal red and white wines from Fruška Gora mountain in Serbia, conducted to characterize their chemical and biochemical properties. Namely, 72 wines of 18 different Vitis vinifera varieties, including international, domestic and autochthonous ones, were assessed. Phenolic profile of wines was determined qualitatively, using spectrophotometric methods, and quantitatively, using LC-MS/MS and HPLC-UV/VIS methods. Quantified phenolic compounds pointed out differences between red and white wines, where some compounds stood out as distinctive characteristic of analyzed varieties, while others served as chemotaxonomic markers of the Fruška Gora region. Antioxidant and inhibitory properties towards acetylcholinesterase were evaluated for all wines and their relation to phenolic composition was investigated. This study is valuable since chemical and biochemical properties of domestic and autochthonous Fruška Gora varieties are reported for the first time. Also, international varieties studied herein gave distinctive information about the terroir of Fruška Gora region, which is scarce in scientific literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypharmacy is characterized by the simultaneous use of multiple medications, including prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, and nutritional supplements. Polypharmacy is known to increase the risk of adverse drugs reactions, drug-drug interactions, and medication errors, and to negatively impact quality of life. The prevalence of polypharmacy varies by population, but has been reported to exceed 90% among older adults with cancer. Polypharmacy may be exacerbated among older adults with cancer receiving radiation therapy due to the resulting acute or chronic side effects that need to be managed with additional medications. The medications prescribed to manage radiation-related side effects increase the risk of adverse drug events, as do changes in nutritional status related to the secondary side effects of radiation treatment. Side effects from treatment may result in the need for breaks in cancer therapy or treatment delays, which ultimately can lead to worse oncologic outcomes. Few studies have examined polypharmacy in the context of older adults undergoing radiation therapy. We sought to review the literature pertaining to polypharmacy among older adults with cancer and discuss implications specifically for those individuals undergoing radiation therapy. This paper presents a narrative review of studies published in the past decade that provided detailed information on polypharmacy in older adults undergoing radiation therapy for cancer. The review elucidated good practices to avoid adverse drug events from polypharmacy, but more studies are warranted to develop standard guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Synthesis of novel fluorescent 4′-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)-2,2′:6′,2′'-terpyridine ligand L. • Utilization of in-situ prepared ZnCl 2 L receptor for selective detection of pyrophosphate in water with LOD ∼36 nm. • Real-Time detection of PPi utilizing Spray test on tissue-paper strips with ZnCl 2 L receptor. • Significant cytotoxic activity against MDAMB-231 cells with IC 50 value 53.85 µM. • Excellent antioxidant activity with an antioxidant percentage of 73.75%. A new fluorescent 4′-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)-2,2′:6′,2′'-terpyridine ligand L and its 1:1 zinc complex ZnCl 2 L have been synthesized, characterized with the help of NMR, Mass spectroscopy, CHN analysis, and DFT study. In-situ prepared non-fluorescent ZnCl 2 L receptor was utilized for selective detection of pyrophosphate anion (P 2 O 7 4-, PPi) in water (10 mM HEPES buffer, pH 7.4) in the vicinity of other competing analytes (10 equivalents of HPO 4 2-, H 2 PO 4 -, CO 3 2–, HCO 3 –, Cl−, OH–, Br−, CH 3 CO 2 –, F−, I-, NO 3 –, SO 4 2-, SO 3 2-, S 2 O 3 2-, N 3 –) by employing UV–Visible spectroscopy and fluorescence "ON–OFF–ON" mechanism. ZnCl 2 L receptor formed a fluorescent 2:1 adduct with PPi in water during its detection at a nanomolar concentration (LOD ∼27.89 nM). The receptor is also successfully employed in low-cost PPi detection through real-time easily accessible paper strip application. Further, ZnCl 2 L exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against MDAMB-231 cells with an IC 50 value of 53.85 µM and excellent antioxidant activity having an antioxidant percentage of 73.75%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyurethane material has excellent performance and is widely used as railpad in railway, but it is prone to aging and fatigue during long-term service, resulting in a decrease in its performance. In order to improve the aging and fatigue resistance of polyurethane railpad, as well as the efficiency of screening antioxidant, this paper first used quantum chemical method to calculate three types of grafted hindered phenolic antioxidants. Then, polyurethane elastomer railpads with grafted preferred hindered phenolic antioxidants were prepared, and thermal oxidative aging experiments and thermo-oxygen-fatigue coupling aging experiments were conducted. The research results indicate that 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid molecules have better antioxidant properties. When the degradation rate is less than 20%, the activation energy of polyurethane railpads with grafted hindered phenolic antioxidants is about 20% higher than that of ungrafted materials. After 200 days of thermal oxidative aging, polyurethane railpads with grafted hindered phenolic antioxidants maintain high tensile strength and elongation at break, while maintaining stable static stiffness. Their carbonyl index and loss tangent increase only by 10% and 14.8%, respectively, while unmodified samples increase by 29.4% and 26.4%. Scanning electron microscopy also shows a significant reduction in surface cracks on polyurethane railpads grafted with hindered phenolic antioxidants. ● Quantum chemical screening of hindered phenol antioxidant for polyurethane railpad. ● Prepared polyurethane railpad with grafted hindered phenolic antioxidant. ● Developed thermo-oxygen-fatigue coupling aging testing machine. ● Conducted thermo-oxygen-fatigue coupling aging experiment. ● Aging properties of polyurethane railpad improved obviously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharides have a wide range of applications due to their excellent antioxidant activity. However, the low purity and unclear structure of polysaccharides have led some researchers to be skeptical about the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides. The current reports on the structure-activity relationship of polysaccharides are sporadic, so there is an urgent need to systematically summarize the antioxidant effects of polysaccharides with clear structures and the relationships between the structures to provide a scientific basis for the development and application of polysaccharides. This paper will systematically elucidate the structure-activity relationship of antioxidant polysaccharides, including the molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkage, degree of branching, advanced conformation and chemical modification. For the first time, the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides is related to their chemical structure through histogram and radar map, and further studies using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. We critically discussed how the source, chemical structure and chemically modified groups of polysaccharides significantly contribute to their antioxidant activity and summarized the current research status and shortcomings of the structure-activity relationship of antioxidant polysaccharides. This review provides a theoretical basis and new perspective for further research on the structure-activity relationship of antioxidant polysaccharides and the development of natural antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence and development of many diseases are closely related to oxidative stress. In this context, accumulating evidence suggests that Nrf2, as the master switch of cellular antioxidant signaling, plays a central role in controlling the expression of antioxidant genes. The core molecular mechanism of polysaccharides treatment of oxidative stress-induced diseases is to activate Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway, promote nuclear translocation of Nrf2, and up-regulate the expression of antioxidant enzymes. However, recent studies have shown that other signaling pathways in which polysaccharides exert antioxidant effects, such as PI3K/Akt/GSK3β, JNK/Nrf2 and NF-κB, have complex crosstalk with Keap1/Nrf2/ARE, may have direct effects on the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. This suggests a new strategy for designing polysaccharides as modulators of Nrf2-dependent pathways to target the antioxidant response. Therefore, in this work, we investigate the crosstalk between Keap1/Nrf2/ARE and other antioxidant signaling pathways of polysaccharides by regulating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response. For the first time, the structural-activity relationship of polysaccharides, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and glycosidic linkage, is systematically elucidated using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. This review also summarizes the application of antioxidant polysaccharides in food, animal production, cosmetics and biomaterials. The paper has significant reference value for screening antioxidant polysaccharides targeting Nrf2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Sonotrode-based extraction was used for the recovery of bioactive compounds from CBS and CPH. • The RSM coupled to BBD was used to optimize the CBS and CPH extraction. • Optimum conditions were 15 min, 80 % amplitude, and 50 % ethanol. • Identification of 39 compounds in CBS and 40 compounds in CPH by LC-ESI-qTOF-MS. • The main classes of bioactive compounds were organic acids, fatty acids, glycosides, flavonoids and procyanidins. Cocoa pod husk (CPH) and cocoa bean shell (CBS) are by-products obtained during pre-processing and processing of cocoa beans. Several bioactive compounds have been identified in these by-products that can be used for commercial applications as a way to promote the circular economy. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to recover bioactive compounds from CPH and CBS by sonoextraction process, to determine the type, content, and antioxidant activity in optimized extracts. To achieve our purpose, an optimization strategy using Box-Behnken Design coupled response surface methodology (MRS) was applied. The extraction conditions were optimized. The results obtained for CBS were: TPC (193 mg GAE/g), TEAC (1.02 mmol TE/g), FRAP (1.02 mmol FeSO4/g) and ORAC (2.6 mmol TE/g), while for CPH, the reported values were: TPC (48 mg GAE/g), TEAC (0.30 mmol TE/g), FRAP (0.35 mmol FeSO 4 /g) and ORAC (0.43 mmol TE/g) under the optimized conditions: Time (X A): 15 min, Amplitude (X B): 80 %, Ethanol (X C): 50 %. The LC-ESI-qTOF-MS analysis results allowed the identification of 79 compounds, of which 39 represent the CBS extract, while 40 compounds were identified in CPH extract. To conclude, sonotrode based extraction could be considered as an efficient and fast alternative for the recovery of bioactive substances from CBS and CPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean acidification has become increasingly severe in coastal areas. It poses emerging threats to coastal organisms and influences ecological functioning. Donax faba , a dominant clam in the intertidal zone of the Bay of Bengal, plays an important role in the coastal food web. This clam has been widely consumed by the local communities and also acts as a staple diet for shorebirds and crustaceans. In this paper, we investigated how acidified conditions will influence the physiology, biochemical constituents, and energetics of Donax faba. Upon incubation for 2 months in lowered pH 7.7 ± 0.05 and control 8.1 ± 0.05 conditions, we found a delayed growth in the acidified conditions followed by decrease in calcium ions in the clam shell. Although not significant, we found the digestive enzymes showed a downward trend. Total antioxidant was significantly increased in the acidified condition compared to the control. Though not significant, the expression level of MDA and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GST, GPX, and APX) showed increasing trend in acidified samples. Among nutrients such as amino acids and fatty acids, there was no significant difference between treatments, however, showed a downward trend in the acidified conditions compared to control. Among the minerals, iron and zinc showed significant increase in the acidified conditions. The above results suggest that the clam growth, and physiological energetics may have deleterious effects if exposed for longer durations at lowered pH condition thereby affecting the organisms involved in the coastal food web. [Display omitted] • Daily growth rate & calcium concentration have significantly decreased in acidified condition. • Total antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes showed an upward tendency. • Nutrient composition in clams has altered in acidified condition compared to control. • Prolonged exposure to OA will cause deleterious effects on clams thereby upsetting the intertidal food chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2D) layer material MXene (Ti 3 C 2 T x) is a promising electrode material in capacitive deionization (CDI) because of its advantages of large capacitance, high conductivity and abundant active sites. However, MXene nanosheets have a large number of metastable metal atoms, which are easy to react with dissolved oxygen and form metal oxides, resulting in structural instability and attenuation of electrochemical performance of MXene. Moreover, the inherent defects of MXene layered structure that are easy to stack, seriously limiting its application in CDI. In this paper, MXene fully coated by WS 2 antioxidant film with mesoporous structure was designed and successfully prepared by hydrothermal method to form a 3D mutually supported heterostructure, so as to improve the structural stability and CDI performance of MXene. The heterostructure performs abundant mesoporous, excellent electrical conductivity, good hydrophilicity and excellent cyclic stability. Therefore, the WS 2 @MXene composite demonstrates high specific capacitance (217.0 F g−1) and retention rate of 90.51 % after 1000 GCD cycles. The hybrid AC//WS 2 @MXene cell composed of AC anode and WS 2 @MXene cathode shows excellent desalination capacity (39.1 mg g−1). The retention rate of the cell is still 94.9 % after 40 desalting cycles, which is better than that of AC//MXene cell (84.4 %). [Display omitted] • MXene fully coated by WS 2 antioxidant film with mesoporous structure is constructed. • WS 2 @MXene electrode shows excellent desalination capacity of 39.1 mg g−1. • The retention rate of the AC//WS 2 @MXene cell keeps 94.9 % after 40 desalting cycles. • Morphology and structure of WS 2 @MXene confirm the enhanced structural stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Antioxidant activity, a critical molecular characteristic, contributes to free-radical scavenging in the oxidatively-stressed biosystems and outside. • Natural and synthetic products antioxidant potentials are predicted through theoretically (DFT), and experimentally through use of DPPH, FRAP and ABTS-assays. • HOMO-LUMO, molecular-electrostatic-potential, hydrogen-transfer, single-electron-proton-transfers, sequential-proton-loss-electron-transfer, thermochemical parameters, i.e., free-energy change, enthalpy-change bond-dissociation enthalpy, proton-dissociation-enthalpy, ionization potential, proton-affinity, electron-transfer-enthalpy, inductive and resonance effects have been attributed towards contributing to the prediction of antioxidant activity. • Fundamentals and comparative have been drawn to validate the theoretical and experimental approach. Antioxidants play a crucial role in protecting biological systems from oxidative stress, which is implicated in a wide range of diseases. Computational methods have become increasingly valuable in studying the mechanisms of antioxidants, with density functional theory (DFT) being a popular approach. This review provides an overview of the theoretical basis of DFT and its application to molecular systems. It discusses the advantages and limitations of using DFT for studying antioxidants and explores the relationship between antioxidant activity and molecular structure. The paper also highlights the importance of solvation effects in determining antioxidant efficacy and suggests DFT-based methods for incorporating solvation effects into calculations. Case studies of specific antioxidants are presented to illustrate the role of the solvent environment in determining the antioxidant efficacy. Finally, it discusses the relationship between antioxidant activity and certain DFT parameters, and suggests future directions for research. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the use of DFT in studying antioxidants, and sheds light on the future of computational studies in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonati Rhizoma (PR), which contains rich national cultural connotations, is a traditional Chinese medicine with homology of medicine and food. It has been used for a long time as a tonic in China's multi-ethnic medical system, and is also used to treat diseases such as premature graying hair, deficiency of blood and essence, diabetes, hypertension, etc. Meanwhile, PR is often used as food in China, India, South Korea and other Asian countries, which can satisfy hunger and provide many health benefits. This paper systematically reviewed the ethnopharmacology, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and related applications research of PR, and provided a reference for the comprehensive applications of PR, including basic research, product development and clinical applications. This paper also refined the national application characteristics of PR, such as rich plant resources, special chemical components and anti-hidden hungry, which laid a foundation for its high value and high connotation development in the future. The literature information was collected systematically from the electronic scientific databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Geen Medical, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, as well as other literature sources, such as classic books of herbal medicine. A comprehensive analysis of the above literature confirmed that PR has been used in the ethnic medicine system of Asian countries such as China for thousands of years. In this paper, 12 species including official species that can be used as PR are summarized, which provide rich plant resources for PR. The chemical components in PR are divided into nutritional components and active components. The former not only contains non-starch polysaccharides and fructo-oligosaccharides, which account for about 50% in PR and are recognized as high-quality diet in the world, but also contains inorganic elements and mineral elements. And a total of 199 kinds active ingredients, including saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, etc., were sorted out by us. The above ingredients make PR have a special property of anti-hidden hunger. Studies have shown that PR has a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as immune regulation, blood glucose regulation, lipid-lowering, antioxidant, anti-tumor, antibacterial, etc. It has been widely used in medicine, food, cosmetics, gardens and other fields. PR, as a classic medicinal material of the same origin, is widely used in the traditional ethnic medicine system. It contains abundant potential plant resources, chemical components and pharmacological activities. This paper also suggests that PR with high application value in food industry, has the potential to become a high-quality coarse grain. Exploring the way of grain and industrialization of PR is beneficial to fully develop the economic value of PR. [Display omitted] • PR is a potential high-quality crop and food that can fight hidden hunger. • The material base and pharmacological mechanism of PR need to be further studied. • Challenges for PR industry are mainly uncontrolled quality and declining wild resources. • Promoting the development of PR for industrialization is conducive to play its value fully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]