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Background: In respect of the principle of autonomy and the right of self-determination, obtaining an informed consent of potential participants before their inclusion in a study is a fundamental ethical obligation. The variations in national laws, regulations, and cultures contribute to complex informed consent documents for patients participating in clinical trials. Currently, only few ethics committees seem willing to address the complexity and the length of these documents and to request investigators and sponsors to revise them in a way to make them understandable for potential participants. The purpose of this work is to focus on the written information in the informed consent documentation for drug development clinical trials and suggests (i) to distinguish between necessary and not essential information, (ii) to define the optimal format allowing the best legibility of those documents. Methods: The Aide et Recherche en Cancérologie Digestive (ARCAD) Group, an international scientific committee involving oncologists from all over the world, addressed these issues and developed and uniformly accepted a simplified informed consent documentation for future clinical research. Results: A simplified form of informed consent with the leading part of 1200-1800 words containing all of the key information necessary to meet ethical and regulatory requirements and 'relevant supportive information appendix' of 2000-3000 words is provided. Conclusions: This position paper, on the basis of the ARCAD Group experts discussions, proposes our informed consent model and the rationale for its content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This satellite symposium was the fourth in a series for editors, publishers, reviewers and all those with an interest in scientific publishing. It was held on Wednesday 25th June 2014 at the IADR International meeting in Cape Town, South Africa. The symposium attracted more than 180 attendees. This symposium placed an emphasis on how the quality of papers submitted to dental journals could be improved. The panel included representation from editors, researchers and publishers from North America, India and the Gulf States. The symposium identified a number of challenges for editors and publishers, including the poor quality of many papers submitted to dental and other scientific journals, plagiarism, attempted duplicate publication and sometimes fraudulent results. Where possible speakers are identified by name. A subsequent symposium was held during the IADR meeting in Boston on March 11th 2015. Involvement open to editors, associate editors, publishers and others with an interest in scientific publishing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The devastating effects of COVID-19 sparked debates among professionals in the fields of health, law, and bioethics regarding policies on mandatory vaccination for healthcare workers. Suboptimal vaccine uptake among healthcare workers had been implicated in the increased risk of nosocomial spread of COVID infection and absenteeism among healthcare workers, impacting the quality of patient care. However, mandatory vaccine policies were also seen to encroach on the autonomy of healthcare workers. To synthesise the arguments for and against mandatory vaccination for healthcare workers (HCWs) and its long-term impact on the healthcare workforce, through an analysis of texts and opinions of professionals from different fields of study. This is a systematic review of opinions published in peer-reviewed journals. After initial search in Cochrane and JBI systematic review databases to ensure no previous review had been done, five databases were searched (PsychInfo, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Medline and Scopus). Inclusion criteria were: 1) focused on COVID-19; 2) healthcare workers specific; 3) specific to mandatory vaccination; 4) opinion piece with an identified author; and 5) in English. Exclusion: 1) focus on other vaccine preventable diseases, not COVID-19 and 2) discussion on mandatory vaccination not-specific to healthcare workers. The Joanna Briggs Critical Appraisal tool for Text and Opinions was used to assess quality. Data were synthesised in the summary table. The review included 28 opinion and viewpoint articles. Of these, 12 (43 %) adopted a pro-mandatory vaccination stance, 13 (46 %) were neutral or had presented arguments from both sides of the debate and only three (11 %) were against. The overall arguments among those who were pro-, neutral and anti-mandatory COVID-19 vaccination were underpinned by ethical, moral and legal principles of such a mandate on a vulnerable healthcare workforce. This review highlighted the polarised opinions concerning choices, human rights, professional responsibilities and personal risks (i.e. health risks, losing a job) with the introduction of vaccination mandate. However, the articles found in this review discussed mandatory vaccination of healthcare workers in the USA, Europe and Australia only. The review underscores the need to balance the rights of the public to safe and quality care with the rights and moral obligations of healthcare workers during a public health emergency. This can be achieved when policies and mandates are guided by reliable scientific evidence which are flexible in considering legal and ethical dilemmas. To mandate or not to mandate COVID-19 vaccination for healthcare workers: A synthesis of published opinions in health, law, and bioethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Use of the Internet in research is a relatively new phenomenon offering a potentially valuable research resource that, although increasingly used, appears largely untapped in nursing and healthcare more generally. This paper discusses methodological and ethical issues that need consideration when designing an Internet-based study concluding that, in general, online research methods are simply adaptations of traditional methods of data collection. Issues such as the representativeness of the data and ethical concerns are discussed. It considers whether the ethical dilemmas faced by online researchers differ from those faced by those seeking to use other, more ‘traditional’ approaches. Using the example of a study that employed the Internet as a means of distributing questionnaires, this paper shows that this can be an efficient and effective means of gathering data from a geographically dispersed sample. Furthermore, since typewritten data is obtained in the same format from all respondents, the need for transcription and the potential for error are reduced potentially enhancing the quality of any such study. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, we focus on the contexts of moral decision-making by nurses in the euthanasia programs of Nazi Germany between 1939 and 1945 using Urban Walker''s philosophical model. We use the second hypothesis of this model, that morality consists of practices of responsibility, to give an analysis of the understandings nurses had of their responsibilities in the euthanasia programs. The article starts with a brief introduction to the euthanasia programs of Nazi Germany from 1939 to 1945 and nurse participation, to illustrate how the responsibilities of nurses were manipulated. Secondly, nursing as moral practices are analysed in the context of the euthanasia programs that implement commonly shared understandings and practices of responsibility. Thirdly, the reasons that nurses gave for avoiding any responsibilities are examined. Fourthly, it is examined if nurses took any responsibility in the euthanasia programs. In conclusion, this paper discusses three points of relevance such a reflection on moral responsibility in the context of Nazi Germany has for nurses today who may be confronted with euthanasia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Nurses globally are required and expected to report nursing errors. As is clearly demonstrated in the international literature, fulfilling this requirement is not, however, without risks. In this discussion paper, the notion of ‘nursing error’, the practical and moral importance of defining, distinguishing and disclosing nursing errors and how a distinct definition of ‘nursing error’ fits with the new ‘system approach’ to human-error management in health care are critiqued. Drawing on international literature and two key case exemplars from the USA and Australia, arguments are advanced to support the view that although it is ‘right’ for nurses to report nursing errors, it will be very difficult for them to do so unless a non-punitive approach to nursing-error management is adopted. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction Knowing the best way of structuring your paper when writing it, and the most appropriate journal to send it to, really helps in getting your paper accepted. Also understanding how editors and publishers think and what they expect, and knowing how the peer review process works, is invaluable insight into the publishing process. Results After attending this author workshop, one in the Elsevier Publishing Academy Workshop series, participants will have a clear idea of the steps needed to be taken before starting to write a paper. They will also be able to plan writing manuscripts using the logical step sequence – not the sequence in which the paper will be read. Authors are also made aware of what aspects of their papers Editors, Reviewers, and Publishers look at critically, and to ensure that in taking care of these areas, their papers are much more likely to be accepted. Dealing with referees’ comments and the art of polite rebuttal are also described such that these can be used to improve the submitted paper suitably. Sensitive areas such as publishing ethics, plagiarism, duplicate publishing, etc. are also clearly explained such that participants have a clear understanding of what their responsibilities are, what is allowed, and what is not permitted. Conclusions These insights into the publishing process will enable the participants to be more confident as an author in the world of science publishing, and so should help them get their papers published more easily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In order to deliver good healthcare quality, it should explicitly be taken into account what patients value in healthcare. This study reviews qualitative studies in which patients express what they value. Based on this body of literature a preliminary taxonomy is designed.Methods: A systematic review of qualitative papers on what patients' value.Results: 22 studies out of a total of 3259 met the inclusion criteria. After critical appraisal, data extraction was carried out by two researchers independently and revealed values related to 1) the individual patient; 2) the expected behavior of professionals and 3) the interaction between patients and professionals. Seven key elements were recognized on the bases of content analysis; 1) uniqueness, 2) autonomy, 3) compassion, 4) professionalism, 5) responsiveness, 6) partnership and 7) empowerment.Conclusion: This study gives a rich insight into what patients value in various contexts and provides a promising taxonomy in line with patient centered based theories. The taxonomy needs further empirical research for a deeper insight and clarifaction in its elements.Practice Implications: This review and preliminary taxonomy contribute to the conceptualization of patient values as a bases for guidelines, policy and daily practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Knowing the best way of structuring your paper when writing it, and the most appropriate journal to send it to, really helps in getting your paper accepted. Also understanding how editors and publishers think and what they expect, and knowing how the peer review process works, is invaluable insight into the publishing process. Results After attending this two hour workshop, one in the Elsevier Publishing Connect Workshop series, participants will have a clear idea of the steps needed to be taken before starting to write a paper. They will also be able to plan writing manuscripts using the logical step sequence – not the sequence in which the paper will be read. Authors are also made aware of what aspects of their papers Editors and Publishers look at critically, and to ensure that in taking care of these areas, their papers are much more likely to be accepted. Dealing with referees’ comments and the art of polite rebuttal are also described such that these can be used to improve the submitted paper suitably. Sensitive areas such as publishing ethics, plagiarism, duplicate publishing, etc are also clearly explained such that participants have a clear understanding of what is allowed, and what is not permitted. Conclusions These insights into the publishing process will enable the participants to be more confident as an author in the world of science publishing, and will help them get their papers published more easily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical ethics and related topics such as data protection are often viewed as extraneous encumberments by researchers. However these fields provide guidelines for correct conduct and are mostly common sense. This Best Practice Guideline collection will focus on various related aspects pertaining to ethics in publication, and this paper will outline the key points in each of these papers in the collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media ethics is an area of inquiry that has been of great concern among journalists and public relations professionals as well as scholars across the world. Empirical research on media ethics of comparative nature has increased, providing a descriptive account on the current situations across different countries. Yet, theoretical efforts to explain global media ethics are so far inexistent. The scope of this paper is to provide a conceptual model for explaining media ethics decision-making processes that takes into account personal, professional and environment values as main influencing forces. The proposed model suggests that besides considering personal factors, such as education, background, experience, gender, etc., and country specific factors, such as political, economic, socio-cultural conditions, one should first and foremost understand the degree to which personal, professional, and environment values influence one’s judgment. This model is the first of its kind in providing an explanation of differences in global media ethics by considering the interconnectedness of different values at micro, meso, and macro levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the digital era, recommender systems (RS) have become an integral part of our daily interactions, exerting a significant impact on users and society. However, this also raises ethical challenges related to RS that should be considered. Addressing these challenges requires the application of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) models to make RS more understandable. Based on the current state-of-the-art literature, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of XAI for RS and its ethical implications, with the aim of proposing a research agenda for ethical RS based on XAI. The findings of the literature review show that neural network-based RS have received much attention in terms of offering explanations, while there is a research gap in explaining context-based RS and in evaluating explanations. In addition, a set of ethical challenges for RS are discussed by exploring how explanations for recommendations can contribute to the ethical use of RS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the ethical dilemmas propelled by a significant shift in the allocation of trust and intelligence due to blockchain technology and AI, resulting in a notable decrease in transaction costs. The ethical and political implications of democratizing the resulting productivity gains are noteworthy, and while the pie is expanding, how its slices are distributed remains an open question. Enter Worldcoin, an innovative worldwide initiative that creates an identity system based on proof of personhood and zero-knowledge proofs (ZKP) to provide everyone with a distinct and anonymous "World ID. Using the author's "cyberethics-mix" framework, this paper examines the possible implications of such a system concerning data's protection, ownership, accuracy, and accessibility, underscoring the ethical significance of a political approach emphasizing inclusivity and sustainability through digital decentralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American College of Epidemiology (ACE) held its 2022 Annual Meeting, September 8–11, with a conference theme of 'Pandemic of Misinformation: Building Trust in Epidemiology'. The ACE Ethics Committee hosted a symposium session in recognition of the global spotlight placed on epidemiology and public health due to the COVID-19 crisis. The ACE Ethics Committee invited previous Chairs of the Ethics Committee and current President of the International Epidemiological Association to present at the symposium session. This paper aims to highlight the ethical challenges presented during the symposium session. Three speakers with diverse backgrounds representing expertize from the fields of ethics, epidemiology, public health, clinical trials, pharmacoepidemiology, statistics, law, and public policy, covering perspectives from the U.S., Europe, and Southeast Asia were selected to present on the ethical challenges in epidemiology and public health applying a global theme. Dr. D. Weed presented on 'Causation, Epidemiology and Ethics'; Dr. C.M. Pandey presented on the 'Ethical Challenges in the Practice of Digital Epidemiology'; and Dr. J. Acquavella presented on 'Departures from Scientific Objectivity: A Cause of Eroding Trust in Epidemiology.' The collective goal to improve the public's health was a mutually shared theme across the three distinct areas. We highlight the common ethical guidance and principle-based approaches that have served epidemiology and public health in framing and critical analysis of novel challenges, including autonomy, beneficence, justice, scientific integrity, duties to the profession and community, and developing and maintaining public trust; however, gaps remain in how best to address health inequalities and the novel emergence and pervasiveness of misinformation and disinformation that have impacted the health of the global community. We introduce an ethical framework of translational bioethics that places considerations of the social determinants of health at the forefront. The COVID-19 pandemic required an expedited public health response and, at the same time, placed the profession of epidemiology and public health, its system, and structures, under the microscope like never before. This article illustrates that revisiting our foundations in research and practice and orienting contemporary challenges using an ethical lens can assist in identifying and furthering the health of populations globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A persistent problem in cardiothoracic surgery, as in all of medicine, is when to offer or to withhold expensive technologies. The ethical requirement of balancing harms and benefits is often difficult to achieve. The use of LVADs is an example of such technologies, and when to offer it is explored in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although people with aphasia (PwA) represent 30% of stroke survivors, they are frequently excluded from stroke research, or their inclusion is unclear. Such practice significantly limits the generalizability of stroke research, increases the need to duplicate research in aphasia-specific populations, and raises important ethical and human rights issues. To detail the extent and nature of inclusion of PwA in contemporary stroke randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We conducted a systematic search to identify completed stroke RCTs and RCT protocols published in 2019. Web of Science was searched using terms "stroke" and "randomized controlled trial". These articles were reviewed by extracting rates of PwA inclusion/exclusion, whether "aphasia" or related terms were referred to in the article or supplemental files, eligibility criteria, consent procedures, adaptations made to support the inclusion of PwA, and attrition rates of PwA. Data were summarized, and descriptive statistics applied when appropriate. 271 studies comprising 215 completed RCTs and 56 protocols were included. 36.2% of included studies referred to aphasia/dysphasia. Of completed RCTs, only 6.5% explicitly included PwA, 4.7% explicitly excluded PwA, and inclusion was unclear in the remaining 88.8%. Among RCT protocols, 28.6% of studies intended inclusion, 10.7% intended excluding PwA, and in 60.7%, inclusion was unclear. In 45.8% of included studies, sub-groups of PwA were excluded, either explicitly (ie, particular types/severities of aphasia, eg, global aphasia) or implicitly, by way of ambiguous eligibility criteria which could potentially relate to a sub-group of PwA. Little rationale for exclusion was provided. 71.2% of completed RCTs did not report any adaptations that could support the inclusion of PwA, and minimal information was provided about consent procedures. Where it could be determined, attrition of PwA averaged 10% (range 0%-20%). This paper details the extent of inclusion of PwA in stroke research and highlights opportunities for improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• New threats emerging with antitransgender and gender diverse legislation in many U.S. states. • Brief review of the sociopolitical climate, impact of the climate on TGD people, and challenges faced by mental health providers serving TGD clients. • Recommendations for supporting TGD clients in the current sociopolitical context and a call for advocacy. Despite efforts to improve the sociopolitical landscape for sexual and gender minorities, including legislation to ban sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts (SOGICE), new threats have arisen with a sharp increase in state legislatures enacting anti-TGD (transgender and gender diverse) legislation. Some of these laws and the accompanying hostile climate may prevent mental health providers from providing the best evidence-based care for their TGD clients. This paper briefly reviews the current sociopolitical climate, the impact of the climate on TGD people, and challenges faced by mental health providers serving TGD clients. We conclude with recommendations for supporting TGD clients in the current sociopolitical context and a call for advocacy to continue efforts to ban SOGICE and protect access to social, legal, and medical gender affirmation for youth and adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La notion freudienne de compulsion de répétition est marquée, dans sa conception inaugurale, d'une connotation négative, celle d'un retour du même, qui ne donne pas la mesure des facettes multiples de ce registre. Élevant la répétition au rang d'un des quatre concepts fondamentaux de la psychanalyse, Lacan se soutient du texte de Kierkegaard intitulé « La reprise » pour pointer la dimension de renouvellement, de fécondité que peut induire le mouvement vers la répétition. Cet article s'attache à souligner combien la dimension de créativité de la répétition trouve une illustration particulièrement vive dans le champ musical, domaine qui fait un usage régulier et varié du terme de reprise. Cet écrit reprend des thèmes déployés dans une série de conférences tenues au cours de l'année universitaire 2021/2022 à l'École Pratique des Hautes Études en Psychopathologie, associant musiciens – Vincent Ségal – psychanalystes – Marc Morali, Corinne Tyszler, Olivier Douville – et mélomanes – Mario Choueiry – et laissant une grande place à l'écoute musicale. Cette étude, au-delà d'une lecture de la répétition comme expression de la pulsion de mort, appréhende la façon dont on peut entendre et mettre au travail cette notion freudienne par le biais de son expression dans le registre musical. Il s'agit ici d'explorer la question de la reprise dans la sphère des musiques populaires contemporaines mais également dans le jazz et la musique classique pour en appréhender l'articulation avec le mouvement même de la création. Dans les musiques dites populaires contemporaines et principalement le rock, la reprise – ou « cover » dans sa version anglaise – consiste, non pas à imiter mais à proposer une version, plus ou moins fidèle ou éloignée, d'un morceau original. L'écoute de cette reprise provoque une satisfaction particulière chez l'auditeur qui sait l'identifier. Considérée habituellement comme un hommage rendu aux pionniers ou la marque d'une dette envers les aînés, la reprise est pourtant avant tout tentative, imprégnée d'hostilité, d'effacement de l'origine. C'est ainsi que des reprises en viennent non seulement à supplanter les morceaux originaux mais également à les refouler, à les faire totalement oublier. Le Jazz s'attache également à la reprise de standards, non seulement comme exercice d'apprentissage nécessaire mais comme marque, pour celui qui s'y essaye à imposer son propre style et ainsi se faire reconnaître. La reprise de standards peut ainsi être l'occasion de faire entendre le point aveugle d'un morceau d'origine ou d'en faire resurgir un trait d'identité inconnu de lui-même. Dans le cadre de la musique classique, par des procédés multiples, la progression d'une œuvre se fait aussi régulièrement par le biais de la reprise d'un thème qui toujours sait se renouveler à la faveur de légers déplacements. Enfin, la musique contemporaine répétitive pousse, peut-être à son comble, cette dimension d'une créativité inhérente aux effets de la répétition. Plaisir, refoulement, origine, hostilité, imitation et identification : ces termes attachés à la reprise sont étroitement liés à la psychanalyse qui ne dispose que du concept de « répétition ». Il est pourtant habituel de s'entendre sur le divan reprendre le récit d'un rêve, celui d'un souvenir, ou bien même de reprendre une nouvelle tranche d'analyse. S'ouvre ainsi l'occasion d'interroger la fonction créatrice de la répétition au sein même de la pratique analytique. L'introduction de ce registre de la reprise dans sa dimension musicale au sein de la cure analytique conduit à interroger le talent spécifique qu'elle implique chez le praticien. La répétition ne devient créatrice qu'à la faveur d'un décalage que l'interprétation peut retrouver dans la poésie de la langue où le praticien gagne à se rapprocher de l'interprétation musicale. The Freudian notion of repetition compulsion is marked, in its inaugural conception, by a negative connotation, that of a return of the same, which does not fully reflect the multiple facets of this register. Raising repetition to the rank of one of the four fundamental concepts of psychoanalysis, Lacan uses Kierkegaard's text entitled "Repetition" to point out the renewal of fecundity that the tendency towards repetition can induce. This article demonstrates how the creative dimension of repetition finds a particularly vivid illustration in the field of music, a domain that makes regular and varied use of the term "repetition." This article takes up themes deployed in a series of conferences during the academic year 2021/2022 at the École Pratique des Hautes Études en Psychopathologie, associating musicians – Vincent Ségal – psychoanalysts – Marc Morali, Corinne Tyszler, Olivier Douville – and music lovers, Mario Choueiry, and leaving a large place to musical listening. This study, beyond a reading of the repetition as an expression of the death drive, studies the way in which we can hear and put to work this Freudian notion through its manifestation in the musical register. In this paper, we explore the question of repetition in the sphere of popular music but also in jazz and classical music in order to apprehend its articulation with the very movement of creation. In so-called popular music, and mainly in rock music, the covering a song consists in proposing a version, more or less faithful or distant, of an original piece – and not in imitating it. Listening to this cover causes a particular satisfaction in the listener who can identify it. Usually considered as a tribute to the pioneers or the mark of a debt towards elders, the cover version is however above all an attempt, impregnated with hostility, to erase the origin. This is how covers come to not only supplant the original pieces but also to repress them, to make them totally forgotten. Jazz is also attached to covering standards, not only as a necessary learning exercise, but as a way for artists impose their own style and thus gain recognition. The cover of a standard can be the occasion to make audible a blind spot in the original work, or to bring to the surface a trait of identity unknown to itself. Within the context of classical music, the progression of a work is also regularly done through the repetition of a theme that renews itself through slight displacements. Finally, contemporary repetitive music pushes, perhaps to its height, the creativity inherent to the effects of repetition. Pleasure, repression, origin, hostility, imitation, and identification: these terms that are related to repetition are closely linked to psychoanalysis, which only has at its disposal the concept of "repetition." It is, however, typical to hear oneself on the divan taking up the story of a dream or that of a memory; one can even "repeat" by continuing one's analysis after a break or termination. This opens up the opportunity to question the creative function of repetition within analytic practice. Introducing the musical dimension of repetition into the analytic treatment leads us to question the specific talent it implies in the practitioner. Repetition only becomes creative through a shift in interpretation that can be found in the poetry of language, where the practitioner is enriched by approaching musical interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with aphasia have been systematically excluded from stroke research or included without the necessary modifications, threatening external study validity. In this paper, we propose that 1) the inclusion of people with aphasia should be considered as standard in stroke research irrespective of discipline and that 2) modifications should be made to stroke research procedures to support people with aphasia to achieve meaningful and valid inclusion. We argue that outright exclusion of this heterogenous population from stroke research based purely on a diagnosis of aphasia is rarely required and present a rationale for deliberate inclusion of people with aphasia in stroke research. The purpose of this paper is fourfold: 1) to highlight the issue and implications of excluding people with aphasia from stroke research; 2) to acknowledge the current barriers to including people with aphasia in stroke research; 3) to provide stroke researchers with methods to enable inclusion, including recommendations, resources, and guidance; and 4) to consider research needed to develop aphasia inclusive practices in stroke research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Implicit bias impacts nursing education, nursing practice, and patient outcomes. • This paper provides strategies for nurse educators to identify and mitigate effects of bias in nursing education and subsequently, nursing practice. • The manuscript offers tangible, actionable items to add to nursing curricula to help nurse educators begin to address implicit bias. Nurses possess the responsibility of promoting equality and diversity by treating all patients, families, and colleagues with respect and dignity. This responsibility includes providing culturally informed care and practicing within the ethical principles of autonomy, justice, beneficence, veracity, and nonmaleficence. Implicit biases impact nursing education and subsequent interactions between student nurses and patients and hinder effective communication. Patients who have experienced implicit bias in health care may come to expect negative interactions in the future. Nurse educators hold the responsibility of preparing nursing students to deliver care to diverse populations by guiding them to recognize their responses to cultural differences. Awareness of students' implicit biases is the first step in incorporating efforts to overcome them. A gap exists in nursing education which illustrates the lack of inclusion of implicit bias in the curriculum. The purpose of this paper is to examine the ethical implications of implicit bias in nursing education. Ethical principles are presented and discussed in the context of implicit bias and nursing education. Recommendations for incorporating strategies of identification and awareness of implicit bias into the nursing curriculum are discussed. The inclusion of the implications of implicit bias in the nursing curriculum provides opportunities for educators to direct students to develop plans to recognize the damaging effects of implicit bias and become aware of behaviors that become barriers to patient interactions. The results of this education include improved patient outcomes and the delivery of culturally appropriate care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Most ethics- and rights-based frameworks lack enforceability for regulating WWS. • Obligations (shaped by ethics and rights) can bind behaviour across society. • Obligations can be codified as laws that can govern the implementation of WWS. • These laws can be transparent, limit power, and grant institutional oversight. • WWS obligations can also include non-legislative enforcement means (e.g. courts). As the threat of COVID-19 recedes, wastewater surveillance – unlike other pandemic-era public health surveillance methods – seems here to stay. Concerns have been raised, however, about the potential risks that wastewater surveillance might pose towards group privacy. Existing scholarship has focused upon using ethics- or human rights-based frameworks as a means of balancing the public health objectives of wastewater surveillance and the potential risks it might pose to group privacy. However, such frameworks greatly lack enforceability. In order to further the strong foundation laid by such frameworks – while addressing their lack of enforceability – this paper proposes the idea of the 'obligation' as an alternative way to regulate wastewater surveillance systems. The legal codification of said obligations provides a method of ensuring that wastewater surveillance systems can be deployed effectively and equitably. Our paper proposes that legal obligations for wastewater surveillance can be created and enforced through transparent and purposeful legislation (which would include limits on power and grant institutions substantial oversight) as well as paying heed to non-legislative legal means of enforcement, such as through courts or contracts. Introducing legal obligations for wastewater surveillance could therefore be highly useful to researchers, policymakers, corporate technologists, and government agencies working in this field. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses two opposing narratives of digitalization. Both these narratives are found in existing literature, and the paper understands them as the utopic and dystopic narratives of digitalization. The former expresses unbridled enthusiasm about the bright side of digitalization, while the latter is predominantly pessimistic, and primarily focuses on the undesirable aspects of digitalization. Observing that scholars tend to subscribe to either one or the other narrative, this paper proposes a more middle ground where these competing narratives can be balanced to usher in a better digital future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Transformational creativity combines novel ideas with wisdom to benefit society. • Teaching strategies include creativity-friendly classrooms and holistic education. • Integrating ethics, empathy and care into projects nurtures transformational creativity. • Guiding students to direct innovations toward common good nurtures transformational creativity. As technology rapidly changes society, cultivating creativity in students is critical, yet traditional approaches focused solely on generating novel ideas are insufficient. This paper proposes that education should foster transformational creativity, which affects positive, enduring change. Transformational creativity combines innovation with wisdom to benefit society. After differentiating transformational creativity from harmful applications, this paper explores strategies to develop it through 1) establishing creativity-friendly classrooms, 2) incorporating holistic education, 3) integrating care, empathy, and ethics into creative projects, and 4) assessing transformational creativity via tailored rubrics and portfolios. Education can nurture generations of ethical, creative changemakers by guiding students to direct innovations toward the common good. The paper provides a framework to foster transformational creativity for building a just, sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare organizations have realized that Artificial intelligence (AI) can provide a competitive edge through personalized patient experiences, improved patient outcomes, early diagnosis, augmented clinician capabilities, enhanced operational efficiencies, or improved medical service accessibility. However, deploying AI-driven tools in the healthcare ecosystem could be challenging. This paper categorizes AI applications in healthcare and comprehensively examines the challenges associated with deploying AI in medical practices at scale. As AI continues to make strides in healthcare, its integration presents various challenges, including production timelines, trust generation, privacy concerns, algorithmic biases, and data scarcity. The paper highlights that flawed business models and wrong workflows in healthcare practices cannot be rectified merely by deploying AI-driven tools. Healthcare organizations should re-evaluate root problems such as misaligned financial incentives (e.g., fee-for-service models), dysfunctional medical workflows (e.g., high rates of patient readmissions), poor care coordination between different providers, fragmented electronic health records systems, and inadequate patient education and engagement models in tandem with AI adoption. This study also explores the need for a cultural shift in viewing AI not as a threat but as an enabler that can enhance healthcare delivery and create new employment opportunities while emphasizing the importance of addressing underlying operational issues. The necessity of investments beyond finance is discussed, emphasizing the importance of human capital, continuous learning, and a supportive environment for AI integration. The paper also highlights the crucial role of clear regulations in building trust, ensuring safety, and guiding the ethical use of AI, calling for coherent frameworks addressing transparency, model accuracy, data quality control, liability, and ethics. Furthermore, this paper underscores the importance of advancing AI literacy within academia to prepare future healthcare professionals for an AI-driven landscape. Through careful navigation and proactive measures addressing these challenges, the healthcare community can harness AI's transformative power responsibly and effectively, revolutionizing healthcare delivery and patient care. The paper concludes with a vision and strategic suggestions for the future of healthcare with AI, emphasizing thoughtful, responsible, and innovative engagement as the pathway to realizing its full potential to unlock immense benefits for healthcare organizations, physicians, nurses, and patients while proactively mitigating risks. • This study categorizes AI applications in healthcare and analyzes their deployment challenges at scale in medical practices. • The paper emphasizes a cultural shift to view AI as a healthcare delivery enhancer and job creator, not a threat. • To integrate AI, investments in finance and human capital, continuous learning, and a supportive environment are needed. • Clear regulatory frameworks should be developed to build trust, ensure safety, and guide the ethical use of AI in healthcare. • The study provides strategic suggestions for responsible AI use in healthcare to maximize benefits and minimize risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Anthropocene era, characterized by sustainability and environmental challenges, the Metaverse emerges as a virtual alternative with the potential to reduce the ecological footprint while enhancing human experiences. However, the development of Metaverse encounter unprecedented technical, social, and ethical challenges. Bioinspired technologies, referring to those developed with inspiration from the biological world, have demonstrated successful applications across various fields and show potential in addressing challenges within the Metaverse. This paper explores the integration of bioinspired technologies with the Metaverse, focusing on its social and ethical implications. It proposes a conceptual model for a bioinspired Metaverse, elucidating how bioinspired technologies may shape the evolution of the Metaverse through four dimensions: Enhancement of User Interaction, Promotion of Digital Inclusivity, Advancement of Sustainable Development, and Guidance of Ethical Considerations. This paper makes a significant contribution by adopting an innovative context - the bioinspired Metaverse - that facilitates a deeper reexamination of the relationship among technology, nature, and human society through interdisciplinary discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I share insights and thoughts on the 'doing' of creative practice for representing and communicating lived experiences of slow violence. Reflecting on two UKRI GCRF studies I have been part of in Cambodia, and which both harnessed creative practice in their methodologies, I focus specifically on the slow violence of over-indebtedness effecting garment workers and farmers during, but also pre-dating, the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper intentionally 'makes space' for the films and portraiture photography from these studies to be viewed and exalted – the aim being to encourage political geographers to become more attuned to, and themselves embrace, the 'doing' of creative practice. Together they show first how the 'doing' of creative practice can deepen and add new dimensions to growing work on embodied relations and temporalities of debt and over-indebtedness. Second, the insights offered in this paper underscore the ethical importance of care, responsibility, and trust in geographical knowledge creation and the management of research projects concerned with slow violence. The paper ultimately impresses the dual value of the 'doing' of creative practice and its myriad politics, and being more attentive to what can be learned through creative practice itself about the political geographies of slow violence encountered in people's lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central claim of the paper is that the development and control of Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS) requires a systematic approach to handle and include explicit ethical considerations. Since the contribution of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, and of agent-based models in particular, was instrumental in the evolution of CPPSs, approaches of ethical AI should be endorsed in CPPS development by design. The paper discusses recent advances for ethical AI and suggests a pathway from ethical norms towards standards. As it is argued, taking the responsible AI approach is promising when tackling the main ethic-related challenges of Cyber-Physical Production Systems. We expose a number of dilemmas to be resolved so that AI systems incorporated in CPPS cause no damages either in humans, equipment or in the environment and increase the trust in the users of current and future AI technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nazi Germany surrendered to the Allies on May 8, 1945. Six months later, the Allies tried the surviving leaders of Nazi Germany at the first Nuremberg trial. Later, the United States conducted 12 additional trials. The first one, The Unites States of America versus Karl Brandt et al., has been dubbed the Doctors' Trial. During the trial, the prosecution relied on the testimony of Dr. Andrew Ivy and Dr. Leo Alexander. At the end of the trial, Judge Sebring enunciated 10 principles needed to conduct human subject research-the Nuremberg Code. Authorship of the Code has been the subject of dispute, with both Ivy and Alexander claiming sole authorship.Methods: In the summer of 2017, I visited Duke University Medical Center's Archives and surveyed the contents of boxes labeled "Alexander's papers." I also explored online databases with information on the Doctors' Trial. Pertinent documents were compared across collections, and against scholarly works on the topic.Results: Box 3 of Alexander's papers at Duke University Medical Center's Archives contains a three-page document with six principles that, nearly word for word, were included in what is known as the Nuremberg Code. Alexander's name and appointment are typed at the end of the document.Conclusions: Although the Nuremberg Code is likely to have been an unplanned collaboration among members of the prosecuting team and the judges, I present evidence suggesting that Alexander drafted the blueprint and was the main contributor to the final version of the Code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En janvier 1940, le premier bulletin de l'année de la revue Annales Médico-psychologiques (Ann Med Psychol 1940 ; 98) [11] , publie le compte rendu de la séance du 2 décembre 1939 de la Société Médico-Psychologique, et notamment une communication du Docteur Gaston Ferdière, sur un cas de lobotomie (« Résultats immédiats de la leucotomie préfrontale dans un cas de stupeur catatonique », p. 111-119), intervention réalisée à l'hôpital d'Issoudun (sous-préfecture du département de l'Indre, 36) le 2 décembre 1939, et rapporte aussi la vive discussion qui suivit, avec, en particulier, les critiques du Professeur Henri Baruk. C'est la première communication relative à l'utilisation de cette technique en France, et si, aujourd'hui, son intérêt scientifique et thérapeutique n'est plus qu'historique, cette méthode de leucotomie, pourtant considérée à l'époque comme novatrice, ayant été abandonnée, la communication pose des questions éthiques qui restent très actuelles. Après avoir résumé la communication et la discussion, et décrit, pour mémoire, la méthode, nous évoquerons ces questionnements, puis la personne même de l'auteur de la communication : le Dr Gaston Ferdière, qui reste connu pour avoir été le psychiatre d'Antonin Artaud, et dont la carrière professionnelle, et l'image qu'il a laissée, paradoxales, sont en soi une véritable tragédie éthique. In January 1940, the first bulletin of the year of the journal «Annales Médico-Psychologiques» (Ann. Med.-Psych., 15th series, 98th year, T.I, January 1940, 522 p.) [11] , published the report of the session of December 2, 1939 of the Société Médico-Psychologique, and in particular a communication by Doctor Gaston Ferdière, on a case of lobotomy (immediate results of prefrontal leucotomy in a case of catatonic stupor, pp 111-119), intervention performed at the hospital of Issoudun (Sub-prefecture of the department of Indre; 36) on December 2, 1939, and also reports the lively discussion that followed, with, in particular, the criticisms of Professor Henri Baruk. This is the first communication relating to the use of this technique in France, and if today its scientific and therapeutic interest is only historical, this method of leucotomy, however considered at the time as innovative, having been deleted, these paper poses ethical questions that remain very topical. After having summarized the communication and the discussion, and described, for the record, the method, we will evoke these questions, then the author's life of the paper: Doctor Gaston Ferdière, who remains known for having been the psychiatrist of Antonin Artaud, and whose professional career, and the image he left, paradoxical, are in themselves a true ethical tragedy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the mid-1980s, Australia has resettled thousands of African refugees. This paper focuses on the racialization of youth violence and the damage it sustains on refugee-background young Africans. The discussion proceeds in two interrelated stages. In the first stage, to understand the representation of African youth in the public sphere, the paper reviews the relevant literature, media headlines, and political commentaries. In so doing, it establishes that the continual framing of African youth as dangerous and violence-prone by conservative politicians and media outlets amounts to racial moral panic. In the second stage, guided by narrative research methodology, a small group of young Africans were invited to reflect on their everyday life under racialized frames. Accounts of the youth are presented under four themes: the presumption of guilt, emotional ill-being, opportunity hoarding, and the permanence of otherness. It is argued that, if left unaddressed, the racialization of youth violence can diminish the integration outcomes of African youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the ethics of the biologicalisation of manufacturing, a research area of increasing importance to industrial strategy. The term biologicalisation is used in a variety of ways in the technical literature, this paper provides an exploratory conceptual analysis, focused on the biologicalisation of engineering and the technosphere. Given the strong normative drive implicit in discussions of biologicalisation, the goals of biologicalisation from a value perspective are discussed. This teleological analysis focuses on specific and over-arching goals, particularly in relation to ideals of sustainability. Aside from these philosophical questions specific challenges of applied ethics will also arise in relation to the biologicalisation of manufacturing. Specifically, challenges to do with unintended consequences, moral hazard, responsibility, justice, property, weaponisation and instrumentalisation are examined. A number of these are briefly introduced in order to delineate areas for further research and introduce engineers to the sorts of ethical challenges likely to emerge. Finally, a set of recommendations for the further development of biologicalisation of manufacturing are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a consideration of Part V of Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments , this paper investigates the differential effects of custom on morality, which depend on the social station and profession of the moral actor, and on place, time, and situation. This paper shows how Smith understands that moral sentiments develop naturally and yet are susceptible to vital forces of moral leadership ("fashion") that can affect their development. Smith prescribes different moral actions in differing circumstances and demonstrates moral leadership in his own action. This paper argues further that Smith holds it necessary for social elites to model behaviors that are productive of freedom in society at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers are busy people. How do we, as researchers, address the challenges of doing research with busy people—especially if we wish to enact ethical, more radical futures? How do we adhere to the pressures of fast-paced urban life when research, especially interviews, takes away people's time? This paper presents a novel method for doing research with busy people, combining the 'walking interview' method with a 'free listing technique.' The interviews were carried out with teachers at a north Queensland primary school in a rapidly urbanising neighbourhood, and formed part of a larger project exploring the barriers and opportunities of incorporating community gardens (as important green spaces) into schools. The method itself yielded important findings and this paper is a reflective analysis of how simple factors such as the weather, noise, and interruptions shaped 20 min of a teacher's day. We extend these ideas to explore how conditioned and situational temporalities, along with more-than-human influences, affect the knowledge produced in rapid walking interviews. Keeping track of these affections can yield important data relevant to the project. The research will be invaluable for other researchers struggling with ethical and other issues shaping access to stakeholders in a diverse range of urban environments. • The methodology presented in this paper is valuable for researchers facing ethical and access challenges in diverse urban settings • Counter-cities require radically different research • Temporalities, including conditioned and situational and non-human influences, shapes knowledge production during rapid walking interviews • Factors like weather, noise, and interruptions during interviews can significantly impact the research process and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies of service reconfiguration in healthcare have explored the influence of power on processes and outcomes. However, in these accounts the moral agency of managers is often underemphasised. This paper draws on the theoretical tools provided by the sociology of morality to help deepen understanding of the interaction between power and moral agency in service reconfiguration in healthcare. It presents results from a qualitative study of a pan-organisational service reconfiguration in the NHS in England, involving nineteen in-depth interviews with those leading the change and the analysis of twelve programme documents. We combine concepts of the moral background and epistemic governance to interpret participants' conviction that the service change was 'the right thing to do'. The paper shows how epistemic work carried out by service change regulations shaped the moral background within which participants worked. This, in turn, channelled their moral agency – specifically their commitment to patient care – in a way that also reflected central priorities. The paper adds to sociological understandings of service reconfiguration through considering the interaction of structure, agency and power, while also developing the concept of the moral background to show how power relations can influence moral beliefs. • Managers can show strong faith in uncertain evidence for healthcare service change. • The moral background explains this in a way which considers power and moral agency. • Confidence in evidence depends on background assumption of future as predictable. • Confidence also depends on premise that finances are not open to moral evaluation. • Service change regulations carry out epistemic work on background assumptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual agents (VAs) and immersive virtual reality (VR) applications broaden the opportunities for accessing healthcare by transposing certain processes from the analogue world into a virtual realm. While these innovations offer a number of advantages including improved access for individuals in diverse geographic locations and novel therapeutic options, their implementation raises significant ethical, social, and legal implications. Key considerations pertain to the doctor-patient relationship, privacy and data protection, justice, fairness, and equal access as well as to issues of accountability, liability, and safety. This paper conducts a comprehensive review of the existing literature to analyse the ethical, social, and legal ramifications of employing VAs and VR applications in healthcare. It examines the recommended strategies to mitigate potential adverse effects and addresses current research gaps in this domain. • Virtual agents (VA) and immersive virtual reality (VR) are explored in the healthcare sector. • The paper investigates their ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) on basis of a literature review. • Key considerations pertain to the doctor-patient relationship, data protection, equal access, liability, and safety. • The paper gives an overview of the recommendations made to mitigate risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a need to ensure the accuracy of linguistic descriptors in the medical literature, including that related to radiology, to allow peers and professionals to communicate ideas and scientific results in a clear and unambiguous manner. This letter highlights an issue that could undermine the clarity of scientific writing in radiology literature, namely the presence of non-standard terminology for established jargon, and emphasizes the need for authors to transparently declare the use of language editing services and AI-driven tools, such as ChatGPT, if these have been used to formulate text and ideas in their papers. Ultimately, clear radiology papers that are compliant with current publishing ethics will serve radiologists and patients well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Transitions research needs to engage with the dark sides of social innovation. • Renewable energy prosumerism exemplifies the dark sides of social innovation. • Discussions of dark sides hover between naive optimism and paralyzing critique. • Transitions directionality is a key concept to account for the dark sides. • A heuristic discloses a variegated zone of balanced dark sides understandings. Social innovation is gaining attention as a pivotal dimension of socio-technical transitions with renewable energy prosumerism as a prominent example. However, this example also highlights that social innovation evokes concerns about purposes, beneficiaries, normative dilemmas and legitimacy. This paper addresses recent calls to confront the perceived 'dark sides' of social innovations. As debates on these dark sides often get stuck in either naive optimism or paralyzing critique, the paper investigates how transitions theory can inform nuanced understandings. The key concept is transitions directionality. The analysis shows how it conceptualizes the dark sides as manifestations of socio-technical path dependence, as disempowering ideological 'landscape' factors, as internal contradictions within institutionally complex regimes, as niche-regime dialectics, and as transition phases. Rather than proposing a particular normative position, the paper presents a heuristic that supports well-considered engagement with the dark sides. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MR-guided focused ultrasound is a promising intervention for treatment-resistant mental illness, and merits contextualized ethical exploration in relation to more extensive ethical literature regarding other psychosurgical and neuromodulation treatment options for this patient population. To our knowledge, this topic has not yet been explored in the published literature. The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss in detail the neuroethical implications of MR-guided focused ultrasound for neuropsychiatric illness as an emerging treatment modality. Due to the lack of published literature on the topic, the approach involved a detailed survey and review of technical and medical literature relevant to focused ultrasound and established ethical issues related to alternative treatment options for patients with treatment-resistant, severe and persistent mental illness. The manuscript is structured according to thematic and topical findings. This technology has potential benefits for patients suffering with severe mental illness, compared with established alternatives. The balance of technical, neuroscientific and clinical considerations should inform ethical deliberations. The nascent literature base, nuances in legal classification and permissibility depending upon jurisdiction, influences of past ethical issues associated with alternative treatments, tone and framing in media articles, and complexity of clinical trials all influence ethical assessment and evaluations of multiple stakeholders. Recommendations for future research are provided based on these factors. Salient ethical inquiry should be further explored by researchers, clinicians, and ethicists in a nuanced manner methodologically, one which is informed by past and present ethical issues related to alternative treatment options, broader psychiatric treatment frameworks, pragmatic implementation challenges, intercultural considerations, and patients' ethical concerns. • An ethical analysis of MR-guided focused ultrasound for neuropsychiatric illness is conducted. • Related ethico-legal literature on psychosurgery and neuromodulation are considered. • Future research should involve diverse collaboration and stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research grounded in evolutionary theory holds the promise of explaining our moral intuitions in terms of the fitness benefits they conferred on our ancestors over time. This research suggests a view of morality as a set of reliably developing psychological instincts that are often universal, but not objective in the metaphysical sense. In this paper, I argue that this research may shed new light on the centuries-old debate surrounding natural law. By providing a scientifically plausible explanation for the moral intuitions at the heart of natural law theory, this research both (1) accounts for the emergence and persistence of the belief that a natural law exists, and (2) undermines one of the core tenants of natural law theory: that laws must necessarily express our intuitive sense of morality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American College of Epidemiology held its 2021 Annual Meeting virtually, September 8–10, with a conference theme of 'From Womb to Tomb: Insights from Health Emergencies'. The American College of Epidemiology Ethics Committee hosted a symposium session in recognition of the ethical and social challenges brought to light by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and on the occasion of the publication of the third edition of the classic text, Ethics and Epidemiology. The American College of Epidemiology Ethics Committee invited the book editor and contributing authors to present at the symposium session titled 'Current Ethical and Social Issues in Epidemiology.' The purpose of this paper is to further highlight the ethical challenges and presentations. Three speakers with expertise in ethics, health law, health policy, global health, health information technology, and translational research in epidemiology and public health were selected to present on the social and ethical issues in the current landscape. Dr. S Coughlin presented on the 'Ethical and Social Issues in Epidemiology', Dr. L Beskow presented on 'Ethical Challenges in Genetic Epidemiology', and Dr. K Goodman presented on the 'Ethics of Health Informatics'. New digital sources of data and technologies are driving the ethical challenges and opportunities in epidemiology and public health as it relates to the three emerging topic areas identified: (1) digital epidemiology, (2) genetic epidemiology, and (3) health informatics. New complexities such as the reliance on social media to control infectious disease outbreaks and the introduction of computing advancements are requiring re-evaluation of traditional bioethical frameworks for epidemiology research and public health practice. We identified several cross-cutting ethical and social issues related to informed consent, benefits, risks and harms, and privacy and confidentiality and summarized these alongside more nuanced ethical considerations such as algorithmic bias, group harms related to data (mis)representation, risks of misinformation, return of genomic research results, maintaining data security, and data sharing. We offered an integrated synthesis of the stages of epidemiology research planning and conduct with the ethical issues that are most relevant in these emerging topic areas. New realities exist for epidemiology and public health as professional groups who are faced with addressing population health, and especially given the recent pandemic and the widespread use of digital tools and technologies. Many ethical issues can be understood in the context of existing ethical frameworks; however, they have yet to be clearly identified or connected with the new technical and methodological applications of digital tools and technologies currently in use for epidemiology research and public health practice. To address current ethical challenges, we offered a synthesis of traditional ethical principles in public health science alongside more nuanced ethical considerations for emerging technologies and aligned these with lifecycle stages of epidemiology research. By critically reflecting on the impact of new digital sources of data and technologies on epidemiology research and public health practice, specifically in the control of infectious outbreaks, we offered insights on cultivating these new areas of professional growth while striving to improve population health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trust management has become a fundamental requirement for Social Internet of Things (SIoT) to enable a trustworthy social network of smart objects necessary for enhancing the security and reliability of cyber-physical systems. To increase the credibility scores in trust management, AI (Artificial Intelligence) has been adopted. However, the current need for digital acceleration has brought ethical concerns related to the smartness and social consciousness of autonomous objects, which leads to a question whether AI-based trust management is ready to deal with these concerns. In this paper, we consider 11 ethical dimensions within the context of trust management in SIoT. Then, we examine the existing AI-based trust models in the context of SIoT and its related application domains to assess their maturity in terms of the 11 ethical dimensions. The evaluation results show how trust management can be improved by AI ethical principles in vehicular networks and underwater acoustic sensor networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying Humean empiricism to policy reform implies a "paradox of innovation." All radical changes to human conventions, whether we eventually judge them beneficial or harmful, will be ex ante irrational: they initially lacked good evidence in their favor. Having set forth the paradox, this article treats some consequences. First, it argues that sound policy advice will be "supra-rational," i.e. able to suggest one plausible convention without ruling out others, and relative to the state of both physical and political technology. Second, it analyzes "projectors" (disruptive policy entrepreneurs) as "zealots of means," who seek not to achieve specified outcomes but to establish their preferred conventions. The article calls for making use of such zealots' advice, as capable of yielding qualitative improvements in human welfare, while limiting their independent power and discretion. It glosses interest groups as zealots of means whose demands are less likely to be salutary. Third, after sharply criticizing the ethics of performing (ex ante) dangerous social experiments on the powerless, the paper nevertheless argues how we might usefully employ data from past instances of others' having performed them. Making a virtue of uncertainty, it advocates that each society's members learn from other democratic societies' apparently reckless innovations, since what seems reckless to one society's public may seem plausible and exciting to another's. The paper closes by stressing our rationality's necessary incompleteness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The ICRP system is mature, integrated, self-consistent and reduced staff dose limits by a factor of 30–50 over the years. • The International Congress of Radiology influence on the culture and governance of ICRP is profound and still lives on. • ICRP recommendations strongly support protection of workers and the public, with less emphasis on patients. • The ICRP approach to recommendations on medical exposures is often hands-off, e.g. with justification or pregnancy. • The social sciences and humanities have been notably absent from the commission membership and its programme of work. Starting from Röntgen's discovery and the first radiograph of his wife's hand, the curtain was raised on a new technique with remarkable possibilities for contributing to human health. While growth in applications proceeded rapidly, it was accompanied by significant harms to those involved and by inappropriate opportunistic application. This paper places the attempts to deal with the harms and inappropriate activities side by side with the positive developments. It attempts a narrative on the development of medical radiation protection over the 125-year period and places it in the context of a commentary on governance and ethics. The substance of the narrative is based on the recommendations of ICRP as they developed and altered over time. The governance commentary is based on assessing the independence of ICRP and its attention to medical exposures. In terms of ethics, the recommendations at each stage are reviewed in the light of values that are deemed appropriate to both medical ethics and radiation protection. The paper, while celebrating Röntgen-125, also hopefully provides a perspective for discussion as ICRP's centenary in 2028 approaches. This is an important part of ensuring continued acceptance and confident use of X-Rays, and helps underwrite the possibility of further developments in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify the characteristics of retracted publications in rehabilitation and sport sciences journals. The Web of Science, PubMed, and Retraction Watch databases were searched from inception to August 2019. Retracted publications published in rehabilitation or sport sciences journals, indexed in the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) and Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) were included. One author extracted the data. Two other authors checked the data. A total of 37 and 52 retracted publications and their retraction notices were identified for rehabilitation and sport sciences, respectively. The majority of retracted publications (68% of all retracted papers in rehabilitation and 54% of all retracted papers in sport sciences) were published in the past decade. Retracted publications in rehabilitation and sport sciences were published in 21 and 22 different journals and originated from 18 and 21 different countries, respectively. The full-text of the retracted publications was available with a retraction watermark or note for 59% of cases in rehabilitation and 58% in sport sciences. The reasons for the retractions were more often attributed to misconduct (79% and 61%) than to honest error (21% and 39%) in rehabilitation and sport sciences, respectively. However, a reason was not stated for 15% of the publications. The median time interval between publication and retraction was 622 days in rehabilitation and 607 days in sport sciences publications. The total number of retracted publications in rehabilitation and sport sciences journals was small. The retracted publications have been published in a variety of rehabilitation and sport sciences journals and came from different countries across the world. Several retracted publications and retraction notices failed to adhere to The Committee on Publication Ethics guidelines in the handling of full-text (retain with a watermark or note) or stating the underlying reasons for the retraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the first paper in this series of Views and Reviews on randomized controlled trials (RCTs), we aim to provide the basics of RCTs in infertility research. In this paper, we discuss the need and ethical considerations of large trials in infertility research and important aspects to guarantee the quality of a trial, including protocols, registrations and monitoring, issues of study design and analysis, and reporting standards. Because most of the treatment effects we would like to study represent relatively small signal-to-noise ratios, large RCTs are required to provide sufficient power to answer these questions. Trial protocols, registrations, and monitoring facilitate the transparency of conduct, analysis, and reporting of the trial. Issues of trial design and analysis, such as nonblinding and misuse of the denominators, are common in published trials in this area and could be further improved. Finally, following the current reporting standard facilitates complete and transparent reporting, critical appraisal, and interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are increasingly utilized across healthcare. More recently, there has been a rise in the use AI within research, particularly through novel conversational AI platforms, such as ChatGPT. In this Controversies paper, we discuss the advantages, limitations, and future directions for ChatGPT and other forms of conversational AI in research and scholarly dissemination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in remote sensing are transforming research and practice in biodiversity conservation. But the increasing use of these technologies and data also provokes major ethical and social justice questions. In this scoping review, we examine the extent to and ways in which ethics and justice are discussed in relation to uses of remote sensing in conservation. Our literature search identifies only 31 peer-reviewed English language papers containing substantive discussion of justice and/or ethics and conservation remote sensing. Within these papers, emergent themes and tensions include the use of remote sensing technologies for surveillance (and the extent to which this is framed as positive or negative), the militarised associations of remote sensing technologies, the ways that remote sensing technologies can disrupt or harden power asymmetries, and whether the greatest ethical risks or benefits are seen as being for people or other species. Building on recommendations identified in this review, we reflect on how conservation can learn from work on data ethics in other fields, such as the ethics of artificial intelligence. We also discuss the mechanisms (such as formal laws, journal review procedures, and greater individual reflexivity) which could support the use of remote sensing technologies and data to advance socially just conservation. Finally, we highlight research priorities including the need for more comparative case study analyses, greater research efforts on the political economy and geopolitics of conservation remote sensing, and work which situates novel technologies within longer-standing debates about ethics and philosophies of biodiversity conservation. • Scoping review of justice, ethics, and conservation remote sensing • Only 31 peer-reviewed papers discuss these issues. • Concerns over harmful surveillance and impacts on inequalities • Tensions between anthropocentric and multispecies ideas of justice • Need for new safeguards and more research on political economies of conservation data [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]