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The aim of this paper is the development of a mathematical model to compute the optimal inventory mix to face stochastic demand at minimum cost in a two-level supply chain. The paper addresses a multi-product dynamic lot-sizing problem under stochastic demand subject to capacity and service level constraints. This model is executed to compare a Make To Order (MTO) strategy to a Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) partnership between the supplier and their customers. Both strategies provide the demand order to be produced. A schedule of production orders is determined over the planning horizon in order to minimize the inventory holding costs of the supply chain, taking into consideration that the supplier is also responsible of initiating the replenishment orders and deliveries of their customers according to the VMI partnership. The simulation model is illustrated empirically using a real case study: a paper manufacturing company that pursues to improve customer service level and supply chain inventory costs through a proper production planning of their paper machines and a suitable VMI order replenishment schedule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Combined effects of extruded brick compositions with paper sludge and expanded perlite were characterized. • The use of additives in bricks has significantly affected their thermo-physical and mechanical properties. • The effects of process parameters on brick properties were investigated with a new mathematical modeling approach. • Fired brick samples showed good thermal insulation performance. • Produced exruded bricks have good potential for energy saving. Lightweight bricks produced with addition of different additive materials such as expanded perlite (EP) and recycling paper sludge (RPS) waste have been accomplished by a pug mill. Porous fired bricks were produced by using organic and inorganic additives such as paper waste and expanded perlite as pore-makers. In the experimental study, the seventeen mixture sets were prepared with Box-Behnken experimental design procedure of two additive ratios and firing temperatures. The brick samples were produced with shaping by extrusion method and firing at 850, 950 and 1050 °C for two hours after drying. Physical characteristics such as bulk density, apparent porosity and water absorption, and also, compressive strength, thermal conductivity and microstructural properties of brick samples were studied. Influences of process parameters on brick properties were investigated with a detailed neuro-regression analysis. In conclusion, the best brick composition (10 % EP + 10 %RPS by weight) in terms of thermal conductivity corresponding to acceptable mechanical properties was optimized. Accordingly, the compressive strength values of all samples are around 10 to 27 MPa. Also, the samples with high additive content (especially 10 %RPS + 5 %EP sample) exhibited the lowest thermal conductivity value (0.432 W/mK) due to the low firing temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The flows of paper are analyzed throughout the papermaking processes, with the year 2007 and Korea defined as the system boundaries. In practice, the statistical data on the production, import and export of paper or pulp can be collected with relative ease from the government and industrial associations. However, the input data regarding the volumes of pulp and wastepaper used in different paper products, such as newsprint, printing papers, sanitary and household papers, specialty papers, and corrugating board base, are difficult to obtain because such information is generally kept confidential in the course of corporate operations. The production processes of paper products in Korea are modeled using information on raw materials, their compositions and production yields of products in order to identify and quantify the amounts of pulp and wastepaper used in each paper product. The material flows of paper are then analyzed based on the calculation model derived from the correlation of input and output flows between the individual processes throughout the entire paper lifecycle. Accuracy analysis using both mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percent error (MAPE) is conducted to verify the amounts of pulp and wastepaper calculated from the proposed model against the volumes of domestically consumed pulp and wastepaper provided in the national statistics. Although the calculated values for the past (i.e., the 1980s and 1990s) differ to some degree from the statistical values, the data for the 2000s have a relatively higher level of accuracy, with the MAPE of the total pulp and recycling volume at 5.39% and 5.30%, respectively, thus validating the adequacy of the proposed modeling method. The proposed calculation model can be effectively used in the material flow analysis (MFA) of paper to reduce the burden of data collection and obtain relatively accurate results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The use of paper-mill residuals in concrete formulations provides an alternative to landfill disposal. A response surface statistical methodology was carried out to model the influence on the slump and compressive strength of concrete containing paper-mill residuals with and without Class F fly ash replacement. The variables considered in this study included the water/cement ratio (w/c), paper-mill residual content and fly ash content to total cementitious material (FA/CM). The performance of the derived models to achieve good balance between the workability and compressive strength were further discussed by using the contour diagrams. The results showed that the compressive strength of concrete containing paper-mill residuals could be predicted from the referred slump value. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The migration of components from paper into Tenax® was studied to determine the influence of molecular size and chemical character of the migrant and the influence of paper characteristics in the migration process. The Weibull model was applied because Fick’s 2nd law of diffusion gave poor fits in some cases. The migration pattern depended on the migrants molecular size and was independent of temperature in the studied range. The migration rate decreased with the migrant molecular size. The influence of the migrants character (polarity and vapour pressure) on the migration behaviour was also studied: nonpolar migrants with high vapour pressure presented low relative migration values and polar migrants presented high values of relative migration. Results indicated that the apparent partition coefficient between paper and the simulant Tenax® increased with the migrant vapour pressure and with both the paper grammage and the recycled pulp content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The conversion of ethanol from paper sludge using the separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) process with cellulase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae GIM-2 were investigated in this paper. Optimization strategy based on statistical experimental designs was employed to enhance degree of saccharification by enzymatic hydrolysis of paper sludge. Based on the Plackett–Burman design, hydrolysis time, substrate concentration and cellulase dosage were selected as the most significant variable on the degree of saccharification. Subsequently, the optimum combination of the selected factors was investigated by a Box-Behnken approach. A mathematical model was developed to show the effects of each factor and their combinatorial interactions on the degree of saccharification. The optimal conditions were hydrolysis time 82.7 h, substrate concentration 40.8 g L−1 and cellulase dosage 18.1 FPU g−1 substrate, and a degree of saccharification of 82.1% can be achieved. When hydrolysate was further fermented with S. cerevisiae GIM-2, the conversion rate of sugar to ethanol was 34.2% and the ethanol yield was 190 g kg−1 of dry paper sludge, corresponding to an overall conversion yield of 56.3% of the available carbohydrates on the initial substrate. The results derived from this study indicate that the response surface methodology is a useful tool for optimizing the hydrolysis conditions to converse paper sludge to ethanol. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Gas diffusion media (GDM) and flow fields perform the task of distributing the reactant gases uniformly over the active electrochemical area in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Carbon paper and carbon cloth are two commonly employed gas diffusion media in PEM fuel cells, and they differ widely in their structure and properties. Since the path of the reactant gases to the catalyst in the fuel cell electrodes involves passing through the flow fields as well as the GDM, a good design for a fuel cell requires an understanding of the interaction between these components. The focus of the present work is to study the impact of the difference in structure and properties of the diffusion media used, on the design of the PEM fuel cell flow field. Carbon paper and carbon cloth were characterized for the pressure drop they cause when used as GDMs, for channel intrusion, compressibility and electrical resistivity. Carbon cloth exhibits about 43–125% more intrusion into the channel in comparison with carbon paper for the conditions tested. This intrusion results in increased pressure drop in the flow channel especially at higher channel widths and at higher compression. Compression studies reveal that carbon cloth lacks compression rigidity and suffers considerable strain at lower stress values whereas carbon paper is relatively rigid in nature. The results indicate that the intrusion of carbon cloth into the channel, constraints the channel width in a flow field design if it were to be used with a carbon cloth GDM as opposed to a carbon paper GDM. Electrical resistivity measurements were carried out and a simple mathematical model has been developed for the potential drop in the GDM. The model indicates that even from the perspective of electrical properties, use of carbon cloth GDM constraints the channel width that is permissible in flow field design. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this study, the determinability of time related colour changes in prints made using ink that dries on matte coated paper with the offset printing technique and infrared method, has been investigated with artifical neural networks after analysis of the experimental and numerical methods. In the experimental part a ECI 2002 CMYK test scale is printed on a 135g/m2 matte coated. The prints obtained were measured with a spectrophotometer at certain intervals and by converting the reflection data obtained into the CIELAB colour description spectrum, time related changes in printed colours have been determined. In the empirical study however, colour changes in prints made on matte coated paper using inks that dry with the infrared method are modelled numerically. The average deviation has been found to be 0.4%. As a result, artificial neural networks can be used with the aim to digitally calculate time related colour changes in the offset printing system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper, a finite element procedure is used to study the dynamic behaviour of a paper web in a free span between two rollers, including effects of transport velocity and surrounding air. The paper web is modelled as a three-dimensional orthotropic structure. The influence of air is accounted for by utilizing fluid–solid interaction analyses based on acoustic theory. The contribution of transport velocity is included through gyroscopic matrices and forces. The structural response on harmonic excitations has been studied using linear and non-linear models. Results show that air significantly reduces eigenfrequencies of the web. So called “edge-flutter” is nothing but the result of skew tension profile. Excessive web vibration can be eliminated by adjusting the web tension. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Previous studies have demonstrated that students who are engaged in learning tasks and make errors before receiving instruction on how to complete them, achieve better learning outcomes than students who first receive instruction and then complete the learning activities with the aim of avoiding errors. Although simulation literature often refers to errors as learning opportunities, to date, there is limited understanding of how pedagogical approaches that promote learning from errors can guide the design of simulation-based learning in healthcare education. To (a) present the Learning from Errors conceptual model; and (b) provide an example of how educators can use this model. The Learning from Errors model is drawn from critical elements of two pedagogical approaches, productive failure and error management training and pedagogical features of high-quality healthcare simulations. We describe the Learning from Errors model, which emphasises the need for adopting pedagogical methods that explicitly use errors as learning opportunities and ultimately inform simulation design. We then illustrate the application of this model to a simulation example. The model includes the following elements: i) normalisation of errors, ii) challenging simulation scenarios, iii) self-directed learning, iv) collaborative teamwork and v) comparison with best practice. This discussion paper presents the Learning from Errors conceptual model, an evidence-based approach that can assist educators in the design of simulations that embrace errors as a catalyst for learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Effects of mechanical compression and PTFE content on the through-plane gas permeability of gas diffusion layers (GDLs) of PEM fuel cells are investigated both experimentally and theoretically. A new test bed is designed and built which allows pressure drop and air flow rate measurement for various GDL samples. The measured values are used to calculate the through-plane permeability. Various GDLs are obtained and tested over a wide range of PTFE content and compression ratio. The experimental data show a reverse relationship between the through-plane permeability and both PTFE content and mechanical compression. An existing model for through-plane permeability of planar fibrous structures is revisited to develop a model that accommodates effects of PTFE content and mechanical compression. The proposed model captures the trends of the experimental data for the through-plane permeability, measured in the present study or reported by others. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The non-citation rate refers to the proportion of papers that do not attract any citation over a period of time following their publication. After reviewing all the related papers in Web of Science, Google Scholar and Scopus database, we find the current literature on citation distribution gives more focus on the distribution of the percentages and citations of papers receiving at least one citation, while there are fewer studies on the time-dependent patterns of the percentage of never-cited papers, on what distribution model can fit their time-dependent patterns, as well as on the factors influencing the non-citation rate. Here, we perform an empirical pilot analysis to the time-dependent distribution of the percentages of never-cited papers in a series of different, consecutive citation time windows following their publication in our selected six sample journals, and study the influence of paper length on the chance of papers’ getting cited. Through the above analysis, the following general conclusions are drawn: (1) a three-parameter negative exponential model can well fit time-dependent distribution curve of the percentages of never-cited papers; (2) in the initial citation time window, the percentage of never-cited papers in each journal is very high. However, as the citation time window becomes wider and wider, the percentage of never-cited papers begins to drop rapidly at first, and then drop more slowly, and the total degree of decline for most of journals is very large; (3) when applying the wider citation time windows, the percentage of never-cited papers for each journal begins to approach a stable value, and after that value, there will be very few changes in these stable percentages, unless we meet a large amount of “Sleeping Beauties” type papers; (4) the length of an paper has a great influence on whether it will be cited or not. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A lot of work has been done in the field of multi-valued model checking home and abroad. But some research works are not perfect. Some problems in the semantic definitions of temporal operators and corresponding model checking algorithms are found in the paper “Model Checking Using Partial Kripke Structure with 3-Valued Temporal Logic”. Some counterexamples are given to show these errors. On the basis of the discussion, some sound semantic definitions of temporal operators and correct algorithms of model checking for some temporal operators are given. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Anaerobic digestion of pulp and paper sludge (PPS) and monosodium glutamate waste liquor (MGWL) was studied in completely stirred tank reactors (CSTR) at 37 ± 2 °C. This work focused on the effect of increased organic loading rate (OLR) on the methane production in long-term experiments. For OLR in the range of (1.5–5.0) kg m−3 d−1 based on VS fed, VFA and SCOD concentrations decreased for the first 10 days and then kept stable at about 2.3 kg m−3 and 4.0 kg m−3 respectively until to the critical OLR of 5.0 kg m−3 d−1; and the methane generation rate enhanced to 0.838 m3 m−3 d−1 during this period until to the reactor failure. Additionally, reaction rate constant k and sludge retention time (SRT) are described on the basis of a mass balance in a CSTR followed a first order kinetic equation. In the present study, values for ym and k were obtained as 0.733 m3 kg−1 of removed VS and 0.07 d−1, respectively. The simple model can apply for dimensioning a CSTR digesting of organic wastes from pulp and paper industries, food processing industries, sewage treatment plants or biogas crops. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Stochastic cellular automata for rock-paper-scissors games are related to Lotka-Volterra model. Simulations are usually performed by two methods local and global interactions. It is well known that the population dynamics with local interaction is stable, where all species coexist. In contrast, global interaction leads to extinction. So far, theories such as mean-field theory and pair approximation have been presented, but they never explained the stable dynamics in local simulation. In the present article, we apply effective medium approximation (EMA) which has been developed in Physics. The effective medium is determined in a self-consistent way. The EMA theory well predicts the stability of population dynamics. Moreover, it fairly explains the aggregation of each species observed in the stationary state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We investigate a population of individuals who play the Rock–Paper–Scissors (RPS) game. The players choose strategies not only by optimizing their payoffs, but also taking into account the popularity of the strategies. For the standard RPS game, we find an asymptotically stable polymorphism with coexistence of all strategies. For the general RPS game we find the limit cycles. Their stability depends exclusively on two model parameters: the sum of the entries of the RPS payoff matrix, and a sensitivity parameter which characterizes the personality of the players. Apart from the supercritical Hopf bifurcation, we found the subcritical bifurcation numerically for some intervals of the parameters of the model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Although the scale invariance is a main feature of growing networks, evidence from a few modelled networks show that the finite-size effect of network at a fixed time cannot be ignored. We propose a concept of time-dependent scale-free networks, and prove the criteria for the stability and scale-free of growing networks by the degree-growing Markov chain. Our results show the importance of rigorous theoretical analysis for the network science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Paper is an example of a valuable material that can be recycled and recovered. In this study, a two-stage stochastic revenue-maximization model is presented to determine a long-term strategy under uncertainty for a large-scale real-world paper recycling company. This network-design problem includes optimal recycling center locations and optimal flow amounts between the nodes in the multi-facility environment. The proposed model is formulated with two-stage stochastic mixed-integer and robust programming approaches. The models are solved by commercial software GAMS 21.6/CPLEX 9.0 and the results are compared. The study is followed by the analyses of the results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A wide range of mathematical models for multiple effect evaporators in process industry including paper industry are well reported in the literature but not so extensive work on the dynamic behavior of MEE system is available in the literature. In the present study dynamic behavior of multi-effect evaporator system of a paper industry is obtained by disturbing the feed flow rate, feed concentration, live steam temperature and feed temperature. For this purpose an unsteady-state model for the multi-effect evaporator system is developed. Each effect in the process is represented by a number of variables which are related by the energy and material balance equations for the feed, product and vapor flow. A generalized mathematical model which could be applied to any number of effects and all kinds of feeding arrangements like forward feed, backward feed, mixed feed and spilt feed in the MEE system with simple modifications was finally obtained. Finally model for mixed feed sextuple effect falling film evaporators system was solved using MATLAB. For the steady state and dynamic simulation the ‘fsolve’ and ‘ode45’ solvers in MATLAB source code is used respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Significant dimensional variations may occur in paper-based materials when subjected to changes in moisture content. Moisture induced deformations are governed by the swelling of individual fibres, which is transferred through inter-fibre bonds to the entire fibrous network. Complex interactions between mechanical and hygro-expansive properties take place in the bonding areas, affecting the overall material response. In most network models, the role of these inter-fibre bonds is not explicitly incorporated. This work presents a periodic meso-structural model for the discrete fibrous network, which considers the free-standing fibre segments and inter-fibre bonds. Despite its simplicity, the reference unit-cell enables the incorporation of relevant micro- and meso-structural features such as network structure, fibres and bond geometry and hygro-elastic properties. The proposed model is solved analytically through a proper homogenization strategy, allowing to recover the paper’s anisotropic hygro-mechanical response in terms of effective elastic constants and effective hygro-expansive coefficients, exploiting the coupling at the meso-structural level between hygroscopic and mechanical behavior. A comparison with experimental results obtained from the literature shows that the presented approach is quite accurate in predicting the overall paper response, thereby revealing the influence of several meso-scale parameters (e.g. fibre orientation, dimensions, mechanical strength). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This work is concerned with the adhesion strength between a paper web and a metal roll surface, which is a common situation in paper machines world-wide. It is shown that the classic expression relating the work of adhesion to the peeling angle and web tension is, in general, insufficient. An improved model is suggested to take into account the energy dissipation due to elastic–plastic deformation behavior of wet paper materials. To judge the model, an industrially relevant example of wet newsprint and a mild steel surface is studied. It is found that the agreement between theory and experimental observations is excellent. A key result is that elastic–plastic material behavior must always be included for wet paper materials in peeling processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A mathematical model was developed to describe the relationship between the energy absorption properties of paper honeycombs and ambient humidity, as well as the structural parameters thereof. The model is a piecewise function modelling the energy absorption of four deformation stages of paper honeycomb (linear-elastic stage, yield stage, plateau stage and densification stage) separately. Function of each stage is a simple formula relating the energy absorption capacity to the thickness-to-length ratio of honeycomb cell, the mechanical property of a cell-wall material tested under a controlled atmosphere [23°C and 50% relative humidity (RH)] and the RH. Energy absorption curves were thereby obtained for paper honeycombs with a wide range of thickness-to-length ratios in arbitrary humidity environments. The created model was then verified by comparing the predicted energy absorption curves with the experimental ones. A good accordance between the predictions and the observations was achieved, indicating that the energy absorption models developed here could be used to practical application for the designing optimisation and material selection of paper honeycombs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paper deals with a statistical study on the thermal degradation of some old paper supports. The experimental data permit establishment of some regression models, which describe the dependence between the half time and the temperature at which the paper support is kept and, respectively, between the exposure time of the paper supports to a certain temperature and the absorbency value of a characteristic peak, representative for the paper support. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents a literature review of thermal comfort. Both rational and adaptive thermal comfort approaches are presented. An overview of the human body thermoregulatory system as well as the mathematical modelling of heat exchanged between human body and its environment in the situations of both awaked and sleeping people is presented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Occluded gaseous cavities within the insulating materials are potential sources of electrical trees which can lead to continuous deterioration and breakdown of materials. To determine the suitability of use and to acquire the data for the dimensioning of electrical insulation systems breakdown voltage of insulators should be determined. In this paper, fuzzy logic (FL) method is used to model breakdown voltages of White Minilex Paper samples based on experimental data generated in the laboratory. Different models are proposed with different shapes of the membership functions for the FL under both dc and ac voltage conditions. The cavities are created artificially with different dimensions. Low values of mean absolute errors of the estimated breakdown voltage of the test data show the effectiveness of such models. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This discussion is based on the paper by Farshidianfar and Soheili [1] . In this paper, the authors consider Soil–Structure Interaction effects (SSI) and optimize parameters of Tuned Mass Dampers (TMD) to decrease the earthquake vibrations of tall buildings. They also develop a mathematical model based on the time domain analysis. In this discussion we show that the offered model is not accurate enough and we rectify the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a new concept which is a generalization of fuzzy soft subset and fuzzy soft equal. Using such notions, we will be able to consider the distributive law of fuzzy soft sets. Using the distributive law of fuzzy soft sets, we point out that the distributive law of trapezoidal fuzzy soft sets as proposed by Xiao et al. (2012) is not true. The correction will further improve further extensions of the results of Xiao et al. (2012). We will also establish the generalized distributive law of trapezoidal fuzzy soft sets along with illustrative examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this work we present a mathematical model describing the coupled heat and moisture transport in paper. The model is solved numerically and the numerical solution is used to study the interdependency of the moisture and temperature distribution in paper. The results show that variation with temperature of the saturated water vapor concentration and the sorption isotherm parameters are both important for inducing moisture desorption. It is also found that for steep relative humidity ramps moisture sorption generates temperature increments that slow down the sorption process itself. The model is also used to study the moisture gradients in a paper sheet inside a printer from Océ Technologies, which contains a warm print surface. The results predict changes in moisture content of only 0.2%, which suggests that no deformations are induced on the printed sheet. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: Paper based simulated patients are widely used to analyse nurses’ clinical judgements. However, developments in the physical simulation of clinical environments offer exciting, but relatively underexploited, opportunities for exploring nurses’ judgements. Critical event risk assessment is an element of acute care practice which lends itself well to simulation and in which more clinical experience is often assumed to lead to better quality judgements. Objectives: To model nurses’ judgements of critical event risk using physical and paper simulation and to examine whether improving fidelity via physical clinical simulation impacts on the apparent benefits of clinical experience on nurses’ judgement performance. Design: A comparative clinical judgement analysis. Setting: A university in Northern England. Methods: Sixty-three nursing students and 34 experienced nurses made dichotomous risk assessment judgements (“at risk” or “not at risk”) in response to 25 paper and physical simulated scenarios. These were randomly generated from a dataset of real patient case records. Clinical outcomes (the judgement criteria) for a ‘correct’ judgement were derived from the same case records. Logistic regression models were constructed to derive statistics for each nurse representing various measures of judgement performance: achievement (r a ), consistency (R s ) and clinical information use (G). These statistics were known as Lens Model statistics (from the psychological theory of Brunswik''s Lens Model of judgement). Performance measures for novice and experienced nurses were compared. Results: No significant differences in judgemental achievement (r a ) between experienced nurses and students were observed in either paper or high fidelity clinical simulations. Similarly, there were no significant differences in the nurses’ abilities to correctly match the ways they synthesised clinical information with the optimum synthesis required by the task (policy matching) (G). When faced with “paper patients” experienced nurses exercised more cognitive control/consistency (R s ) than students (P =0.04). However, this heightened control in experienced nurses was absent when those same nurses made judgements in the higher fidelity clinical simulation environment. Conclusion: Clinical experience made no difference to nurses’ judgement achievement (accuracy) in either the lower fidelity paper scenarios or the higher fidelity setting of the clinical simulation unit. The significant impact of clinical experience on judgement consistency was negated by the increases in fidelity offered through clinical simulation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A new two-dimensional network model is proposed as a micromechanics model to simulate paper’s failure process due to sequentially breakages of fibers and/or bonds. Paper is approximated as a network composed of fibers any two of which link to each other by their intersecting point, namely so-called bond. Fibers distribute along three particular directions, leading to network’s macro-level isotropy. In the framework of finite element method, nodes correspond to fiber-to-fiber bonds, while elements are fiber segments between every two neighboring nodes and described by Timoshenko beam theory. Element breaks when its equivalent internal tensile stress reaches the tensile strength of fiber. Strength of nodes, i.e. fiber-to-fiber bonds is assumed to be dependant on shearing interaction between fibers, considering the dominant interaction is shearing in a plane problem. Numerical examples show the model’s capacity of reflecting basic failure characteristic in paper. Influences of fiber length and the ratio of fiber strength to bond strength are analyzed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In a previous work, a moisture diffusion coefficient for non-impregnated transformer insulation paper was proposed, which is useful for analysing the moisture dynamics in electrical power transformer insulation during its construction stage. This diffusion coefficient was determined using a set of experimental drying curves obtained in a thermogravimetric analyzer and an optimization process that employs genetic algorithms. The expression for the moisture diffusion coefficient proposed in that previous work is dependent on the temperature, insulation thickness and average moisture concentration. The use of average moisture concentration is not common in diffusion models. In this paper, a new expression for the moisture diffusion coefficient is proposed in which the dependence on average moisture has been substituted by a dependence on the local concentration. This new expression was obtained that is more suitable for diffusion models. To obtain that expression, the same experimental data used in the previous study have been used, but the genetic algorithm’s optimization process was modified. In this paper, a description of the applied procedure is detailed, and the new proposed expression is presented. Finally, a comparison between both equations, the one dependent on average moisture and the one dependent on the local moisture, is performed using a drying diffusion model implemented in a finite element commercial software package. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Availability analysis has been an important issue in the design field of any Industrial system as the system structure has become more complicated. Also, the system availability is affected by many factors such as design, manufacturing, installation, etc., and so it may be extremely difficult to model, analyze and predict the failure behavior of the system. The purpose of this paper is to develop a new approach for computing various performance measures, namely reliability, availability, MTBF (mean time between failures), ENOF (expected number of failures), failure rate and repair time, for any industrial system. In the proposed approach, the failure rates and repair times of all constituent components are obtained using genetic algorithms and then various performance measures are computed using fuzzy lambda–tau methodology. Washing system, the major part of paper industry is the subject of study. The interactions among the working components are modeled using Petri nets. Failure and repair rates are represented using triangular fuzzy numbers as they allow expert opinion, linguistic variables, operating conditions, uncertainty and imprecision in reliability information to be incorporated into system model. Based on calculated reliability parameters, a structured framework has been developed that may help the maintenance engineers to analyze and predict the system behavior. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper proposes the concept and the technology of social networking federation as a paradigm where information on various social network systems can be seamlessly integrated in order to provide users a uniform and semantic view of their social connections. Such a uniformly fused social network provides a single point of access where all information with respect to one’s social networks can be queried and reasoned about. The goal of the research is to establish a foundation of integrating and assimilating information within multiple social network systems. We designed a reference model of social networking federation system in this paper, as well as some prototype application to demonstrate its paradigm. We believe our work would provide a novel vision of future online social network. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Paper is a stochastic network of fibres, water and additives, and in that sense it may be envisaged as a composite material. Since fibres are much longer than the thickness of the paper sheet, the network is planar and almost two-dimensional. The two-dimensional structure governs many paper properties but the three-dimensional porous structure is also important. Insight into the structural changes that take place when paper is compressed in the paper machine may be gained by modelling and simulation of its viscoelastoplastic behaviour. The present work describes a mathematical model based on the cellular solids theory, characterising the nonlinear rheologic behaviour of the material. This approach results in an unsteady state problem and the resulting set of ODEs is solved by means of the DLSODES subroutine, which uses an integrator based in the Gear method. Experiments were conducted on a laboratory-scale dynamic press in order to validate the mechanical model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This brief paper addresses problems that were raised in the paper (Fuzzy Sets and Systems, this issue) in connection with modelling fuzzy equality and similarity. In addition to specific comments to the cited paper, we also point out the more fundamental questions underlying this discussion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The control of soluble metal species in the sub-product leachate generated in electricity production processes is of great concern from an environmental and health point of view. Unlike fly ash, the leaching behaviour of char materials has received little attention. Yet, these solids are captured together with fly ashes in the particle control devices of power plants and are emitted in the same way as by-products. The present study was carried out using two char samples: (i) a raw char and (ii) the same type of char employed in a previous study so that it could serve as a sorbent for mercury species in gas phase. The char samples were by-products (residues) that had been generated during the gasification of plastic and paper waste. The leachates were analyzed for the following elements: Al, Ca, Si, Mg, Ba, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mo and Hg. In addition, geochemical modelling of the leaching test results was employed to identify the underlying chemical processes that led to the release of toxic elements. The results showed that at alkaline pH values, sorption on the solid surfaces of the char was negligible due to the inorganic complexation of cations in the solution. When the char was used as mercury sorbent slight changes occurred on the reactive surface resulting in the modification of the binding of some elements. As the pH increased, complexation with dissolved organic matter played a more important role in the case of some elements such as Cu because of the greater concentration of dissolved organic matter in solution. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The oxidation of sisal pulp fibers by the laccase–TEMPO system was investigated and the influence of process variables including the laccase and TEMPO doses, and reaction time, on various properties of the oxidized fibers and of handsheets made from them was for the first time assessed using a three-variable statistical plan. The laccase–TEMPO system was found to oxidatively modify cellulose fibers, largely by introducing aldehyde groups and, to a much lesser extent, by introducing carboxyl groups. Based on the mathematical models used, increasing the TEMPO dose and reaction time increases the aldehyde content of the fibers, thereby also increasing their wet strength by effect of inter-fiber covalent bonding via hemiacetal linkages. Although no accurate model for the carboxyl content could be established, this property was found to peak under the specific conditions yielding the highest response in the dry tensile index model. The fact that the oxidative treatment diminished pulp viscosity is indicative of partial depolymerization of cellulose. This was especially marked under the conditions providing the highest contents in aldehyde and carboxyl groups, and the greatest improvements in the dry and wet tensile indices. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A candle filter consisting of a paper stack is an adequate device to clarify the grinding oil employed in the industrial post-processing of hard metal because of its cleaning efficiency and its regenerative capability by means of backwashing. The complex particle deposition mechanisms occurring in this device have not yet been investigated. Filtration experiments with a suitable particle-oil suspension were performed in a pilot filter and in a laboratory filter in order to investigate and model the mechanisms taking place in the process. The effect of operating parameters such as particle concentration and pressure difference on filter performance was evaluated. The results show that more than one filtration mechanism takes place simultaneously. While some depth filtration occurs at the beginning of the lifetime of a candle filter, blocking and cake filtration are the major mechanisms responsible for the filter clogging. Although blocking and cake filtration occur, to some extent, simultaneously, the cake filtration is the mechanism relevant for the modeling and scale-up of the long term filtration process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Despite a sense of familiarity casually assumed in their mutual perceptions, pragmatics and rhetoric remain estranged from each other, and “the notion of rhetoric and its relation to pragmatics” continues to puzzle pragmaticists in general. In this paper we take a close look at how the two disciplines have interacted so far, identifying discrepancies and misunderstandings in their approaches to each other and tracing those problems to some deeply embedded disciplinary differences. Following an analysis of these differences, we reflect on how the two disciplines can work together in their broadly shared pursuits, proposing that they adopt a classical model of interdisciplinary relationship and treat the other as one''s antistrophos. An antistrophos-based relationship is capable of accommodating the intricacies and complexities of a multi-faceted relationship. It is conducive to a “reciprocal and reversible” kind of disciplinary self-invention in both fields. And most significantly, it exhorts against treating each other as an object for appropriation, or as an other to be turned into the same. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Tungsten is the plasma-facing material of choice in several design studies for DEMOs and in development programs for advanced plasma facing components. Use of tungsten in ITER for the divertor and consideration of a full first wall of tungsten have increased the pace of research in fusion on tungsten. This paper characterizes the critical issues in making tungsten work as a plasma-facing material for a DEMO and cites past work as well as current experiments, modeling and materials and component development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper deals with a perfectly continuously monitored system which gradually and stochastically deteriorates. The system is renewed by a delayed maintenance operation, which is triggered when the measured deterioration level exceeds an alarm threshold. A mathematical model is developed to study the asymptotic behavior of the reliability function. A procedure is proposed which allows us to identify the asymptotic failure rate of the maintained system. Numerical experiments illustrate the efficiency of the proposed procedure and emphasize the relevance of the asymptotic failure rate as an interesting indicator for the evaluation of the control-limit preventive replacement policy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Using advanced machine learning techniques as an alternative to conventional double-entry volume equations, a regression model of the inside-bark volume (dependent variable) for standing Eucalyptus globulus trunks (or main stems) has been built as a function of the following three independent variables: age, height and outside-bark diameter at breast height (DBH). The experimental observed data (age, height, outside-bark DBH and inside-bark volume) for 142 trees (E. globulus) were measured and a nonlinear model was built using a data-mining methodology based on support vector machines (SVM) and multilayer perceptron networks (MLP) for regression problems. Coefficients of determination and Furnival’s indices indicate the superiority of the SVM with a radial kernel over the allometric regression models and the MLP. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Over the last decades increased use of waste paper as a source of fibre for the pulp and paper production process has meant that the industry has undergone significant changes in material and energy use. However, this means use of technologies that do not generate a significant amount of biomass for energy recovery, and thus requires that more energy is purchased by the industry. If waste paper is incinerated instead of repulped, energy purchases by society can be reduced, which will have a positive effect on CO2 emissions. In this article, we argue that an analysis of these effects requires a systems analytical approach including the different production lines, fibre flows and alternative uses of the fibre rather than a life cycle analysis with allocation methods. In the latter case, one often looks at just one production process and uses allocation methods for in- and outflow from or to other processes. We show that allocation methods sometimes used in life cycle analyses do not give a good approximation. Thus, it is recommended that allocation be avoided by, for example, expanding the system. If allocation cannot be avoided, the allocation should be based on the way in which the inputs and outputs are changed by quantitative changes in the products or functions delivered by the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This manuscript stresses the need of experimental measurements and mathematical models of sorption isotherms/isobars to properly account for mass transfer in the SuperCritical (SC) Fluid Extraction (SCFE) processes. A reliable sorption isotherm/isobar model is a requirement, on one hand, for the determination of relevant inner mass transfer coefficients in SC CO2 extractions of vegetable substrates and other biological materials at the laboratory scale, and on the other hand, for a simulation tool successfully applicable to describe industrial SCFE process, which should be based both on a reliable mathematical descriptions of SC CO2 extraction processes. Having a reliable simulation model and model parameters would allow limiting expensive experimental pilot-scale work to validation purposes. Based on simulations of oil extraction from pre-pressed oilseeds using SC CO2 at 353K and 90MPa, this manuscript shows that the initial oil content in the pre-treated seed affects the apparent solubility of the oil, that the partition of the oil between the seed and CO2 affects oil yield, that it is difficult to discriminate oil partition from inner mass transfer effects, that the best-fit parameters from a mathematical model are adequate only when the model accounts for the true physical picture of the extraction process, and that failure of the mathematical model to account the true physical picture of the extraction process impedes reliable simulations, scale-up, and economical evaluation of industrial SCFE process. Being sorption phenomena of such paramount importance to build a reliable mathematical model for simulation of SCFE processes, this manuscript proposes a mathematical model that fits experimental sorption isotherm/isobars for oil from seeds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Land-use change (LUC) estimated by economic models has sparked intense international debate. Models estimate how much LUC might be induced under prescribed scenarios and rely on assumptions to generate LUC values. It is critical to test and validate underlying assumptions with empirical evidence. Furthermore, this modeling approach cannot answer if any specific indirect effects are actually caused by biofuel policy. The best way to resolve questions of causation is via scientific methods. Kim and Dale attempt to address the question of if, rather than how much, market-induced land-use change is currently detectable based on the analysis of historic evidence, and in doing so, explore some modeling assumptions behind the drivers of change. Given that there is no accepted approach to estimate the global effects of biofuel policy on land-use change, it is critical to assess the actual effects of policies through careful analysis and interpretation of empirical data. Decision makers need a valid scientific basis for policy decisions on energy choices. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We prove a theorem for the existence of solutions to a variational problem, under assumptions that do not require the convexity of the integrand. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Scaling in conventional black liquor evaporators has presented problems for decades, impeding the improvement of productivity in paper mills. Recent investigations suggest that falling film technology may effectively minimize black liquor fouling and improve productivity in a paper mill. This finding motivates the current work to analyze the transport phenomenon, enrichment and scale fouling of black liquor in a falling film evaporator. In the paper, a mathematical model based on a turbulent two-phase flow with multiple components is presented to investigate the transport processes of black liquor in a falling film evaporator. A phenomenological model of crystallization fouling is used to predict the fouling process. The results show the relationship between heat and mass transfer occurring within a very thin viscous sublayer close to the heat transfer surface, and the influence of soluble solids concentration and thermal boundary condition on the enrichment and scale fouling of black liquor. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The present comment concerns some doubtful results included in the above papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current production structures require large amounts of primary materials and are not likely to be sustained without large implications for the environment. A good understanding of societal metabolism is likely to contribute to more sustainable production and consumption. Material flow analysis (MFA) intends to support this understanding by providing insight in material flows. In this article a new method for analyzing materials flows, called STREAMS, is tested. The method is applied to analyze the paper and wood flow through the economic system of The Netherlands. The method is based on data available from the so-called supply and use tables; these tables are made available by Statistics Netherlands and describe the economy of a country in terms ofannual supply and use of goods and services by industries and consumers. The method proves to be very useful in analyzing the paper and wood flow in The Netherlands. The method provides detailed informationabout the final consumption of paper and wood, even for packaging materials and product parts made out of paper and wood. Trends are visible that statistical offices collect less physical data about material flows. This will make the construction of material flow analyses like this one more difficult in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]