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Voltage instability in power systems arises due to the shortage of reactive power and may cause abnormally low bus voltages leading to a partial or complete blackout. In order to maintain the system voltages within a safe limit, voltage control techniques such as shunt capacitor banks, Static VAR Compensators (SVCs), load shedding, and transformer tap-changer blocking, are employed. In this paper, a novel receding-horizon Model Predictive Control (MPC)-based voltage controller is proposed, which, by optimally controlling generator reactive power and SVC output, maintains the voltage stability of a power system. For this, a sensitivity-based analysis is performed to design a state-space model of the power system. The frequency and voltage dependency of load and generation are considered in the system equations. The voltage control is done step-wise, and the optimal control action in each step is calculated by minimizing a cost function subject to a set of relevant constraints. Different Voltage Stability Indices (VSIs) are used as a measure of voltage stability and also used in the constraints for the optimization problem. The performance of the proposed controller is evaluated on IEEE 9-, 39- and 118-bus systems, considering different types of loads and contingencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates an optimal methodology for mitigating low-frequency oscillation concerns in power systems. The study explores the synergistic integration of a power system stabilizer (PSS) and a flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) to formulate an intelligent controller. A comprehensive analysis encompasses various PSS design strategies, including lead-lag (LL), proportional-derivative-integral (PID), and fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controllers. The FACTS device selected for this investigation is a static VAR compensator (SVC), highlighting the exceptional efficacy of FOPID-based PSS over alternative strategies with a power oscillation damper. The study extends its scope to encompass a comparative assessment of two distinct optimization algorithms: the moth flame optimization (MFO) and the antlion optimization (ALO). The research is conducted using a single-machine infinite bus power system (SMIB) as the case study platform. A total of four diverse test scenarios are executed under varying operating conditions. The evaluation of the developed method employs six distinct performance indices to investigate the developed controller thoroughly. The outcomes reveal that the MFO-optimized FOPID-PSS and SVC controller outperforms other control schemes. This optimized configuration demonstrates substantial improvements across all performance indices. These findings underscore the superior capabilities of the proposed approach in enhancing power system stability and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents new methodologies for modeling static VAr compensators (SVCs) in the power flow problem. The proposed formulations utilize sigmoid functions to model the control equations that describe the steady-state behavior of SVCs. The first methodology introduces reactive power injection as a new state variable, while the second methodology utilizes the thyristor firing angle. These steady-state SVC methodologies were applied to the power flow problem using the full Newton formulation, which incorporates the control equations into the system of nonlinear equations. One of the main contributions of these proposed methodologies is that they eliminate the need for alternating adjustments concerning the operational limits of the SVC during the iterative power flow process. The implementation of a power flow program was tested on both small-scale tutorial systems and the medium-scale IEEE Nordic system. The presented results validate and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a low-cost thyristor-controlled LC compensator scheme for the improvement of overall power quality in the distribution system. The parameters of the compensator have been designed and optimal triggering angles for thyristor switching have been obtained for reducing the unbalanced condition and harmonic injection at a high power factor. Compared to the traditional static VAr compensator schemes, the proposed technique can significantly reduce the harmonic injection into the system. The particle swarm optimization technique has been applied to compute the optimal triggering angles, and different aspects of the power quality factor have been assessed through rigorous simulations. Power quality assessment has been further validated through an experimental setup in the laboratory. Finally, a comparison of the proposed scheme with other similar schemes has been carried out to highlight its efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power factor of industrial facilities is typically inductive. The case study in this paper was based on a typical Malaysian 11-kV on-grid industrial system with renewable energy sources and electric vehicle charging station connected. The integration of renewable energy sources reduces energy consumption from the grid; it consecutively reduces greenhouse gas emissions. However, the integration of renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic operating at unity power factor results in a reduction of the industry's power factor. According to the Malaysian Distribution Code, the power factor of a medium voltage industrial system should be more than 0.85 lagging. A long-term low power factor will reduce the related electrical equipment lifespan and increase the monthly electricity bills. A classic method to overcome this issue was by installing reactive power compensator devices, such as the synchronous condenser, static VAr compensator and static synchronous compensator. Studies had revealed that solar photovoltaic with appropriate control system design could perform short-term reactive power compensation. The control techniques used are either power factor control, active power control, reactive power control or any combination of them. However, neither the reactive power compensator devices nor the solar photovoltaic with a control system can regulate the industry's power factor to an intended value throughout its operation. Thus, this paper presents a simple, relatively cost-effective design of a master power factor controller that is capable of regulating the industry's power factor to an intended value throughout its operation with a single preset reference. In this research, an industry-grade system comprises an industrial load installed with a power factor-controlled capacitor bank, a power factor-controlled solar photovoltaic system, a bidirectional current-controlled electric vehicle charging system based on CHAdeMO 1.1 standard charging protocol and a master power factor controller was designed using the Matrix Laboratory/Simulink software. This paper has provided simulation results as proof that each of the designed equipment was functioning appropriately. The results also proved that the proposed master power factor controller was capable of regulating the power factor of the industrial system to above 0.85 lagging throughout its operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of the static Var compensator in the power system allows for greater flexibility in controlling system variables. Therefore, electric power systems expansion investments can be delayed. Inserting the static Var compensator into the transmission line alters the power flow parameters and, consequently, the voltage and current amplitudes and angles in the system to which they are connected. This work analyzes the influence of the static Var compensator on the alteration of the actuation times and the reach of the protection zones of the transmission lines that compose the electric power systems. PSCAD/EMTDC software is used to perform all modeling of electrical and control components. After the modeling, disturbances are simulated in the system, and the ANSI 21 protection function is evaluated against these abnormalities in the scenario with and without the presence of static Var compensator. The results showed an underreach of the ANSI 21 function, given the disturbances from the perspective of static Var compensators presence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the pattern of growth for electricity consumption, there is a need for developing power networks and transmission lines. The power transmission capacity of lines is limited due to a host of factors. Thus, these lines need series and parallel compensations to reduce losses, increase efficiency, and promote system security. In this paper, flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices including static VAR compensators (SVC) as parallel compensators, thyristor-controlled series compensation (TCSC) as a series compensator, and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) bonding are modeled. In addition, comprehensive modeling of the simultaneous application of these three devices for load flow is performed, and the effects of these types of compensations are compared. The obtained comprehensive model was implemented on MATLAB software using the Newton–Raphson method on two 9-bus WSCC and 5-bus test system. In this case, the calculation speed and convergence were reduced when compared to applying devices individually due to the increase in equations and the addition of new terms to the load flow equations. Furthermore, more losses were observed in this model, which can probably be improved using an optimal power flow and optimal placement of the devices in the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimal power flow (OPF) is one of the challenging optimization problems in power domain. The complexity of the problem escalates with incorporation of uncertain and intermittent renewable sources into the electrical network. Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices are also becoming more commonplace in modern power system to mitigate growing demand and to relieve congestion from the network. This paper aims to solve the OPF where the generation cost is optimized with incorporation of stochastic wind power and several types of FACTS devices such as static VAR compensator, thyristor-controlled series compensator and thyristor-controlled phase shifter. Case studies with both fixed and uncertain load demands are performed. The stochastic wind energy and load demand are modeled using suitable probability density functions. Optimization objective considers cost of thermal generation, direct cost of scheduled wind power, penalty cost for underestimation and reserve cost for overestimation of the wind power. In addition, both locations and ratings of the FACTS devices are optimized to minimize total generation cost of the system. Success history-based adaptive differential evolution (SHADE), a powerful evolutionary algorithm, is adopted to perform the optimization task. The constraints of OPF problem are handled using superiority of feasible solutions (SF) method. The integration approach of SF method with several popular metaheuristic algorithms has been proposed in this work, and a detailed comparative analysis among various algorithms establishes SHADE algorithm to be the best performer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a new partitioned ant lion optimizer (PALO) strategy to improve the solution accuracy and quality of the optimal power flow (OPF) considering multi Static VAR Compensator (SVC) and Thyristor Controlled Series Controller (TCSC)-based FACTS devices. An interactive partitioning structure-based ALO is proposed to improve the solution of OPF by creating an interactive equilibrium between diversification and intensification during the search process. The decision variables such as active power, voltage magnitudes of generating units, tap transformers; reactive power of Static VAR Compensator (SVC), and the reactance of TCSC devices are optimized using a flexible partitioned process. Three objective functions, such as total fuel cost, total power loss, and total voltage deviation have been optimized considering load growth. The robustness of the proposed PALO has been validated on three test systems, the IEEE 30-bus, and two large test systems, the 300-bus and 2736 ps bus of the Polish power system. Results compared to many recent techniques prove the particularity and competitiveness of the proposed optimization strategy-based PALO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel hybrid algorithm that includes the superior properties of strong algorithms which have been developed in recent past. The study involves minimization of transmission loss in IEEE networks through the efficient placement of flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices. In this work two types of devices namely thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) and static VAR compensator (SVC) are used in IEEE 14 bus and IEEE 30 bus systems. The main objective of active power loss reduction is achieved through the minimization of installation cost of these devices which is considered as the fitness function for the optimization algorithms. In this paper Moth flame optimization (MFO) in its natural form as well as in hybrid form called JAYA blended MFO (JMFO) is applied for the study. The results obtained are compared with existing technique like particle swarm optimization (PSO). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the control of embedded electrical network (EEN), which can be described as multi-turbo-alternators connected in parallel with various linear or nonlinear loads, and poorly known characteristics. Moreover, the transfer function of global model will be obtained using the perturbation singular method, by linearization model and separation of fast and slow variables. Then, the control of small disturbances will be performed by an automatic voltage regulator using three-phase PWM rectifier. Moreover, the static VAR compensator (SVC) device is implemented in embedded network to control the voltage stability for a large disturbance when the network is affected by voltage dip or open circuit. The SVC will be controlled by adjusting exactly the firing angle of thyristors that will improve the voltage stability at the bus bar, by injecting or absorbing the reactive power. The SVC control algorithm is firstly simulated in real time using a microcontroller device, for a variable load, after will be implemented in MATLAB/Simulink S-Function, to verify its efficiency with the EEN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an application of multiobjective cuckoo search (MOCS) algorithm for reduction in transmission line losses by placing static VAR compensator (SVC) at an optimal location. MOCS algorithm is an extension of the infamous cuckoo search algorithm. The multiobjective optimizations considered in this paper include active power loss and reactive power loss, active power loss and investment cost of SVC. The Pareto-optimal solution which is obtained by using the Pareto-optimal method gives the solution to the multiobjective problem. The fuzzy logic approach is used to obtain best trade-off solutions from the Pareto-optimal solution. A standard IEEE 30 bus test system is considered for testing the efficacy of the proposed methodology. The results show that installation of SVC and application of MOCS algorithm is effective in power loss reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-frequency electromechanical oscillations damping is powerfully crucial in power system operation. In order to fulfill this requirement, power oscillation damping (POD) controllers are installed in synchronous generators and flexible alternating current transmission system devices. These controllers can have either a conventional fixed structure composed by stages of gain and phase compensation or a multi-band modern structure (PSS4B) composed by three bands that correspond to a specific frequency range (low, intermediate and high frequency). In the PSS4B structure, each band consists of two branches based on differential filters (with a gain, lead–lag blocks and a hybrid block). This paper investigates the application of PSS4B as a POD controller for the static VAR compensator (PSS4B-SVC-POD) to damp oscillations in multi-machine power systems. The proposed PSS4B-SVC-POD and power system stabilizers (fitted on generators) are simultaneously designed through an optimization approach aiming at maximizing the closed-loop damping ratio. Modal analysis, frequency responses and time simulations for the well-known two-area four-generator power system show the good performance of the proposed controller fitted on static VAR compensator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces Simulink-based programs developed for dynamic analysis of electrical power systems. The program can be used for research studies or as a teaching tool. With the program, time-domain simulation, modal analysis, participation factor analysis and visualization, frequency response analysis, and design of conventional and intelligent controllers can be obtained. A special case of constant impedance load is also studied. IEEE 9-bus, IEEE 68-bus, Texas 2007-bus 282-machine, and the 25,000-bus northeastern US test systems are employed in this paper. The synchronous machines are assumed to be equipped with exciter, turbine, and stabilizer. Static var compensator is added using conventional and adaptive neuro-fuzzy controllers. Different types of disturbances are applied to the systems including generator-side and network-side disturbances. The program is free of algebraic loops that may increase the errors and slow down the simulation. All blocks and signals in the Simulink model are in vector form that can be used to simulate a power system of any size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the existing power quality problems, the reactive power compensation plays a key role once it helps to maintain the system stability and increases the efficiency. Currently, there are many solutions for reactive power compensation, which unfortunately present a wide variety of problems as large inrush currents, non-continuous compensation and harmonics injection in the system. The application of devices like static VAr compensator, static synchronous compensator or unified power flow controller has demonstrated to be an effective solution for reactive power compensation. However, it is important to note that these options are rarely used in distribution systems by companies that prefer to assimilate the drawbacks of switched capacitor banks instead of investing in more expensive, sophisticated and complex solutions. Despite the large number of proposed devices in distribution systems, there is a lack of solutions with emphasis on cost reduction. Therefore, this paper presents a new topology for reactive power compensation and voltage control in distribution systems. The proposed topology has several interesting features as reduced switching losses, small capacitors and simple control scheme. In addition, the proposed solution uses already existing capacitor banks which makes possible its usage in distribution companies with minimum modifications. Experimental results have been obtained on a 6-kVA prototype to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing in the scale and complexity of interconnected power systems was because of the growth of electricity demands, leading to multiple electromechanical oscillations despite having support of the power system stabilizer (PSS). Therefore, the dynamic performance of the existing networks should enhance. One type of flexible alternating current transmission system devices, namely the static var compensator (SVC), can be installed at the buses to maintain and/or control particular parameters of the electrical power system by exchanging capacitive and/or inductive current. However, the performance of SVC device highly depends upon its parameters, sizes, and suitable number and location in the power network. Hence, the optimal location for SVC has become a key issue; in this paper, we propose a novel approach for the suitable number and location for SVC by using critical energy analysis based on the Gramian matrices that the solution framework applied an algorithm based on the Lyapunov equations and the balanced realization technique. The optimal placement is determined by (1) analyzing the small-signal stability to seek number of feasible locations and (2) comparing these feasible locations by analyzing the transient stability through various simulation cases. The effectiveness of the proposed method is compared with the other optimal method and verified on the 39-bus New England system by the simulation results based on the power system simulation engineering (PSS/E) and MATLAB programs. The obtained result shows that the SVC is installed at the single or multi-location having the total maximum Gramian energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an efficient hybrid particle swarm optimization and pattern search algorithms for the solution of optimal power flow problem with inclusion of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices. The purpose of the proposed technique is to merge the advantages of both PSO in exploitation and PS in exploration to achieve the best solution. The FACTS devices considered in this study are thyristor-controlled series compensator and static var compensator. These devices aim to minimize the total generation cost, enhance voltage deviation, decrease real and reactive losses and improve the voltage stability index. The proposed method is carried out on the standard IEEE 30-bus system, and obtained results are compared to other methods reported in the literature. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and potential of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to solve dynamic coupled active and reactive dispatch (DCARD) problem using non-dominated sorting particle swarm optimization algorithm incorporating shunt FACTS devices such as the SVC with limited control actions of tap transformers. This type of problems is considered as a real-time power system which is used to optimally schedule the committed generating units, SVCs and tap transformers outputs over a short-term time span in order to simultaneously minimize the total power system operating cost and the daily real power losses. Practical constraints such as ramp rate limits of thermal units and maximum number of daily switching operations of tap transformers are considered in this multi-objective optimization problem to avoid shortening the lifetime of the committed electrical network components. The effect of installing the SVC in a power system network is also discussed in terms of active power losses reduction. The DCARD has been solved and validated using the New England 39-bus test system with non-smooth fuel cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for tuning a static var compensator for voltage control and reduction of harmonic distortion in a microgrid is presented in this paper. Electrical power distribution systems face a new scenario with an increasing number of distributed generation sources, nonlinear loads and more strict power quality requirements. In addition, it can be observed that there is a tendency for power systems to operate within the context of smartgrids. Consequently, the operation of such systems become more complex and, therefore, requires a power quality conditioning technique able to adapt itself to the grid. The application of a static var compensator with an additional filtering function at the point of common coupling of a power system with a microgrid is a possible solution. In this context, the proposed approach is based on artificial neural networks to determine the static var compensator tuning in order to recognize the loading and distributed generation steady-state conditions. Simulation results show that this approach provides the control system with more intelligence and the capability of adapting to different operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-hop relaying combined with scarcity of wireless resources in ad-hoc networks can deteriorate the quality of service. As a result, one of the major challenges in video streaming over ad-hoc networks is enhancing users' experience and network utilization. The emergence of scalable video coding standard enables smooth adaptation of video quality to network conditions. In this paper, we study two optimization problems: (1) maximize the global quality of experience of all users and (2) maximize the number of qualified streams. We formulate the both problems as mixed integer linear programming problems. These optimization problems are shown to be NP-hard. Consequently, we propose heuristic algorithms to solve them. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms can provide the near-optimal video quality while the calculation times are much shorter than the one of optimal solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the present paper is to introduce a new approach for measuring and calculation of fundamental power components in the case of various distorted waveforms including those containing harmonics. The parameters of active, reactive, apparent power and power factor, are measured and calculated by using Goertzel algorithm instead of fast Fourier transformation which is commonly used. The main advantage of utilizing Goertzel algorithm is to minimize computational load and trigonometric equations. The parameters measured in the new technique are applied to a fixed capacitor-thyristor controlled reactor based static VAr compensation system to achieve accurate power factor correction for the first time. This study is implemented both simulation and experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a method for the development of a static VAR compensator (SVC) control algorithm is presented. The proposed algorithm has been designed with the objective of eliminating the negative impact of electric arc furnaces on the power system. First, a mathematical model of the proposed SVC controller in the d-q synchronous rotating coordinate system is developed. An analysis under dynamic and steady state conditions is also carried out. The efficiency of the presented controller is demonstrated by means of computer simulations of an actual steel-factory network model. The major advantages of the proposed controller are better flicker compensation, increased ability to regulate voltage and the need for only one-point network measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new continuously and linearly controlled capacitive static VAR compensator is proposed for the automatic power factor correction of inductive single phase loads in 220V 50Hz power system networks. The compensator is constructed of a harmonic-suppressed TCR equipped with a new adaptive current controller. The harmonic-suppressed TCR is a new configuration that includes a thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) shunted by a passive third harmonic filter. In addition, the parallel configuration is connected to an AC source via a series first harmonic filter. The harmonic-suppressed TCR is designed so that negligible harmonic current components are injected into the AC source. The compensator is equipped with a new adaptive closed loop current controller, which responds linearly to reactive current demands. The no load operating losses of this compensator are negligible when compared to its capacitive reactive current rating. The proposed system is validated on PSpice which is very close in terms of performance to real hardware. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an internal model control recurrent neural network method is used to control the switching of thyristor-controlled reactor in a static VAR compensator (SVC) system for regulating the voltage. The novel controller scheme contains several feedback loops instead of only a feed-forward loop as in the conventional recurrent neural network (RNN). In the proposed controller model, the RNN identifier creates a sample of the connected system and its output generates a part of inputs for the RNN controller which then sends the control signal to the SVC system. Three types of non-linear conditions are chosen to test the operational capability of the new control system to perform the voltage regulation satisfying the IEEE Std 519-1992. The test cases contain a three-phase fault power system, opening of one of the transmission lines in a double line transmission system and sudden changes in the load demand. Results show that the proposed control model is capable of regulating the voltage of the system in a desired range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the importance of nonlinear interactions in the complex power systems, in this paper the subsynchronous torsional interactions (SSTI) between turbine-generator shafts and flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) are studied using the nonlinear modal analysis method. Normal Form method is applied to study the nonlinear effects on the SSTI phenomenon in the presence of Static VAr Compensator (SVC) as a commonly used FACTS device. The results show that under stressed conditions the SVC voltage controller gains have an adverse effect on the nonlinear interactions of torsional modes. These effects can lead to severe excitation of torsional oscillations. The study also illustrates that the type of SVC control system model will play an important role in the nonlinear analysis of SSTI, and using a simple PI model is not suitable for nonlinear analysis of SSTI phenomenon. Moreover, in a multi-area power system, the location of SVC and its capacity have significant effects on the severity of nonlinear interactions of torsional modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the energy-based Hamiltonian function method, this paper investigates the decentralized robust nonlinear control of multiple static var compensators (SVCs) in multimachine multiload power systems. First, the uncertain nonlinear differential algebraic equation model is constructed for the power system. Then, the dissipative Hamiltonian realization of the system is completed by means of variable transformation and prefeedback control. Finally, based on the obtained dissipative Hamiltonian realization, a decentralized robust nonlinear controller is put forward. The proposed controller can effectively utilize the internal structure and the energy balance property of the power system. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the control scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]