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Children frequently respond differently to therapies compared to adults. Differences also exist between paediatric age groups for pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in both efficacy and safety. Paediatric pharmacovigilance requires an understanding of the unique aspects of children with regard to, for example, drug response, growth and development, clinical presentation of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), how they can be detected and population‐specific factors (e.g., more frequent use of off‐label/unlicensed drugs). In recognition of these challenges, a group of experts has been formed in the context of the conect4children (c4c) project to support paediatric drug development. This expert group collaborated to develop methodological considerations for paediatric drug safety and pharmacovigilance throughout the life‐cycle of medicinal products which are described in this article. These considerations include practical points to consider for the development of the paediatric section of the risk management plan (RMP), safety in paediatric protocol development, safety data collection and analysis. Furthermore, they describe the specific details of post‐marketing pharmacovigilance in children using, for example, spontaneous reports, electronic health care records, registries and record‐linkage, as well as the use of paediatric pharmacoepidemiology studies for risk characterisation. Next the details of the assessment of benefit–risk and challenges related to medicinal product formulation in the context of a Paediatric Investigation Plan (PIP) are presented. Finally, practical issues in paediatric signal detection and evaluation are included. This paper provides practical points to consider for paediatric pharmacovigilance throughout the life‐cycle of medicinal products for RMPs, protocol development, safety data collection and analysis and PIPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improved global access to novel age‐appropriate formulations for paediatric subsets, either of new chemical entities or existing drugs, is a priority to ensure that medicines meet the needs of these patients. However, despite regulatory incentives, the introduction to the market of paediatric formulations still lags behind adult products. This is mainly caused by additional complexities associated with the development of acceptable age‐appropriate paediatric medicines. This position paper recommends the use of a paediatric Quality Target Product Profile as an efficient tool to facilitate early planning and decision making across all teams involved in paediatric formulation development during the children‐centric formulation design for new chemical entities, or to repurpose/reformulate off‐patent drugs. Essential key attributes of a paediatric formulation are suggested and described. Moreover, greater collaboration between formulation experts and clinical colleagues, including healthcare professionals, is advocated to lead to safe and effective, age‐appropriate medicinal products. Acceptability testing should be a secondary endpoint in paediatric clinical trials to ensure postmarketing adherence is not compromised by a lack of acceptability. Not knowing the indications and the related age groups and potential dosing regimens early enough is still a major hurdle for efficient paediatric formulation development; however, the proposed paediatric Quality Target Product Profile could be a valuable collaborative tool for planning and decision making to expedite paediatric product development, particularly for those with limited experience in developing a paediatric product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Conservation Biology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper uses panel data for Canada from 1976 to 2018, across 10 provinces, to reassess the relationship between mortality rates and economic fluctuations. The key contribution of our paper lies in examining the extent to which this relationship is driven by the employment rate (extensive margin) versus average hours worked (intensive margin). We find evidence of procyclical mortality for females at the aggregate level; aggregate male mortality remains largely unaffected by economic fluctuations. Our findings also reveal temporal heterogeneity, as the extensive margin becomes the driving force for female mortality rates during the more recent period (1990 onwards). These findings remain robust when accounting for personal income and pollution. Finally, we find some support for a procyclical relationship for individuals in the working age groups, while mortality exhibits a countercyclical pattern for children (age 0 to 14) and the elderly (age 65 and above). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To report the differential diagnosis in children with progressive intellectual and neurological deterioration (PIND) in the UK. Method: Since 1997 the PIND Study has searched for variant Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (vCJD) in children, using the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit to perform prospective surveillance of those younger than 16 years with PIND. Results: From May 1997 to October 2019, 2255 children meeting PIND criteria had been notified, of whom 2008 (1085 males, 923 females) had underlying diagnoses. There were over 220 different diseases, including six cases of vCJD. The numbers presenting in four age groups were: <1 year, 805 (40%); 1 to 4 years inclusive, 825 (41%); 5 to 9 years inclusive, 264 (13%); and 10 to 15 years inclusive, 114 (6%). The two largest ethnic groups were White and Pakistani (58.2% and 17% of diagnosed cases). The most common diseases in these two ethnic groups are shown for the four age groups. The distribution of diseases varied with age but was quite similar in White and Pakistani children. Interpretation: This paper provides a unique guide to the complex differential diagnosis of childhood PIND, showing considerable differences between four age groups, but similarities between ethnic groups. The PIND Study still provides the only systematic surveillance for vCJD in children in the UK. What this paper adds: The prevalence of diseases causing childhood progressive intellectual and neurological deterioration in the UK is low (approximately 0.1/1000 live births).There were more than 220 different disorders, mainly genetically determined.The majority of disorders presented early in childhood: 81% before the age of 5 years.There were similarities in the disease spectrum in White and Pakistani children. What this paper adds: The prevalence of diseases causing childhood progressive intellectual and neurological deterioration in the UK is low (approximately 0.1/1000 live births).There were more than 220 different disorders, mainly genetically determined.The majority of disorders presented early in childhood: 81% before the age of 5 years.There were similarities in the disease spectrum in White and Pakistani children. Video Podcast: https://youtu.be/QbUG-ZVJLHc This article is commented on by van Karnebeek on page 243 of this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Geographer is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using data from the 2012, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2018, and 2021 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS), this paper investigates the effect of public expenditures on household investment in risky financial assets. Our findings show that a higher level of public expenditures significantly increases household investment in stocks and other risky financial assets and that the respondent's overconfidence in their financial well‐being partially mediates such an effect. We further provide evidence that the influence of public expenditures on household investment behavior in risky financial assets is robust after considering various sample heterogeneities by disaggregating public expenditures and risky financial assets into different subcategories and dividing households into different age and socioeconomic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research to date has failed to generate a comprehensive understanding of the source of the gender gap in financial literacy in adulthood. Using microdata from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey and an analysis covering four age groups (15–19, 20–24, 25–29 and 30–34), this paper suggests that the gender gap starts young and well before individuals enter adulthood. The analysis also suggests that that raw (unadjusted) gender gap likely underestimates the underlying gap. It is important to establish whether the gap begins before or after children enter school, since policy aimed at addressing it would be very different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although great efforts have been devoted to developing lightweight models for age estimation in recent works, the robustness is still unsatisfactory in unconstrained environments. This paper proposes a Group‐aware Contrastive Network (GACN), a robust lightweight model, which extracts discriminative features by leveraging contrastive learning rather than increasing model parameters. Specifically, with a carefully designed contrastive loss function, GACN minimizes intra‐class distances and maximizes inter‐class distances between different age groups in feature space. Thus, faces belonging to the same age group are pulled together, while clusters of faces from different age groups are pushed apart. Unlike existing contrastive learning methods, which are separated from the downstream tasks, GACN integrates contrastive learning into age regression and jointly optimizes them for age representation learning. This allows to achieve robust age estimation using a lightweight network that is 1/662 of the model size of VGGNet. Extensive experiments on IMDB‐WIKI, Morph II, and FG‐NET demonstrate that the proposed method has a significant improvement over the baseline model and performs comparably to existing compact and bulky methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jiamusi‐Khanka Massif is an important tectonic unit of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt in North‐east China. Its Late Palaeozoic tectonic properties and the timing of assembly have restricted the understanding of the tectonic evolution process at the eastern segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt for a long time. Based on the study of clastic rock petrology and zircon U–Pb chronology of the Early Permian Erlongshan Formation in Mishan, it is clear that the zircon age of the Early Permian Erlongshan Formation in Mishan is mainly Late Palaeozoic, with a major age peak at 300 ± 3 Ma and secondary age peaks at 356 ± 7 Ma and 475 ± 10 Ma. The provenance mainly comes from the magmatic arc source area, and Early Palaeozoic (500–420 Ma) detrital zircons mainly come from the south‐east margin of Jiamusi Massif, Late Palaeozoic (400–270 Ma) detrital zircons mainly come from the eastern margin of Jiamusi Massif and the northern margin of Khanka Massif. Among them, detrital zircons of a special age group 330–310 Ma come from the north of Khanka Massif, while 490–470 Ma detrital zircons which are common in the Early‐Middle Permian strata of Khanka Massif come from Jiamusi Massif. Combined with the evidence of petrology and palaeontology, this paper believes that the Early Permian Jiamusi Massif and Khanka Massif should be a unified Massif, that is, Jiamusi‐Khanka Massif. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Facial skin characteristics and appearance vary according to ethnicity. While much of this knowledge is derived from the Caucasian population, lately there have been efforts to gain such understanding in various regions in Asia. In this paper, we have built an understanding of such features in Indonesia. In Indonesia, a section of females wears a traditional veil (hijab) to cover the scalp and part of face. The influence of the hijab on facial skin attributes was also investigated. Methods: In a cross‐sectional observational study design involving 419 female volunteers in Jakarta, Indonesia, facial skin attributes (colour, radiance, hydration, trans‐epidermal water loss [TEWL], wrinkles, fine lines, pores, and sebum levels) and conditions (melasma, post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), solar lentigines/ senile lentigines, seborrheic keratoses and acne) were assessed by trained operators and dermatologists using standard validated instruments and scales. Results: With age, facial skin colour showed darkening in cheek; forehead on the other hand showed slight lightening. The skin evenness and radiance decreased, substantially. Aging attributes measured in terms of lines, wrinkles, and under‐eye dark circles showed deterioration with age; the decline was progressively faster than colour change. Facial image data analysis corroborated these findings. Skin hydration remained similar across the age groups even though the skin barrier function measured in terms of TEWL improved with age. Sebum levels in the skin were similar up to the age of 50 but declined in the next group of 50–60 year. Pore severity increased with age. Melasma, seborrheic keratosis and PIH showed a high prevalence (>∼50%) at the young age group (20–30 years), itself. Melasma prevalence attained 100% in the age group of 41–50 year and onwards, and its severity similarly showed a steady rise with age. PIH on the other hand showed a steady decline with age. Solar lentigines prevalence (∼30%) did not change much across age groups, and the severity scores were similar in age groups up to 50 year but increased substantially in 51–60‐year age groups. Seborrheic keratosis was similar (∼47%) in age groups up 20–40 year but steadily increased in upper age groups. Its severity was similar in the age groups of 20–30 year and 31–40 year but showed a two‐fold increase in subsequent age groups. Acne was 10% in the age group of 20–30 year and declined gradually to 0.7% in the 51–60‐year age group. Hijab wearers showed slight protection in skin colour darkening and improvement of evenness and radiance but were similar on aging (fine lines and wrinkles on crow's feet, under eye and peri‐oral areas) markers to non‐wearers. In general, in majority of age‐groups, hijab wearers showed a higher prevalence of melasma, solar/senile lentigines, seborrheic keratosis and PIH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether the ex post relative payoffs of peers as well as the size of the peer group impact an agent's willingness to take risks. For example, persons in a flood plain may be less likely to purchase flood insurance if their neighbors also refrain from purchasing. We generalize the Fehr‐Schmidt (1999) model to allow the intensity of the social preferences to vary with the size of the peer group. Our experiment tests whether subjects are more or less likely to choose a lottery over a fixed payment when others have been assigned either the same lottery or the fixed payment. Using both between and within subject designs, we find risk‐taking behaviour is not responsive to the risks faced by others regardless of the size of peer group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I consider two normative questions: (1) how should policymakers approach tradeoffs that involve different age groups, and (2) at what rate should policymakers discount the consumption of future generations? I demonstrate that, under standard assumptions, these two questions are equivalent: caring more about the future means caring less about the elderly. Even small differences between the social discount rate and the market interest rate can have significant quantitative implications for the relative value placed on the consumption of different age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to the literature evaluating the performance of local governments by analyzing the effect of local public expenditures on sports facilities on sports participation in Germany. To this end, we use a new data base containing public expenditures at the municipality level and link this information with individual level data. We form locally weighted averages of expenditures based on geographic distances and analyze how effects of sports facility expenditures change with different expenditures levels ("dose‐response relationship"). We find no effect of sports facility expenditures on individual sports participation. These findings are robust across age groups and municipality sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The incidence of and mortality from cancers of the cervix uteri and corpus uteri are underestimated if the presence of uterine cancers, where the exact topography (site of origin) is not specified, is omitted. In this paper we present the corrected figures on mortality from and incidence of cervix and corpus uteri cancers in the Nordic countries by reallocating unspecified uterine cancer deaths and cases to originate either from the corpus uteri or cervix uteri. To further validate the accuracy of reallocation, we also analyzed how well the reallocation captures the changes occurring as the result of a transition in cause of death coding in Norway that took place in 2005. Material and Methods: This study uses data available in the NORDCAN database, which contains aggregated cancer data from all the Nordic countries for the years 1960–2016. The unspecified uterine cancer cases and deaths were reallocated to either cervix uteri or corpus uteri based on the estimated probability that follows the distribution of cases and deaths with verified topography. The estimated proportions of cases and deaths for both cancers were calculated for each combination of age group, year, and country as a proportion of cases (and deaths, respectively) with known topography. Annual age‐standardized rates were calculated by direct age‐adjustment. Results: The proportions of unspecified uterine cancers were higher in the mortality data than in incidence data, with mean values for 1960–2016 ranging between 5.1% and 26.6% and between 0.2% and 6.8% by country, respectively. In the Nordic countries combined, the reallocation increased the number of cases by 4% and deaths by approximately 20% for both cancers. Finland was the only Nordic country where the mortality rate did not increase substantially after reallocation. Conclusions: The reallocation procedure had a significant impact on mortality from cancers of the cervix and corpus uteri for countries where the proportion of cancer deaths coded as uterus, not otherwise specified, is substantial. More effort to validate cause of death data with incidence data from cancer registries is warranted to avoid erroneous conclusions of temporal trends based on uncorrected cancer burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We have limited information about neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) of the gallbladder. The purpose of this paper is to compare clinical and pathological features between different age groups and prognostic factors for gallbladder NEC and how it differs from adenocarcinoma (ADC) of the gallbladder. Patients and methods: This study included 28 gallbladder NEC patients and 137 ADC patients whose clinical characteristics and pathological findings were retrospectively collected. Propensity score matching and Cox regression analysis were used for the analysis of prognostic factors. Results: We divided NEC patients into two groups based on the age more than or less than 60 years. Most of the NEC patients less than 60 years old complained of abdominal pain or discomfort (p = 0.038), and more younger patients accepted adjuvant therapy (p = 0.020) than older patients did. CD56 was positive in all patients more than 60 years old, which is significantly higher than that of younger patients (p = 0.039). The mean age was similar between NEC and ADC patients. After eliminating confounding factors between NEC and ADC patients, the overall survival rates were still lower in NEC patients. Univariate analysis extracted six possible risk factors. Multivariate analysis indicated that surgery type, tumor size, and existence of gallstones were independent prognostic factors. Conclusion: The overall survival of gallbladder NEC is not associated with age. In this study, surgical method and tumor size were found to be independent risk factors for NECs. In addition, NEC patients have a worse prognosis than ADC patients with similar clinical and pathological features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young children, like adults, understand that human agents can flexibly choose different actions in different contexts, and they evaluate these agents based on such choices. However, little is known about children's tendencies to attribute the capacity to choose to robots, despite increased contact with robotic agents. In this paper, we compare 5‐ to 7‐year‐old children's and adults' attributions of free choice to a robot and to a human child by using a series of tasks measuring agency attribution, action prediction, and choice attribution. In morally neutral scenarios, children ascribed similar levels of free choice to the robot and the human, while adults were more likely to ascribe free choice to the human. For morally relevant scenarios, however, both age groups considered the robot's actions to be more constrained than the human's actions. These findings demonstrate that children and adults hold a nuanced understanding of free choice that is sensitive to both the agent type and constraints within a given scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The Estonian National Mental Health Study (EMHS) was conducted in 2021–2022 to provide population‐wide data on mental health in the context of COVID‐19 pandemic. The main objective of this paper is to describe the rationale, design, and methods of the EMHS and to evaluate the survey response. Methods: Regionally representative stratified random sample of 20,000 persons aged 15 years and older was drawn from the Estonian Population Register for the study. Persons aged 18 years and older at the time of the sampling were enrolled into three survey waves where they were invited to complete an online or postal questionnaire about mental well‐being and disorders, and behavioral, cognitive, and other risk factors. Persons younger than 18 years of age were invited to fill an anonymous online questionnaire starting from wave 2. To complement and validate survey data, data on socio‐demographic, health‐related, and environmental variables were collected from six national administrative databases and registries. Additionally, a subsample was enrolled into a validation study using ecological momentary assessment. Results: In total, 5636 adults participated in the survey wave 1, 3751 in wave 2, and 4744 in wave 3. Adjusted response rates were 30.6%, 21.1%, and 27.6%, respectively. Women and older age groups were more likely to respond. Throughout the three survey waves, a considerable share of adult respondents screened positive for depression (27.6%, 25.1%, and 25.6% in waves 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Women and young adults aged 18 to 29 years had the highest prevalence of depression symptoms. Conclusions: The registry‐linked longitudinal EMHS dataset comprises a rich and trustworthy data source to allow in‐depth analysis of mental health outcomes and their correlates among the Estonian population. The study serves as an evidence base for planning mental health policies and prevention measures for possible future crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Science Policy & Practice is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is an essential task to construct brain templates and analyze their anatomical structures in neurological and cognitive science. Generally, templates constructed from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of a group of subjects can provide a standard reference space for analyzing the structural and functional characteristics of the group. With recent development of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, it is desirable to explore AI registration methods for quantifying age‐specific brain variations and tendencies across different ages. In this article, we present an AI‐based age‐specific template construction (called ASTC) framework for longitudinal structural brain analysis using T1‐weighted MRIs of 646 subjects from 18 to 82 years old collected from four medical centers. Altogether, 13 longitudinal templates were constructed at a 5‐year age interval using ASTC, and tissue segmentation and substructure parcellation were performed for analysis across different age groups. The results indicated consistent changes in brain structures along with aging and demonstrated the capability of ASTC for longitudinal neuroimaging study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Botulinum toxin A (BoNTA) treatments are popular worldwide. Young adults, less than 41 years of age, are an important cohort of patients seen in practice, and the optimal dosage of BoNTA in this age group remains poorly defined. Aims and Objective: To determine the optimal dosing of BoNTA across different age‐matched cohorts by reviewing the literature and to evaluate current BoNTA practices among aesthetic practitioners when treating younger versus older adults. Methods: An evidence‐based literature review was performed to evaluate the current evidence on BoNTA injections for cosmetic indications in millennials (born between 1981 and 1996) and young adults. A cross‐sectional online survey was distributed to aesthetic practitioners to assess their current practice with BoNTA. Results: There is a paucity of high‐quality research on BoNT in millennials. Our literature review suggests different patterns of practice when treating younger adults. Specifically, our survey revealed that: (1) younger adults are receiving, on average, fewer units of BoNTA at the glabella, forehead, and crow's feet, (2) younger toxin‐naïve patients are also afraid to look frozen or unnatural, and (3) wrinkles prevention was the most common reason for seeking treatment in younger patients. Conclusion: The literature review supports the efficacy of BoNTA for correcting wrinkles in millennials. Our findings provide further insight into the dosing pattern of cosmetic BoNTA and motivating factors for seeking treatments in young adults. This valuable information will help practitioners with treatment planning when seeing patients from different age cohorts. An individualized approach and a lower dosage of BoNTA in toxin‐naïve younger adults are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To compare anterior and posterior standing balance reactions, as measured by single-stepping thresholds, in children with and without spastic cerebral palsy (CP).Method: Seventeen ambulatory children with spastic CP (eight males, nine females) and 28 typically developing children (13 males, 15 females; age range 5-12y, mean [SD] 9y 2mo [2y 3mo]), were included in this cross-sectional, observational study. Balance reaction skill was quantified as anterior and posterior single-stepping thresholds, or the treadmill-induced perturbations that consistently elicited a step in that direction. In order to understand the underlying mechanisms of between-group differences in stepping thresholds, dynamic stability was quantified using the minimum margin of stability. Ankle muscle activation latency, magnitude, and co-contraction were assessed with surface electromyography.Results: We observed an age and group interaction for anterior thresholds (p=0.001, partial η2 =0.24). At older (≈11y; p<0.001, partial η2 =0.48), but not younger (≈7y; p=0.33, partial η2 =0.02) ages, typically developing children had larger anterior thresholds than those with CP. In response to near-threshold anterior perturbations, older typically developing children recovered from more instability than their peers with CP (p=0.004, partial η2 =0.18). Older children had no between-group differences in ankle muscle activity. No between-group differences were observed in posterior thresholds.Interpretation: The effects of CP on balance reactions are age- and direction-specific. Older typically developing children are more able or willing to withhold a step when unstable.What This Paper Adds: Children with spastic cerebral palsy have age- and direction-specific balance-reaction impairments. Lower anterior stepping thresholds were observed in older, but not younger children. Older typically developing children withheld a forward step at higher levels of instability. No between-group differences were seen in posterior stepping thresholds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports in situ U–Pb ages and Hf isotopic data on detrital zircons from Palaeozoic strata in central‐eastern Jilin Province, NE China, with the aim of constraining the timing of final closure of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean and the tectonic evolution of the eastern segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). Zircons from Middle to Late Permian Fanjiatun and Yangjiagou formations in central Jilin Province are characterized by four major groups of age populations (2.5–2.3 Ga, 1.9–1.7 Ga, 1.3–1.0 Ga, and Late Palaeozoic ages). The Paleo‐Mesoproterozoic and Cambrian zircons have positive εHf(t) values, suggesting that the source was mainly locally derived from the CAOB, whereas a lesser amount of Archean zircons with positive εHf(t) values, indicating that source from the North China Craton (NCC). The Phanerozoic zircons have both positive and negative εHf(t) values indicates that material from bidirectional provenances in the CAOB and the NCC. However, Late Permian Kaishantun Formation in eastern Jilin Province contain a single group of Phanerozoic zircons with positive εHf(t) values, distinct from known igneous zircons in the NCC, suggesting a local source. These observations, along with the results of previous studies on Middle–Late Permian igneous rocks in Jilin Province, indicate that the eastern segment of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean underwent the initial closure in central Jilin Province during the Middle Permian and the final closure in eastern Jilin Province in the Late Permian–Early Triassic. The detrital zircon geochronological data clearly record two stages of tectonic evolution and the scissor‐like closure model of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean in the eastern segment of the CAOB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facing the challenge of climate change, innovations that imply environmental benefits create business opportunities for entrepreneurs. This paper analyzes innovation capabilities of startups in Cleantech and how the innovation outcomes of those startups develop over time. Based on the Mannheim Foundation Panel and applying propensity score matching, a cohort of 567 Cleantech startups is analyzed and compared with a control cohort of non‐Cleantech startups. We find that startups in Cleantech have, on average, higher technological capabilities compared with all other startups. Our econometric evidence shows that Cleantech startups are more likely to combine existing technology in a novel way. Finally, we find that Cleantech startups develop more market novelties in subsequent years when compared with their control group peers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasound is the first‐line imaging modality in the assessment of the female reproductive system in all age groups. However, the paediatric and adolescent subset of patients present a particular set of challenges. These include technical challenges that come from largely being limited by transabdominal imaging as well as dealing with the often‐complex social issues around the sexual health of adolescents. In addition, this group of patients has a unique set of pathologies that are not seen in the adult population and conversely, common gynaecological conditions affecting adults such as endometriosis and polycystic ovarian syndrome are difficult to diagnose in adolescents. Therefore, we propose that paediatric and adolescent gynaecological ultrasound requires a different approach. This paper summarises the differences in technique, common pathologies and touches on some of the relevant social issues that are unique to this population of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The burden of influenza in primary care is difficult to assess, since most patients with symptoms of a respiratory infection are not tested. The case definition of "medically attended acute respiratory infection" (MAARI) in the German physician sentinel is sensitive; however, it requires modelling techniques to derive estimates of disease attributable to influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Objectives: The objective of this paper was to review and extend our previously published model in order to estimate the burden of RSV and the differential burden of the two influenza B lineages (Victoria, Yamagata) as well as both influenza A subtypes on primary care visits. Methods: Data on MAARI and virological results of respiratory samples (virological sentinel) were available from 2010/11 until 2017/18. We updated the previously published generalized additive regression model to include RSV. Results: We found that the proportion of MAARI due to RSV is substantial only in the 0‐1‐ and 2‐4‐year‐old age groups (0‐1 years old: median 7.5%, range 4.0%‐14.8%; 2‐4 years old: median 6.5%, range 4.0%‐10.3%); in the 0‐1 years old age group, RSV leads in almost all seasons to a higher burden than any influenza type or subtype, but this is reversed in the age group 2‐4 years old. Conclusions: We succeeded in rearranging our previously published model on MAARI to incorporate RSV as well as the two influenza B lineages (Victoria, Yamagata) in the time period 2010 to 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compensatory reserve index (CRI), derived from machine learning algorithms from peripherally obtained photoplethysmography signals, provides a non‐invasive assessment of cardiovascular stability, that may be useful clinically. Briefly, the CRI device provides a value between 0 and 1, with 1 reflecting full compensable capabilities and 0 reflecting little to no compensable capabilities. However, the CRI algorithm was developed in younger to middle aged adults, such that it is unknown if older age modulates CRI responses to cardiovascular challenges. In young and older subjects, we compared CRI responses to normothermic and hyperthermic progressive lower body negative pressure (LBNP), and volume loading with saline infusion. Eleven younger (20–36 years) and 10 older (61–75 years) healthy participants underwent (1) graded normothermic LBNP up to 30 mmHg, (2) graded hyperthermic (1.5°C increase in blood temperature) LBNP up to 30 mmHg, and (3) infusion of 15 mL/kg saline (volume loading) with hyperthermia maintained. CRI was obtained throughout each procedure. CRI at 30 mmHg LBNP was 0.18 and 0.24 units greater in the older group during normothermic and hyperthermic LBNP, respectively. However, CRI was not different between age groups at any other LBNP stage, nor did CRI change with volume loading regardless of age. In response to passive hyperthermia alone, regression analyses showed that heart rate was the strongest predictor of CRI. Blood temperature, rate pressure product, and stroke volume were also predictive of CRI but to a lesser extent. In conclusion, age attenuates the reduction in CRI during progressive normothermic and hyperthermic LBNP, but only at 30 mmHg. Second, the CRI was unchanged during volume loading in all subjects. Future studies should determine whether the age differences in CRI reflect age differences in LBNP tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alopecia areata is a chronic and relapsing condition that affects individuals of all age groups. Dermoscopy is a popular and non‐invasive method for diagnosing alopecia areata. This study aimed to analyze dermoscopic findings and their relationship with age, gender, appearance, and clinical signs in children and adults. Methods: This retrospective cross‐sectional study was conducted on 124 children and adults diagnosed with alopecia areata who were referred to a Hospital in Iran between 2021 and 2022. After reaching the calculated sample size, trichoscopic findings were examined and the results were recorded. Data analysis was performed by a statistician and presented in relevant tables. Results: The participants in the study comprised 53.2% female children, 46.8% male children, 27.42% adult males, and 72.58% adult females. The median age in the pediatric group was 10 years, while it was 27 years in the adult group. Yellow dots were significantly less observed in children than in adults (29% vs. 48.4%), while exclamation mark hairs were significantly more common in children than adults (38.7% vs. 21%). No significant differences were found in the frequency of other trichoscopic features between children and adults. Specifically, black dots, broken hairs, short vellus hairs, pigtail hairs, and empty follicular openings were observed in 38.7%, 40.3%, 32.3%, 11.3%, and 75.8% of children, respectively, and in 35.5%, 32.3%, 21%, 46.8%, and 12.9% of adults, respectively. Conclusion: The most common trichoscopic findings in alopecia areata in children are empty follicular openings and broken hairs, while exclamation mark hairs are more common in children than adults. In contrast, yellow dots are less frequently observed in children compared to adults. This distinct difference between children's and adults' dermoscopic findings highlights the critical need for age‐specific considerations in AA evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Behçet's disease is a chronic, multisystemic, and relapsing inflammatory disorder. It lacks a permanent cure, the focus of treatment is on mitigating symptoms, decreasing the frequency and severity of relapses, and preventing life‐threatening complications. This study aims to report the experience of a single center in managing patients with Behçet's disease and discuss the treatment outcomes. Methods: This study was a retrospective case series conducted over 2 years. All cases were clinically diagnosed according to the International Criteria for Behçet's Disease. The extracted data were demographics, family history, clinical findings, criteria scores, treatment, and outcomes. Results: A total of 31 patients were included, consisting of 13 males (42%) and 18 females (58%). Most cases were over the age of 30, and both genders were nearly equally distributed among age groups. The most commonly affected site was the oral cavity, observed in 96.77% of cases. Genital, cutaneous, and vascular involvements were more common in males, while females were more likely to have oral, ocular, and musculoskeletal involvements. For various treatment regimens, oral, cutaneous, vascular, and musculoskeletal involvements showed complete response in all cases. Among cases with genital involvement, complete response was achieved in seven cases (41.2%), while four cases (23.5%) showed only partial response, and six cases (35.3%) experienced recurrence. In cases with ocular involvement, only partial responses were observed. Conclusion: Oral, cutaneous, vascular, and musculoskeletal involvements may have a higher likelihood of a complete response to treatment regimens. However, genital involvement may be the most recurrent manifestation, followed by ocular involvement. Key points: The incidence of the disease varies widely across different regions. The risk factors include family history, exposure to environmental factors, and genetic predisposition. Its diagnosis is challenging because the symptoms are not always concomitant and there are no specific diagnostic tests. The focus of treatment is on mitigating symptoms, decreasing the frequency and severity of relapses, and preventing life‐threatening complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The majority of conventional studies on skin aging have focused on static conditions. However, in daily life, the facial skin we encounter is constantly in motion due to conversational expressions and changes in facial expressions, causing the skin to alter its position and shape, resulting in a dynamic state. Consequently, it is hypothesized that characteristics of aging not apparent in static conditions may be present in the dynamic state of the skin. Therefore, this study investigates age‐related changes in dynamic skin characteristics associated with facial expression alterations. Methods: A motion capture system measured the dynamic characteristics (delay and stretchiness of skin movement associated with expression) of the cheek skin in response to facial expressions among 86 Japanese women aged between 20 and 69 years. Results: The findings revealed an increase in the delay of cheek skin response to facial expressions (r = 0.24, p < 0.05) and a decrease in the stretchiness of the lower cheek area with age (r = 0.60, p < 0.01). An increasing variance in delay and stretchiness within the same age group was also observed with aging. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that skin aging encompasses both static characteristics, such as spots, wrinkles, and sagging, traditionally studied in aging research, and dynamic aging characteristics of the skin that emerge in response to facial expression changes. These dynamic aging characteristics could pave the way for the development of new methodologies in skin aging analysis and potentially improve our understanding and treatment of aging impressions that are visually perceptible in daily life but remain unexplored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corpus callosum (CC) is a large white matter fiber bundle in the brain and is involved in various cognitive, sensory, and motor processes. While implicated in various developmental and psychiatric disorders, much is yet to be uncovered about the normal development of this structure, especially in young children. Additionally, while sexual dimorphism has been reported in prior literature, observations have not necessarily been consistent. In this study, we use morphometric measures including surface tensor‐based morphometry (TBM) to investigate local changes in the shape of the CC in children between the ages of 12 and 60 months, in intervals of 12 months. We also analyze sex differences in each of these age groups. We observed larger significant clusters in the earlier ages between 12 v 24 m and between 48 v 60 m and localized differences in the anterior region of the body of the CC. Sex differences were most pronounced in the 12 m group. This study adds to the growing literature of work aiming to understand the developing brain and emphasizes the utility of surface TBM as a useful tool for analyzing regional differences in neuroanatomical morphometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) is the predominant cause of otitis media with effusion in children and adults. Balloon dilatation of the Eustachian tube (BDET) provides a new method for restoring the ventilatory function of Eustachian tube (ET). However, the differences in age-related morphological changes in the dimensions and positions of ET in children and adults are unclear. Purpose: This study aimed to examine age-related morphological changes in bony and cartilage segments of the ET in a three-dimensional space in normal population. Methods: A total of 71 randomly selected computed tomography (CT) images of the temporal bones of 46 people were retrospectively studied in four age groups: A (0-3 years old); B (4-8 years old), C (9-18 years old), and D (19-65 years old). Space analytic geometry was assessed to calculate the dimensions and positions of ET. Results: The bony segment of ET lengthened from infancy to adulthood with age in groups A, B and C (r = 0.562**/0.000). The cartilage segment of ET mostly extended with age from infancy to 8 years old in children (r = 0.633**/0.000), but with bending close to the sagittal plane and away from the horizontal plane with age in groups A, B and C (P < .05), and with a constant angle to the coronal plane among the four groups (P > .05). Conclusion: The bony and cartilaginous segments of ET exhibit distinct morphological changes in space with age. The bony segment of ET extends in a constant position from infancy to adulthood. In contrast, the cartilaginous segment of the ET indicates multidimensional positional changes until adulthood, in addition to the elongation from infancy to children. This may provide an accurate morphological basis for comparing the differences in ETD pathogenesis and surgical treatment between children and adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is understood to be a cause of significant disease in older adults and children. Further analysis of RSV in younger adults may reveal further insight into its role as an important pathogen in all age groups. Methods: We identified, through laboratory data, adults who tested positive for either influenza or RSV between January 2017 and June 2019 at a single Australian hospital. We compared baseline demographics, testing patterns, hospitalisations and outcomes between these groups. Results: Of 1128 influenza and 193 RSV patients, the RSV cohort was older (mean age 54.7 vs. 64.9, p < 0.001) and was more comorbid as determined by the Charlson Comorbidity Index (2.4 vs. 3.2, p < 0.001). For influenza hospitalisations, the majority admitted were aged under 65 which was not the case for RSV (61.8% vs. 45.6%, p < 0.001). Testing occurred later in RSV hospitalisations as measured by the proportion tested in the emergency department (ED) (80.3% vs. 69.2%, p < 0.001), and this was strongly associated with differences in presenting phenotype (the presence of fever). RSV was the biggest predictor of 6‐month representation, with age and comorbidities predicting this less strongly. Conclusion: RSV is a significant contributor to morbidity and hospitalisation, sometimes outweighing that of influenza, and is not limited to elderly cohorts. Understanding key differences in the clinical syndrome and consequent testing paradigms may allow better detection and potentially treatment of RSV to reduce individual morbidity and health system burden. This growing area of research helps quantify the need for directed therapies for RSV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Stillbirth is a public health as well as a development problem in low and middle‐income countries. The studies that found out maternal age as a factor for the risk of stillbirth reported different findings. This systematic review and meta‐analysis is believed to fill the inconclusiveness of these findings. Hence, the aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis is to estimate the pooled effect of advanced maternal age on stillbirth in Africa. Methods: PubMed & HINARY databases and Google Scholar search engine were searched to access the primary studies. The extracted data using Microsoft excel was exported to Stata 15 software for analysis. The presence of heterogeneity was checked using Cochran's Q statistic and the I2 test. Publication bias was examined by using funnel plot and Egger's test. The pooled effect measure with DerSimonian and Laird method of random‐effect model was reported using odds ratio (OR) with respective 95% confidence interval. Results: Totally, 14 articles are included for the systematic review and meta‐analysis. The stillbirth reported by the studies ranges from 15 to 146.7 per 1000 births. The overall OR of advanced maternal age (≥35 years) on stillbirth is 1.42 (1.18, 1.71) when compared with the age group of 20–35 years. The cumulative effect of getting pregnant at advanced age on stillbirth was slightly increasing from year to year. Conclusion: Advanced maternal age is a risk factor for stillbirth. Health Information Communication on the risk of getting pregnant at the advanced ages on stillbirth should be well addressed to all women of reproductive age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Boat Detection (VBD) data have been widely used to study the patterns of fishing grounds and their linking to fishery targets, particularly species mainly caught by jiggers. In line with most species in the Ommastrephidae family, the population of Todarodes pacificus is made up of various splinter cohorts concerning the timing and location of hatching. Therefore, the satellite‐recorded fishing grounds consist of groups with complex age structures and different migration directions within cohorts. This study examined the age composition of harvestable stocks (age spectrum) of T. pacificus in the Japan Sea based on an early life history individual‐based model of T. pacificus and VBD data. Using the age spectrum, we analysed the relationship between fishery effort and the age of the target group. It was found that jiggers most prefer individuals around 310 ± 20 days. Furthermore, the correlation between ambient water temperature and fishing effort revealed that T. pacificus migrated to colder waters, reaching the coldest waters at 250 ± 7.5 days before moving back towards warmer waters. We discussed a possible way to use the age‐temperature relationship to analyse the flow of VBD distributions to record the movements related to the migration of the fishing target. The results show migration‐like trajectories, which are initially parallel to the isotherm, gradually deflect towards lower temperature sides over several months, sharply turn for about a month and then move back with a slight angle to the isotherms. The method provides a potential framework to improve our understanding of the active migration of oceanic squid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The skin condition of women is different at different ages, and skin surface lipids are also different. According to the "7–7 theory" of the Huangdi Neijing, the physiological condition of women changes significantly every 7 years, and women aged 22–28 are in the "4–7" stage as mentioned in the "7–7 theory" of the Huangdi Neijing. Women's skin is in different states at different ages and produces different lipids. Objectives: To explore the key lipids that contribute to skin differences between women aged 22–28 and 29–35 years, and to explore the relationship with physiological parameters and daily routine. Methods: Differential lipids were detected and screened between 22–28 year old (group D1) and 29–35 year old (group D2) dry‐skinned women using UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS and correlated between the two groups with questionnaires and physiological parameters based on basic information, lifestyle habits, work situation, and emotional stress. Results: The results showed that all of the eight major classes of lipids had the highest expression in the D2 group, with the largest differences in glycerophospholipids, glycerol esters, and fatty acids. The BMI value of D2 group was higher than that of D1 group, the skin elasticity index (R2) and brightness index (L, a, ITA values) were lower than that of D1 group, and Cer (d18:0/16:0) was positively correlated with the R2, L, a, and ITA, and LMSP01080056 (N,N‐dimethyl‐Safingol) was positively correlated with the b‐value, the LMSPGP03020013, LMSPGP03020014, LMSP03020024 were significantly negatively correlated with R2. Conclusions: Cer(d18:0/16:0) is a neurosphingol that inhibits elastase expression. N,N‐dimethyl‐Safingol readily undergoes oxidation to form yellow‐brown solids. The macromolecular structure and excessive carbonyl structure of [LMGP0302] are susceptible to cross‐linking and carbonyl stress reactions, which accelerate skin aging and reduce skin elasticity, and thus, they may be key lipids contributing to skin differences between the two age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vulvar cancer is a rare gynecological cancer affecting mostly older women. The aim of this population‐based study was to investigate the incidence and net survival of vulvar cancer in Swedish women from 1960 to 2019. Material and methods: Data were retrieved from the mandatory Swedish Cancer Registry consisting of all women diagnosed with vulvar cancer between 1960 and 2019. Only women with a morphologically verified diagnosis of vulvar cancer were included. The individuals were then further matched with the Swedish Death Registry up until May 31, 2020. Results: In total, 8499 women were included with the following morphologies: squamous cell carcinoma 7250 (85.8%), malignant melanoma 539 (6.4%), adenocarcinoma 401 (4.8%) and other: 259 (3.1%). More than 50% of vulvar cancer cases occurred in women aged between 65 and 84 years of age. The 5‐year age‐standardized net survival increased from 53.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 48.9–57.5) in 1960 to 72.1% (95% CI 68.8–75.5) in 2019. The proportion of adenocarcinoma among all cases increased from 2.0% to 8.7% between the 1960s and 2010s and an increase in age‐standardized 5‐year net survival was found for adenocarcinoma. Conclusions: The age‐standardized incidence of vulvar cancer cases in Sweden was stable between 1960 and 2019. During the study period, an increase in adenocarcinoma and a decrease in malignant melanoma cases was found. Five‐year net survival increased by 20 percent units during the study period. For squamous cell carcinoma, an increased age‐specific 5‐year net survival was observed for all age groups, apart for women aged ≥85. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper applies an overlapping generations model in order to evaluate the case for smoothing the fiscal costs associated with population ageing. The motivation is the establishment in Australia of the Future Fund which acts to smooth the tax burden over time. The conclusion is that tax smoothing of the order implied by the Future Fund yields a gain in social welfare in the order of 1.0 per cent in equivalent annual increases in GDP. All current generations of workers and retired workers are worse off, with middle-aged workers the worst affected, but future generations are better off and by larger magnitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: There is growing evidence that ketogenic dietary therapy (KDT) can be safely and efficiently used in young children, but little evidence exists on its use in newborns. Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies starting in the neonatal period or early infancy usually present a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate effectiveness, safety, and survival of infants younger than 3 months of age with drug‐resistant epilepsy in whom KDT was used. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate neonates and infants younger than 3 months who started KDT for drug‐resistant developmental and epileptic encephalopathies at three referral centers. Data were collected on demographic features, time of epilepsy onset, epilepsy syndrome, seizure type, seizure frequency at diet onset, etiology, details regarding diet initiation, type of ketogenic formula, breastfeeding, route of administration, blood ketones, growth, length of NICU stay, and survival. Results: Nineteen infants younger than 12 weeks of life who received KDT with a minimum follow‐up of 1 month were included; 13 had early‐infantile developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, four epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures, and two focal epilepsy. A >50% response was observed in 73.7% at 1 month on the diet; 37% achieved a > 75% seizure reduction, and 10.5% became seizure free. At 3 months, a >50% decrease in seizure frequency was observed in 72.2%; 15.8% had a >75% reduction; 21% became seizure free. Overall survival was 76% at 1 year on diet. Incidence of acute and late adverse effects was low and most adverse effects were asymptomatic and manageable. Significance: Our experience suggests that KDT is safe and effective in newborns and very young infants; however, further studies on the management of the diet in this vulnerable age group are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Facial dark spots remain a significant challenge for the cosmetic industry, in terms of providing effective treatment. Using Line‐field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography (LC‐OCT), we investigated the internal structural features of photo‐aging spot areas and evaluated the efficacy of a skin‐brightening cosmetic product. Materials and Methods: Twenty‐six Asian female volunteers, aged between 29 and 65 years, applied a cosmetic product on their entire face twice a day for 2 months. LC‐OCT was used to evaluate the dermal‐epidermal junction (DEJ) undulation and the volume density of melanin in the epidermis at D0 and D56. Skin brightening and redness were also assessed by photography (SkinCam). Results: Using LC‐OCT technology, various microscopic dark spot morphologies, spanning from minimally deformed DEJ to complex DEJ patterns, were identified. Dark spots characterized by slight deformities in the DEJ were predominantly observed in the youngest age group, while older volunteers displayed a wavier pattern. Furthermore, a total of 44 spots were monitored to evaluate the brightening product efficacy. A statistically significant reduction in melanin volumetric density of 7.3% in the spots and 12.3% in their surrounding area was observed after 56 days of product application. In line with these results, an analysis of color parameters using SkinCam reveals a significant increase in brightening and decrease in redness in both pigmented spots and the surrounding skin following application. Conclusions: LC‐OCT proves to be a valuable tool for in‐depth dark spots characterization and assessment of skin brightening products, enabling various applications in the field of dermatological sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: This study aims to describe inequalities in health indicators according to gender, area of residence, and socioeconomic position among Brazilian adolescents. Methods: Cross‐sectional study using data from a school‐based survey carried out in Brazil in 2019. Twelve health outcomes were evaluated. Dimensions of inequality assessed were gender, area of residence, wealth and subnational region. Results: This study comprises a sample of 124,898 adolescents. The most prevalent outcome was physical inactivity (71.9%) followed by thinking life is worthless (52.6%) and bullying (51.8%). Gender inequalities were more marked for physical inactivity and thinking life is worthless with girls presenting a prevalence more than 20 p.p. higher than boys. In zero‐dose HPV, however, the prevalence in girls was 17.7 p.p. lower than in boys. Area of residence and wealth inequalities were smaller than gender disparities. Context presented a relevant role in inequality with analysis stratified by states of the country, revealing high variability in estimates. Conclusions: We highlight the need for attention to disparities between subgroups of the adolescent population, especially for gender inequalities that were the most marked for this age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Updated international guideline recommendations for AN inpatient care rely on expert opinions/observational evidence and promote extended inpatient stays, warranting investigation using higher‐level ecological evidence. Methods: The study was conducted according to Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Data encompassing 13,885 ED inpatients (5336 adolescents and 8549 adults) was retrieved from Swedish public health registries. Variables analyzed included (1) ED inpatient care opportunities, (2) unique number of ED inpatients and (3) mean length of ED‐related inpatient stays in age groups 15–19 and 20–88+, across 1998–2020. Results: Mean length of inpatient stays was inversely correlated to relapse to ED‐related inpatient care within the same year (p < 0.001, R‐squaredadj = 0.5216 and p < 0.00001, R‐squaredadj = 0.5090, in the 15–19 and 20–88+ age groups, respectively), independent of number of ED inpatients treated within a year in both age groups. Extending mean adolescent inpatient duration from 35 to 45 days was associated with a ∼30% reduction in the year‐wise relapse rate. Conclusions: Mean length of ED‐related inpatient treatment stays was associated with reduced relapses to inpatient care within the same year, which could be interpreted as support for recommendations to include a stabilization phase in inpatient ED treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft-tissue sarcomas ( STS) account for 1% of adult and 7% of pediatric malignancies. Histopathology and classification of these rare tumors requires further refinements. The aim of this paper is to describe the current incidence and survival of STS from 1994 to 2012 in Ireland and compare these with comparably coded international published reports. This is a retrospective, population study based on the data from the National Cancer Registry of Ireland ( NCRI). Incidence and relative survival rates for STS in Ireland were generated. Incidence of STS based on gender, age and anatomical location was examined. Annual mean incidence rate (European Age Standardized) in Ireland between 1994 and 2012 was 4.48 ± 0.15 per 100,000 person-years. The overall relative 5-year survival rate of STS for the period 1994-2011 in Ireland was 56%, which was similar to that reported in the U.K. but lower than in most of Europe and U.S.A. Survival rate fluctuated over the period examined, declining slightly in females but showing an increase in males. STS incidence trends in Ireland were comparable to international reports. Survival trends of STS were significantly different between Ireland and other European countries, requiring further study to understand causation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Author networks play a key role in doing science. Developing networks is critical for career advancement in a variety of ways, and differences in networks may be a core reason for persistence of implicit bias, particularly with regards to gender. Combining the American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting abstracts from 2014–2018 with self‐identified AGU member data on birth year and gender provides a large database of more than 400,000 unique coauthor interactions that we use to examine author networks by age, gender, and country. Age data are necessary to disambiguate the effect of a historic lack of women in the Earth and Space Science. The data show that women's networks are closer to those expected from the age–gender distribution of the overall membership; whereas, networks of men include more men than expected. Women also have more male coauthors within their age cohort than expected from the membership distribution. Women's networks are also less international than their male colleagues in most age cohorts. These differences start in the youngest age cohort. These data indicate that addressing implicit bias requires efforts at purposefully encouraging and developing more balanced author networks, particularly in early‐career scientists. Recent work suggests that this will also improve science outputs. Plain Language Summary: Today, most research is conducted in teams, which allows different techniques and expertise to be applied to a scientific investigation. It also allows for sharing skills among team members, which especially benefits students. The size of these research teams, which translates to co‐authorship of conference presentations and manuscripts, has been growing and increasingly involves members from multiple countries. Professional connections made through teams are also important for career advancement. In this paper, we examine the age, gender, and extent of international collaborations of scientists by looking at authors of meeting presentations of one of the largest scientific meetings in the world, AGU's annual Fall Meeting. We found that male scientists tended to have a higher proportion of male co‐authors than would be expected at random and more international collaborations than women. These differences were apparent across most age groups, notably including authors in their twenties. This implies that actions are needed to help students of both genders equitably develop and expand their networks. Key Points: Women's coauthor networks are balanced across age groups; men's contain more men than expectedWomen tend to have fewer international coauthors than men in most countriesThese differences are in the youngest age cohorts, implying that addressing implicit bias requires interventions early in careers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]