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The purpose of this paper is to compare the distribution of occupation and rates of occupational mobility in the ATO Longitudinal Information Files (ALife) and the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) datasets. As tax is not occupation dependent, occupation data from tax records may not be reliable. We find that occupational mobility in the ALife data is less than half that in the nationally representative HILDA data. In contrast, the distribution of occupation and its relationship with most key socio‐economic characteristics appear relatively similar across the two datasets. However, occupation evolves differently over time in the two datasets and there are some differences between the sexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying sources of barriers to occupational mobility is central to evaluating the efficiency of the labor market. In this paper, we present an augmented Roy model in which workers self‐select into occupations, subject to labor market barriers that are specific to their socio‐linguistic group. Our findings provide evidence of differences in labor market outcomes across gender and linguistic groups in Canada. We argue that these differences could be attributed to barriers to labor mobility and that the reduction of these disparities would result in higher aggregate productivity in the country. In the augmented Roy model, the frictions result in inefficient allocation of labor across occupations. The study quantifies the change in aggregate productivity that would result from reducing the friction. The elimination of the frictions increased aggregate output on average by 6.2% and 4.4% in 1991 and 2011, respectively. This finding highlights the importance of reducing language barriers and gender inequality in the labor market. We provide policy recommendations for mitigating the disparities in socioeconomic outcomes between gender and linguistic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we develop a comprehensive model of earnings and labor market dynamics, where employment and job change are endogenous. The model is estimated by applying the method of indirect inference on Swedish register data, and then used to carry out some policy experiments. There are three key conclusions from these experiments. First, employment shocks early in life can, to a larger extent, be mitigated before retirement compared with employment shocks occurring later. Second, we find that idiosyncratic productivity shocks, unobserved heterogeneity, and education contribute substantially to life‐cycle earnings inequality. Finally, we find that transitory shocks to employment risk have negative effects on earnings and employment in the short run but may increase labor market fluidity in the medium run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper studies the extent to which the cyclicality of occupational mobility shapes that of aggregate unemployment and its duration distribution. We document the relation between workers' occupational mobility and unemployment duration over the long run and business cycle. To interpret this evidence, we develop a multisector business cycle model with heterogenous agents. The model is quantitatively consistent with several important features of the US labor market: procyclical gross and countercyclical net occupational mobility, the large volatility of unemployment and the cyclical properties of the unemployment duration distribution, among many others. Our analysis shows that occupational mobility due to workers' changing career prospects, and not occupation‐wide differences, interacts with aggregate conditions to drive the fluctuations of the unemployment duration distribution, and the aggregate unemployment rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design‐driven innovation literature focuses on meanings that people give to products and services. This paper investigates how new meanings can be designed and proposed to society rather than to individuals in the particular context of smart mobility. Smart mobility is characterized by a wide range of digital technologies that aim to make all mobility services within a city or territory more accessible and easy to use for citizens. At the same time, to effectively create value, the opportunities digital technologies offer must meet the needs of emerging lifestyles. In modern life, people manifest their interest in the semantic dimension by embracing solutions that are personally constructive and aligned with their cultural values. From an empirical point of view, this paper relies on two case studies that illustrate radical innovation of meanings in the smart mobility domain. Both case studies suggest a multi‐level perspective: on the one hand, they address landscape pressure and the need for more sustainable solutions for future mobility; on the other hand, they propose a new understanding of transport and travel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary critiques Betthäuser, Bourne and Bukodi's (2020) paper which finds that cognitive ability does not substantially mediate class of origin effects on educational and occupational outcomes. From these results, they conclude that cognitive ability is only of minor importance for social stratification, reasserting their view of the primacy of class origins for social stratification. The central issue surrounding cognitive ability in social stratification is its effects on socioeconomic attainments vis‐à‐vis socioeconomic origins, not the extent that cognitive ability mediates classorigin effects. Their analytical strategy of estimating the extent that cognitive ability mediates class origineffects is misleading because: it ignores the only moderate associations of socioeconomic origins with educational and occupational outcomes; the stronger direct effects of cognitive ability; the associations of parents' ability with their own socioeconomic attainments; and the genetic transmission of cognitive ability and other traits relevant to social stratification from parents to their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Despite the formal achievement of the free movement of labour within the EU, the institutional characteristics of the labour markets of the Member States may influence European mobility. The paper seeks empirical evidence of the relationship between labour market institutions and intra‐EU migrations, estimating a gravity model for bilateral migration for the period 2001–11. The results indicate that trade union density negatively correlates with the size of bilateral migrations: destinations with relatively high union density are associated with lower migration inflows. Since these countries tend to have a relatively flat earnings distribution, it is also investigated whether their earnings structure reduces their attractiveness as destinations hindering the access to their labour market. Even if a dependence between the earnings dispersion and migrations is found, trade union density remains the main driver of migration patterns. Clear effects of employment protection on EU mobility are not found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides empirical evidence on the effect on wages of the mobility across firms and sectors of apprentices after graduation in Italy over the period 1997–2013. We use administrative data and employ an instrumental variable approach to account for endogenous mobility due to observed and unobserved worker characteristics. Our main finding is that job switchers not in the economic sector of the training firm faced a significant gap in wages in comparison to stayers, indicating a loss of firm‐ and sector‐specific human capital. In addition, under the new apprenticeship rules introduced in 2003 by the Biagi reform, which lessened the stringency of the norms on the training content delivered by firms, both within‐ and across‐sector job switches had large negative effect on wages, suggesting a reduction in the transferability of skills for trainees relatively to the previous regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using province‐level establishments and employment data from the Korean Employment Insurance Database, this paper investigates how the regional spread of COVID‐19 affects local businesses and unemployment by establishment size and industry. We find that the number of small establishments declines substantially after the COVID‐19 pandemic through a decrease in new establishment creation and a surge in establishment closures. By contrast, large establishments are not affected significantly. Examining the numbers of unemployment benefits (UB) applicants, an indicator of unemployment, we find that the higher the rate of COVID‐19 confirmed cases in a province, the higher the number of UB applicants, regardless of their previous workplace size. Our analysis of employment insurance subscribers further confirms that the regional spread of COVID‐19 leads to a significant reduction in employment and job mobility in small establishments. Regarding industry heterogeneity in the COVID‐19 effects, we find that local COVID‐19 outbreaks affect local industries more through the reduction in establishment creation and new employment than through an increase in establishment closures. Industries that require face‐to‐face operations, such as lodging & restaurant, experience a substantial adverse impact in the early phase, and the impact also tends to last longer as COVID‐19 situations prolong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of legal status on economic outcomes has been well documented in the literature with most research focused on labor market outcomes such as wages and occupational mobility. In this paper, I utilize the exogenous variation created the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986 to estimate the effect of amnesty polices on homeownership among undocumented immigrants. Using a regression discontinuity framework, the results suggest that the IRCA increased homeownership rates of eligible immigrants by around 4 percentage points relative to ineligible immigrants. Moreover, an extension to the main analysis suggests that immigrants ineligible for the IRCA adjusted their household formation by increasing the rates of coresidency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we formulate and estimate a flexible model of job mobility and wages with two‐sided heterogeneity. The analysis extends the finite mixture approach of Bonhomme, Lamadon, and Manresa (2019) and Abowd, McKinney, and Schmutte (2019) to develop a new Classification Expectation‐Maximization algorithm that ensures both worker and firm latent‐type identification using wage and mobility variations in the data. Workers receive job offers in worker‐type segmented labor markets. Offers are accepted according to a logit form that compares the value of the current job with that of the new job. In combination with flexibly estimated layoff and job finding rates, the analysis quantifies the four different sources of sorting: job preferences, segmentation, layoffs, and job finding. Job preferences are identified through job‐to‐job moves in a revealed preference argument. They are in the model structurally independent of the identified job wages, possibly as a reflection of the presence of amenities. We find evidence of a strong pecuniary motive in job preferences. While the correlation between preferences and current job wages is positive, the net present value of the future earnings stream given the current job correlates much more strongly with preferences for it. This is more so for short‐ than long‐tenure workers. In the analysis, we distinguish between type sorting and wage sorting. Type sorting is quantified by means of the mutual information index. Wage sorting is captured through correlation between identified wage types. While layoffs are less important than the other channels, we find all channels to contribute substantially to sorting. As workers age, job arrival processes are the key determinant of wage sorting, whereas the role of job preferences dictate type sorting. Over the life cycle, job preferences intensify, type sorting increases, and pecuniary considerations wane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study different determinants of the intentions of multi‐dimensional job mobility and potential consequences on the expected wage, allowing for multiple types of moves, including location, industry, and occupation, and different combinations of these three dimensions. Our results confirm that the same observable characteristics can lead to different or even completely opposite effects on job mobility intentions. To be specific, on‐the‐job seekers (compared to unemployed ones) and job seekers with management positions in their last jobs both have a higher willingness to change job locations, but they are less willing to change industries and occupations. Moreover, our results demonstrate that the relationship between job mobility and wage expectations highly depends on the combinations of different mobility dimensions. Specifically, potential geographic mobility positively impacts wage expectations, with an increase of the expected wage by 6.3%. However, changing industry, occupation, or both results in a lower expected wage by 3.7%, 1.6%, and 11%, respectively. The wage expectation of the "All change" group does not significantly differ from the cohort of non‐movers (i.e., "No change"), implying that geographic moves could only partially offset the adverse effects of switching both occupation and industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the occupational status of immigrant birthplace‐generation groups in Australia, a country which emphasises skills in immigrant admissions. Using 2016 data, the occupational statuses of the first, 1.5, and second generations of Australia's China, India, Malaysia, Philippines, and Vietnam birthplace‐generation groups are compared to those for the main English‐speaking countries, all other countries, and third‐ and above‐generation Australians. The results show that the occupational status of the 1.5‐ and second‐generation Asian groups considered generally exceed that for their first generation counterparts and invariably exceed that for third‐ and above‐generation Australians, even after controlling for a range of confounding factors. For most Asian groups, the 1.5 generation's occupational status exceeds that of the second generation. Modification of the 'segmented assimilation' hypothesis to incorporate a new category of 'hyper‐selective differentiation' is proposed to capture the extraordinary upward occupational mobility of most 1.5‐ and second‐generation Asian groups in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automation risk prevails less in large cities compared to small cities but little is known about the drivers of this emerging urban phenomenon. A major challenge is that automation risk is quantified by work‐related tasks that allows for measurement through occupation, which is in turn implicitly related to local economic structure and to individual career paths. This paper examines the role of working in cities on changes in automation risk through individual career mobility. Using panel data on Swedish workers, we show that the metropolitan effect of reducing automation risk is mainly induced through inter‐firm job mobility. Separate estimates for different groups show that this effect accrues mostly to native, high‐skilled and male workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an extensive analysis of the wage effects of inter-regional mobility within Germany. Comparing skilled region-type movers with skilled non-migratory establishment movers we find clear evidence of an additional effect of inter-regional mobility which becomes fully effective after three years. The highest returns are obtained by young workers and by rural-urban movers. The introduction of fixed district and establishment effects tackles the notorious nuisance of regional price-level differences and reveals that the mobility returns can be decomposed into roughly equal contributions of human capital accumulation and search gains. Resumen Este artículo proporciona un amplio análisis de los efectos salariales de la movilidad interregional en Alemania. Al comparar a la mano de obra cualificada que se traslada entre tipos de regiones con la también cualificada no migratoria que solo se traslada entre empleos, encontramos pruebas claras de un efecto adicional de la movilidad interregional que se hace plenamente efectivo al cabo de tres años. Los retornos más elevados los obtienen los trabajadores jóvenes y los que se trasladan de medio rural al urbano. La introducción de efectos fijos por distrito y empleo contrarrestan el notorio fastidio de las diferencias regionales del nivel de precios y revela que los retornos a la movilidad pueden atribuirse más o menos a partes iguales entre la acumulación de capital humano y la mejora en la búsqueda de empleo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper identifies the determinants and the patterns of occupational mobility across the formal/informal employment divide as well as within the informal sector. Cross‐sectional analyses are applied to two samples (1,252 and 2,026 individuals) from two representative household surveys conducted in 2007 and 2012 in Bejaia, an east‐central region of Algeria. In the first place, using a Mincer earnings function shows there is a substantial wage gap regarding the formal/informal wage employment divide. However, human capital theory applies to formal employees rather than to informal ones. Hence, labor market segmentation is not reducible to earnings functions. In the second place, a multinomial logit model captures the determinants of occupational mobility, which depend on the characteristics of individuals: age, gender, marital status, and human capital. Finally, the paper explores from a longitudinal perspective a cohort of 445 individuals both surveyed in 2007 and 2012. The aforementioned determinants explain the patterns of occupational mobility of active individuals who experience a change that improves or deteriorates their job position, while shifting in both directions across the formal and the informal sector and within the informal sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using panel data from the 2010 Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey, this paper estimates the incidence and impact of horizontal and vertical mismatches on labour mobility among Korean female college graduates at the early stages of their careers. Unlike most previous studies, this study proposes three types of educational mismatch status: (1) vertically mismatched only; (2) horizontally mismatched only; and (3) both vertically and horizontally mismatched. The findings show that the share of educationally mismatched workers is non‐negligible in the Korean labour market (approximately 30 per cent). However, the data also points to an improvement in job matching over time. Regardless of the type of educational mismatch, the results provide evidence consistent with many previous studies: educational mismatch is significantly and positively associated with job turnover. In particular, vertically and horizontally mismatched workers are more likely to switch jobs than their vertically or horizontally mismatched counterparts. These findings indicate that educationally mismatched graduates are more likely to change jobs—suggesting that educational mismatch can be viewed as an investment in human capital at the beginning of a career. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes a new approach to testing whether employer learning is public or private. We show that public and private learning schemes make two distinct predictions about the curvature of the wage growth path when a worker changes jobs, because less information about the worker's productivity is transferred to a new employer in the private learning case than in the public learning case. This prediction enables us to account for individual and job‐match heterogeneity, which was not possible in previous tests. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we find that employer learning is public for high‐school graduates and private for college graduates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining individuals with health limitations in the labour force is a challenge of growing importance. Determining the effect of health on occupation may tell us how people adapt to their limitations, and what types of jobs make this harder or easier. This paper uses the first 14 waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey to examine the effect of health and changes in health on occupation for the working-age population. I use dynamic panel models which account for selection into employment. Two measures of occupation are used to capture two aspects of occupation highlighted in the literature as being linked to health: physical job demands and status. The results of the analyses provide some evidence that a health shock reduces the likelihood of manual employment for younger men, suggesting that younger men may adapt to a health shock by reducing physical job demands. Worsening health and work-limiting long-term conditions are found to have a negative effect on occupational status for men and women, suggesting health selection into lower-status jobs, and an adverse effect of poor health on occupational mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are large differences in intergenerational mobility between countries. Little is known, however, about how persistent such differences are, and how they evolve over time. This paper constructs a data set of 835,537 linked father-son pairs from census records and documents a substantial increase in intergenerational occupational mobility in Norway between 1865 and 2011. The increase is most pronounced in non-farm occupations. The findings show that long-run mobility developments previously described for the US and UK are not necessarily representative for other countries, and that high mobility in a given country today need not reflect high mobility before industrialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a new analysis of intergenerational mobility across three cohorts in England and Wales using linked decennial census microdata, focusing on occupation, homeownership, and education. Four main results emerge. First, area‐level differences in upward occupational mobility are highly persistent over time. Second, measures of absolute and relative mobility tend to be spatially positively correlated. Third, there is a robust relationship between upward educational and upward occupational mobility. Last, there is a small negative relationship between upward homeownership mobility and upward occupational mobility, revealing that social mobility comparisons based on different outcomes can have different trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a model for the heterogeneity and dynamics of the conditional mean and conditional variance of individual wages. A bias-corrected likelihood approach, which reduces the estimation bias to a term of order 1/ T2, is used for estimation and inference. The small-sample performance of the proposed estimator is investigated in a Monte Carlo study. The simulation results show that the bias of the maximum likelihood estimator is substantially corrected for designs calibrated to the data used in the empirical analysis, drawn from the PSID. The empirical results show that it is important to account for individual unobserved heterogeneity and dynamics in the variance, and that the latter is driven by job mobility. The model also explains the non-normality observed in log-wage data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considerable research focuses on why internal migration rates are declining across most of the Western world. Several studies also look at why people are less likely to change jobs than they were in the past. In this paper, we look at the prospect of declining economic returns as an explanation for the joint decline in both phenomena in Canada. We use the Canadian Employer‐Employee Dynamics Database, a linked job–individual–family–firm data set, to look at the 5‐year income trajectories for Canadian workers who changed job and province of residence (movers) in 1997, 2002, and 2007. We compare these returns with those of job switchers who did not move (nonmover job switchers) and with those that changed neither jobs nor province (nonmover nonjob switchers). We find that the mover's premium, defined as the increase in income that accompanies either a job change or a geographical move, has decreased over time and argue that this may help explain why internal migration and labour fluidity have been declining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The standard growth model predicts that allowing labour mobility across regions would increase the speed of convergence in per capita income levels and that migration has a negative causal impact on regional growth rates. Although the empirical literature has uncovered some evidence for the former implication, the latter has not been verified empirically. This paper provides empirical evidence for the negative causal impact of migration on provincial growth rates in a developing country with a high level of internal migration characterized by unskilled labour exiting rural areas for urban centres. We utilize an instrumental variables estimation method with an instrument unique to the country examined, controlling for provincial fixed effects. Resumen El modelo de crecimiento estándar predice que el permitir la movilidad laboral entre regiones aumentará la rapidez en alcanzar una convergencia en los niveles de ingresos per cápita y que la migración tiene un impacto causal negativo en las tasas de crecimiento regionales. Aunque la literatura empírica ha descubierto alguna prueba de la primera implicación, la última no ha sido verificada empíricamente. Este artículo proporciona pruebas empíricas del impacto causal negativo de la migración en las tasas de crecimiento provinciales en un país en desarrollo con una elevada migración interna caracterizada por mano de obra no cualificada desplazándose de las áreas rurales a los centros urbanos. Utilizamos un método de estimación de variables instrumentales con un instrumento único para el país examinado, al tiempo que controlamos los efectos fijos provinciales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to theorise and historicise a new category of female mobility termed the ‘sojourn’. By drawing upon existing scholarship, as well as the case study of twentieth-century Australian women in the United States, it identifies the sojourn as a well-documented yet under-theorised form of women’s mobility, characterised by three core features: the sojourn was prolonged yet time-bound; it was vocational; and it was freely chosen and opportunistic. Equipped with this concept, historians can gather otherwise disparate women into a collective that together unsettles the persistent coding of self-willed and careerist mobility as masculine. To name the sojourn is hence also to recalibrate the gendered landscape of historical mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research on social mobility in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland has confined itself exclusively to the linkages between male occupational origins and destinations. In this paper, three unique aspects of the Irish occupational mobility experience is investigated. First, the question of women's intergenerational occupational mobility is considered for the first time. Second, as in some recent North American research, traditional models of male intergenerational occupational mobility are modified to allow only the occupational achievement of mothers in the portrayal of a woman's occupational origins. Third, the occupational category of housewife is included as one possible occupational outcome for Irish women. The general conclusion of this paper is that not only does a mother's occupational attainments more realistically display the influence of occupational origins on women's subsequent occupational activities, but one vital component of this influence must be the occupational category of housewife. Only via the introduction of both these elements may the notably ascriptive nature of both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland in relation to female occupational mobility become understandable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has examined, mainly from the positive point of view, a model of labour migration and urban unemployment, confining attention to less developed countries. But if, in advanced countries also, the migration mechanism assumed here is relevant and the role of relative wages in the allocation of labour is effective enough (see Pissarides, 1978, and Ross and Wachter, 1973), the conclusions obtained in this paper would be worth due considerations for these countries from the standpoint of inefficiency (in the form of unemployment) and also the stability of their working. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been large fluctuations in the number of births during the past 50 years. These clearly affect the number of new entrants to the labour market 15–20 years later and influence the age distribution of the labour force for a much longer period. Because persons of different ages and experience are not interchangeable with one another in many productive activities, a person coming from a large birth generation may face different economic prospects over his life than a person from a small generation (see Easterlin [1980] for an extensive discussion of the impact of generation size). This paper estimates the impact of generation size on a young person's earnings relative to those of older workers. While it proves difficult to identify precisely the factors producing an upward trend in young men's relative earnings, there is strong evidence that young men from larger generations earn less. Thus, variation in the relative number of new labour force entrants has produced fluctuations in young men's relative earnings around an upward trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction to the journal is presented in which the editor discusses various reports in the issue on the topics including one on Software Process Improvement (SPI), the other on electronic mobility concept and the third on Global Software Development (GSD).

This paper analyses the role of job changes in overcoming work hour mismatches (i.e., differences between actual and desired work hours). It addresses two, yet neglected, questions: (1) How do adjustments in desired work hours, additionally to adjustments in actual work hours, contribute to the resolution of these mismatches? and (2) Does the well‐documented increased work hour flexibility of job movers help to actually resolve work hour mismatches? We find that job change increases the probability of resolving work hour mismatches, but far less than expected with free choice of hours across jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how Peruvian migrants fare economically in two historically and culturally distinct host countries, Japan and the US, drawing upon a survey and interviews conducted in both countries. Peruvian migrants surveyed share similar socio-economic backgrounds and migrated to both countries for similar reasons roughly around the same time. Yet, over time, they achieved more occupational upward mobility in the US than in Japan. Japan has not done quite as well as the US in providing immigrants with occupational opportunities due to its less diversified immigrant labor market, limited entrepreneurship opportunities, and restricted modes of immigrant incorporation. Does it mean, however, that Peruvian migrants are less successful in Japan than the US? Although occupational mobility is a commonly used measure of social mobility, the definitions and meanings of 'success' are context-dependent. Peruvians in the US do experience more occupational mobility, but diverge more greatly in economic achievement amongst themselves. In Japan, on the other hand, while they experience little occupational mobility, they have had more economic equality with relatively stable and high wages. The paper examines Peruvian migrants' distinct economic trajectories over time, focusing on their occupational mobility. We conclude that occupational mobility matters, not necessarily because it accompanies higher income, but because it shapes migrants' aspirations. In the context where immigrants' destinations have become more diverse in the world, the paper provides insights into how immigrants 'make it' and what it means to 'make it' in recent destinations, such as Japan, in comparison to more traditional immigrant countries, such as the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from two comprehensive national Labour Force Surveys and monetary and non‐monetary outcomes, we examine the extent of intergenerational mobility in Ethiopia. Results from ordinary least squares and quantile regression suggest moderate to high levels of earnings persistence. Generalised ordered logit‐based results suggest significant mobility educationally, which may be linked to the significant widening of educational opportunities over the last two decades, but hardly any evidence of mobility occupationally. Sons are found to be more mobile than daughters in all cases. Public policy may have to foster the equality of opportunities generally and along gender lines in order to enhance mobility. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the importance of gender for different job mobility patterns using an extensive household survey data from İzmir, the third largest city in Turkey. The determinants of job-to-job and job-to-nonemployment transitions are analyzed with the help of a multinomial logit estimation method. The results indicate that there is a distinction regarding the probability of job mobility patterns based on gender. It is more likely for women to be engaged in job-to-nonemployment transition, whereas men tend to change jobs more often. Although gender plays a significant role in job mobility patterns, traditionally imposed social constraints associated with childcare and household duties provide us with mixed results considering the behavior of women in the job market. On the other hand, having highly paid and secure jobs decreases the probability of both patterns of job mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the absence of historical income or education data, the change in occupations over time can be used as a measure of mobility. This paper investigates intergenerational occupational mobility using a novel genealogical dataset for settler South Africa, spanning its transition from an agricultural to an early industrialised society (1800‐1909). We identify fathers and sons for whom we have complete information on occupational attainment. We follow a two‐generation discrete approach to measure changes in both absolute and relative mobility over time. Consistent with qualitative evidence of a shift away from agriculture as the economy's dominant sector, we see the farming class shrinking and the skilled and professional classes growing. Controlling for changes in the structure of the labour market over time, we find increasing mobility, becoming significant after the discovery of minerals in 1868. We find this mobility particularly for semi‐skilled workers but virtually no improved mobility for sons of farmers. We also test hypotheses related to the mobility prospects for first‐born sons and sons of immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we use indirect inference to estimate a joint model of earnings, employment, job changes, wage rates, and work hours over a career. We use the mode! to address a number of important questions in labor economics, including the source of the experience profile of wages, the response of job changes to outside wage offers, and the effects of seniority on job changes. We also study the dynamic response of wage rates, hours, and earnings to various shocks, and measure the relative contributions of the shocks to the variance of earnings in a given year and over a lifetime. We find that human capital accounts for most of the growth of earnings over a career, although job seniority and job mobility also play significant roles. Unemployment shocks have a large impact on earnings in the short run, as well as a substantial long-term effect that operates through the wage rate. Shocks associated with job changes and unemployment make a large contribution to the variance of career earnings and operate mostly through the job-specific error components of wages and hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses longitudinal data to examine the extent to which casual employees, who account for almost 25 percent of all Australian employees, are able to access non-casual jobs in the future, and to contrast their experiences with that of other labor market participants. A dynamic mixed multinomial logit model of labor market states is estimated which reveals high rates of mobility from casual employment into non-casual employment. Among men, casual employees are found to be far more likely to make the transition into non-casual employment than otherwise comparable unemployed job seekers. For women, however, this is not the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1241) Laura Hering and Sandra Poncet This paper contributes to the analysis of growing income inequality in China. We apply a structural model of economic geography to data on per capita income over 190 Chinese cities between 1995 and 2002, and evaluate the extent to which market proximity and spatial dependence can explain the growing income inequality between Chinese cities. The econometric specification explicitly incorporates spatial dependence in the form of spatially-lagged per capita income. We show that the geography of market access and spatial dependence are significantly correlated with per capita income in China. Market access is particularly important in cities with smaller migration inflows, which is consistent with NEG theory, whereas spatially-lagged per capita income matters more in cities with greater immigration. We conclude that the positive impact of spatially-lagged income partly results from labour mobility between neighbours, so that spatial dependence reflects the influence of migration, knowledge transfers and increasing competition between cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to extend the suitability of the concepts of the boundaryless and the protean career for the study of career mobility. To do so, we introduce a conceptual model that maps out the main factors determining and constraining transitions in careers. This model shows marks of European thinking on careers. It not only builds on aspects of both the boundaryless and protean career concepts, but also extends the focus by paying attention to the interplay between agency and structure. It adds to our understanding of the complex interplay between individual and structural factors shaping individuals' careers. An additional added value of the model is that it is built on insights from diverse research streams, including self-determination theory and turnover literature. The article concludes with a discussion of the main contributions of the model and directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the determinants of occupational attainment and the impact of occupation on earning among foreign-born men using the U.S. 2000 Census. Years of schooling and proficiency in English are the key factors determining access to high-paying occupations among immigrants. Foreign labor market experience, however, has a negative impact on current occupational status, especially among those in high-status jobs, due to the limited international transferability of skills acquired on the job. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In theory, new regional jobs yield two distinct sources of welfare gains to workers: (1) mobility gains achieved by workers as they move up job chains and (2) traditional Marshallian surpluses enjoyed by all workers as labor markets tighten. In the past, we have argued that the second channel is likely to be small relative to the first. This paper integrates a chain model (using PSID job change data) with a modified-Marshallian model based on “wage curves” (estimated from CPS data) to formalize and test that argument. High wage jobs with modest wage–unemployment elasticities show Marshallian effects only 10 percent to 20 percent the size of mobility effects. Low wage jobs with somewhat higher elasticities show Marshallian effects from 40 percent to 70 percent the size of mobility effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goals of this paper are to conceptually integrate and extend the diverse literature on job mobility. We introduce a multi-level theoretical framework that describes how individuals' job mobility unfolds. Three theoretical perspectives inform this framework. The structural perspective suggests that macro-level factors (e.g. economic conditions and industry differences) determine the opportunity structure of job mobility in the labour market. The individual difference perspective suggests that dispositional attributes affect a person's preferences for and subsequent behaviours associated with job mobility. The decisional perspective, grounded in the theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991), suggests that decisions to engage in job mobility are based on the evaluation of three factors: subjective norms, the desirability of the mobility option and individuals' readiness for change. The article concludes with a discussion of the multilevel nature of determinants of job mobility and directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the effects of Temporary Help Agencies (THA) on occupational mobility by performing an empirical comparison of the job-to-job upgrading chances of agency and regular (non-agency) workers in Spain. We estimate a switching regression model to allow for self-selection into agency work because of, for instance, more motivated workers being more likely to search for jobs through a THA. We find evidence in favour of the existence of self-selection in all qualification groups considered. Concerning mobility, we find that agency workers in intermediate qualification levels are less likely to experience demotions than regular workers. THA increase the probability of high-skilled workers achieving a permanent contract in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of casual employment as a route into permanent employment. Using a competing risks framework we compare transitions from casual to permanent employment made within the firm and to other firms. We also examine the wage outcomes and job durations of these two transitions. It is found that internal transitions occur at all occupational levels and display characteristics associated with probationary employment. Thus, as suggested by previous case study evidence, permanent positions at all levels in the firm are open to a degree of external competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate how apprenticeship training affects the early career mobility and earnings profiles of young apprentices in Germany. The heterogeneous quality and nature (whether general or firm specific) of training across firms is expected to be reflected in the post-apprenticeship mobility and earning patterns of young workers. In this paper, we argue that a simple model of training and labour turnover can explain such patterns. Specifically, assuming that job changes are associated with a loss of accumulated firm-specific skills, the model predicts that although movers initially experience a productivity loss, their earnings grow at a faster rate than those of stayers. As job changes become more costly the longer a worker stays with the training firm, later movers experience a larger reduction in their earnings compared with direct movers. Estimated selectivity-corrected earnings equations for movers and stayers, based on data from the German Socioeconomic Panel (GSOEP), support the predictions of the model and highlight important differences in earnings profiles and mobility patterns by apprenticeship firm size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss liberalising the temporary mobility of workers under Mode 4 of the GATS, particularly the movement of medium and low skilled service providers between developing and developed countries. Such mobility potentially offers huge returns: a flow equivalent to three per cent of developed countries’ skilled and unskilled work forces would generate an estimated increase in world welfare of over US$150 billion, shared fairly equally between developing and developed countries. The larger part of this emanates from the less-skilled, essentially because losing higher-skilled workers cuts output in developing countries severely. The mass migration of less skilled workers raises fears in developed countries for cultural identity, problems of assimilation and the drain on the public purse. These fears are hardly relevant to temporary movement, however. The biggest economic concern from temporary mobility is its competitive challenge to local less skilled workers. But as populations age and the average levels of training and education rise, developed countries will face an increasing scarcity of less skilled labour. Temporary mobility thus actually offers a strong communality of interest between developing and developed countries. The remainder of the paper looks at the GATS provisions on Mode 4 and the commitments that have been made under it. The paper reviews several official proposals for the Doha talks, including the very detailed one from India, and considers several countries’ existing schemes for the temporary movement of foreign workers. Many countries have long had bilateral foreign worker programmes, and some regional agreements provide for liberal and flexible movement. These show what is feasible and how concerns can be overcome. We caution that, to be useful, any WTO agreement must increase mobility, not just bureaucratise it. The paper concludes with some modest and practical proposals. We suggest, inter alia, that licensing firms to arrange the movement of labour is the most promising short-term approach to increasing temporary mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the social context in which career decisions are made. Results show that beyond individual-level factors such as demographics and work history, individuals' decisions to change careers are socially embedded. Findings suggest that the greater the diversity of an individual's network of advisors, the greater the likelihood that an individual will change careers. In addition, this paper explores the mechanisms through which different subsets of advice relationships - instrumental versus psychosocial - affect the decision to change careers. Results show that the greater the diversity of an individual's set of instrumental relations, the greater the number of offers he or she receives during the job search process and, further, that the number of offers received is positively related to the likelihood of changing careers. The diversity of an individual's set of psychosocial relations was related to his or her confidence to overcome career obstacles. However, confidence was not, in turn, related to career change, counter to expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of the literature on the effect of job changes has been on the consequences of job destruction on the individual worker. In this paper we analyze the impact on the earnings distribution of both job creation and job destruction. We establish a link between job reallocation and the movement of workers into and out of the tails of the earnings distribution. Both job creating and job destroying employers shed jobs mostly from the middle and lower tails of the earnings distribution, although this is cyclically very sensitive. Labor mobility (triggered by job reallocation) is risky: mobile workers will generally end up in the upper or lower tail of the distribution rather than in the middle. If workers move across industry boundaries, they typically move to the lower tails of the distribution. In sum, the fortunes of workers depend on the fortunes of their employers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to assess intergenerational occupational mobility in Germany. Using data from the Socio-Economic Panel, we find a high persistence of occupational choices across fathers and children. To separate effects related to parental advice and influence (nurture) from genetic factors (nature), we determine the persistence separately for children who grew up with their biological fathers and those who did not. The results suggest that nurture-related effects explain a significant fraction of the observed correlation of fathers' and children's occupational choices. We discuss policy implications that follow from the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]