Search

Within feminist geography, there is a growing consensus on the need for research to contribute to social change and transformation beyond the academy, and increased emphasis on the co‐production of impact. In this paper I critically reflect and report on how I co‐produced impact with a participatory audio‐visual research project, conducted in collaboration with women in Bogotá and Medellín and researchers and filmmakers based in the UK and Colombia. I focus particularly on co‐producing 'impact‐in‐process', which builds participants' capacities, creates spaces of reciprocal learning and increases participants' confidence and sense of ownership both during and beyond the research process. Yet, while co‐producing impact‐in‐process benefits research participants and has the potential to contribute to social change and transformation, this form of impact is rarely recognised as such. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the randomized Good Drinks program in four localities of Bogotá, Colombia. The intervention encourages bartenders to adopt standardized practices that promote responsible behavior in terms of alcohol consumption with the goal of reducing alcohol‐related violence and was implemented in cooperation with Colombia's largest brewery and the city's Secretariat of Security, Coexistence, and Justice. Tracing out the relationship between alcohol consumption and violence is useful because alcohol‐related incidents often lead to more serious crimes. Our experimental design allows estimating direct and spillover effects on reported incidents within and around bars. Results show that bartenders in treatment locations sell more water and food, thus contributing to more responsible behavior by patrons. However, we find no direct or spillover effects of these changes in consumption on brawls five months after the program, but some improvement on other alcohol‐related incidents. The experience of the Good Drinks program provides a better understanding of three aspects related to alcohol regulation and policy: (i) the role bartenders can play to curb excessive alcohol consumption and promote good behavior among customers, (ii) a practical experience of using less restrictive interventions for alcohol regulation, and (iii) the value of public‐private partnerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we attempt to find existing linkages of financial literacy with indebtedness and wealth accumulation of households in Bogotá, the capital of Colombia. We analyze an econometric model where we regress a household's debt usage, cost of debt servicing, and wealth indicators against its financial literacy. Financial literacy is assessed according to the financial numeracy and money management skills of the head of households. Numeracy skills are found to have a positive correlation with the decision to use debt and have a mortgage and with the total number of lending sources, debt‐to‐income, and net worth. Money management skills decrease the household's likelihood of using all of the debt types considered in the analysis and increase with net worth. We also uncover important debt and wealth accumulation conducts closely tied to the city's economic stratification and the gender of the head of household. A number of public policy implications are derived from the results of the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Antipode is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and Aims: The approach to the burden of disease is a demographic, economic, and a health problem, which requires the design and application of specific measures of cost of the disease, such as disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs), to establish better public health policies in the pediatric population. The aim of this study is to approach the burden of disease in children with acute respiratory failure (ARF) through the calculation of DALYs. Methods: This study was conducted in the framework of a prospective, multicenter cohort in Bogotá, Colombia. Inclusion criteria were all pediatric patients admitted to the emergency department, hospitalization, and intensive care unit with respiratory distress; eligible patients were all those who developed ARF between April 2020 and December 2021. They were followed‐up during hospitalization, at 30 and 60 days after admission. The Infant/Toddler Quality of Life Questionnaire and KIDSCREEN quality of life scales were applied for follow‐up according to the age group. The results were used to calculate DALYs Results: Six hundred and eighty‐five eligible patients, 296 (43.08%) developed ARF, of these 22 (6.08%) patients died (mortality rate = 7.43%). The total DALYs was 277.164 years. For younger than 9 years, the DALYs were 302.64 years, while for older than 10 years were 40.49 years. Conclusion: ARF is one of the main causes of preventable mortality in pediatrics, its progression to respiratory failure is a highly prevalent condition in pediatric age, a condition that has a great impact on mortality, morbidity, and disability in our patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this paper is to use data from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) conducted in Bogotá, Colombia, in 2001 and 2007 to examine changes in tobacco use among youth 13-15 years of age. The current tobacco control effort in Bogotá will be accessed relative to Colombia ratifying the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) in 2008. METHODS: GYTS was implemented in public schools in Bogotá, Colombia, by the Colombian National Cancer Institute. Data were collected from students in classrooms using self-administered procedures. RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2007, ever having smoked cigarettes decreased along with exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) at home, having an object with a tobacco logo on it, and having been offered free cigarettes by a tobacco company representative. Prevalence of current cigarette smoking did not change from 2001 to 2007 (32.9% and 29.9%). Exposure to pro-tobacco advertising increased, reaching 71.4%, and 73.4% respectively, in 2007. Having been taught about the harmful effects of tobacco use did not change over time. CONCLUSIONS: The government of Colombia ratified the WHO FCTC in 2008. However, Colombia has one of the highest levels of cigarette smoking among 13-15 year olds in the Region of the Americas. The tobacco control effort in Colombia has much work to do, including recognition that the levels of smoking among adolescents are already as high as those of adults. Future declines in tobacco use among adolescents in Bogotá will likely depend on development of a comprehensive tobacco control program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: This descriptive study identified health behaviors practiced by lOth-grade students enrolled in public schools in Bogota Colombia. A modified version of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey assessed the health-related behaviors of 1,730 students. In this paper data for tobacco, alcohol, and psychoactive substances use are discussed. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine statistical significance among selected behavioral risk areas and the independent variables that were nominally scaled. Data from the study revealed a high use of gateway substances (tobacco and alcohol) among high school students in Bogota but lower usage, when compared to US students, of other mind-altering substance such as marijuana, inhalants, and cocaine. (J Sch Health. 2000;70(9):377-380) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This mixed‐methods study examined how adolescents understand and evaluate different ways to address intergroup harms in schools. In individual interviews, 77 adolescents (M age = 16.49 years; 39 girls, 38 boys) in Bogotá, Colombia, responded to hypothetical vignettes wherein a rival group at school engaged in a transgression against their group. Adolescents reported that students who were harmed should and would talk to school authorities, but also noted they would likely retaliate. In terms of teacher‐sanctioned responses to harm, youth endorsed compensation most strongly, followed by apologies, and rated suspension least positively. Youths' explanations for their endorsement of different disciplinary practices reflected varied concerns, including their perceptions of how justice is best achieved and how restoration could be attained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) to improve the lives of migrants is a growing field. However, studies in this area have been conducted mainly in wealthy countries, with municipalities that are capable of supporting migrants or refugees. There is less evidence from middle‐income host countries and how ICTs can help migrants in their resettlement efforts. To address this gap, this study examines ICT access and the use of e‐government services by Venezuelan migrants in Colombia and compares this group with short‐ and long‐term residents of Bogotá. The descriptive analysis of the data reveals that, after controlling for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, foreign migrants are less likely to own ICT devices compared to short‐ and long‐term residents, but over time do acquire ICT access. In addition, Venezuelan migrants are less likely to use e‐government services than their local peers even after controlling for demographic characteristics and internet access, with the exception of address registration. The results indicate that ICT access is not a sufficient condition for migrants to access e‐government services and there is a need for policy coordination to reduce bureaucratic "red tape" that may diminish migrants' likelihood of accessing to e‐government services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quercus humboldtii is the dominant tree species in oak forest ecosystems in the Colombian Andes, and approximately 15,000 trees have been planted in urban Bogotá. In Bogotá, Q. humboldtii is affected by phytoplasmas. The management of phytoplasmas relies mainly on control of the insect vectors. The aim of this work was to generate information on phytoplasmas affecting Q. humboldtii and the potential insect vectors involved. Phytoplasmas were detected by nested PCR and identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism or sequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA gene in 238 randomly selected urban trees, from 17 city zones. The prevalence of the disease was 80%, with phytoplasmas detected in 94% of trees. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxini' was found in 54.6%, 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' in 30.7% and mixed infections of both phytoplasmas in 8.8% of the trees. Phytoplasmas were observed in the phloem of infected trees by electron microscopy. 'Ca. P. fraxini' was more common than 'Ca. P. asteris' in both street and parks trees, but correlations between the phytoplasma and disease‐associated variables were not observed. The entomofauna of a subsample of 102 of these trees was examined. Representative specimens of seven orders were collected, with Hemiptera the most prevalent. Specimens of 17 Cicadellidae, one Membracidae and one Psyllidae species were collected. Cicadellidae species from subfamilies Aphrodinae, Deltocephalinae, Iassinae, Eurymelinae, Megophthalminae and Typhlocybinae were found, in which phytoplasma vectors have been reported previously. Specimens of two known Cicadellidae vector species were collected: Amplicephalus funzaensis (Deltochephalinae) and Exitianus atratus (Deltochephalinae). Phytoplasmas were assessed in 103 Cicadellidae specimens. 'Candidatus P. asteris' was detected in A. funzaensis (n = 3/16 tested), E. atratus (n = 2/10 tested) and Alebrini sp. 1 (n = 1/11) tested). The possible epidemiological implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Colombian slider turtle (Trachemys venusta callirostris) is an endangered species, and one of the most common reptiles admitted to wildlife facilities in Colombia due to wildlife trafficking. To identify the most common diseases at admission and identify factors affecting rehabilitation and translocation, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 567 individuals admitted to a wildlife facility in Bogotá, Colombia (2005–2009). In total, 70% of turtles had at least one clinical problem identified at admission, with metabolic bone disease (MBD) (40.8%), ulcerative shell disease (USD) (29%), and dysecdysis (23.9%) being the most reported. Only 44% (249/560; 7 turtles with unknown disposition were excluded) were translocated while the remaining 56% (311/560) died. We used a multivariable logistic regression and found that factors significantly associated (p <.05) with successful rehabilitation included life stage and health status at admission. Adult and juvenile turtles were 3.0 and 2.4 times more likely to be successfully rehabilitated for translocation, respectively, than hatchlings. Individuals identified as healthy at admission were 3.3 times more likely to be rehabilitated than individuals with medical problems. Most medical problems diagnosed at admission are the result of inadequate husbandry from private ownership, and this negatively impacts rehabilitation and eventual translocation of individuals back to their natural habitats. We highlight important considerations for wildlife facilities in the conservation efforts of this endangered species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long dismissed as too weak and fragmented to collectively organize, millions of informal workers have begun mobilizing for labour rights over the past 40 years. As informal workers gain a measure of power to reshape the structure and conditions of their work, but continue to face constraints due to their subordinated positions in the broader political economy, tensions may emerge between the imperatives of combatting exploitation and dispossession. Recent conflicts over recycler rights policy in Bogotá, Colombia are illustrative of this dilemma. For the first 25 years of its existence, the recycler rights movement experienced little tension between these two imperatives, as it had little capacity to do either. In recent years, however, recyclers have become powerful political agents, and since 2012 conflicts have erupted among recyclers and state officials over how to navigate the twin threat. Drawing on 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork, this article exposes both potentials and constraints of state‐led interventions to improve informal livelihoods. Such interventions are likely to entail thorny tradeoffs as long as they occur within a broader system of social relations that is based on exploitation and exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk‐informed asset management is key to maintaining optimal performance and efficiency of urban sewer systems. Although sewer system failures are spatiotemporal in nature, previous studies analyzed failure risk from a unidimensional aspect (either spatial or temporal), not accounting for bidimensional spatiotemporal complexities. This is owing to the insufficiency of good‐quality data, which ultimately leads to under‐/overestimation of failure risk. Here, we propose a generalized methodology/framework to facilitate a robust spatiotemporal analysis of urban sewer system failure risk, overcoming the intrinsic challenges of data imperfections—e.g., missing data, outliers, and imbalanced information. The framework includes a two‐stage data‐driven modeling technique that efficiently models the highly right‐skewed sewer system failure data to predict the failure risk, leveraging a bidimensional space‐time approach. We implemented our analysis for Bogotá, the capital city of Colombia. We train, test, and validate a battery of machine learning algorithms—logistic regression, decision trees, random forests, and XGBoost—and select the best model in terms of goodness‐of‐fit and predictive accuracy. Finally, we illustrate the applicability of the framework in planning/scheduling sewer system maintenance operations using state‐of‐the‐art optimization techniques. Our proposed framework can help stakeholders to analyze the failure‐risk models' performance under different discrimination thresholds, and provide managerial insights on the model's adequate spatial resolution and appropriateness of decentralized management for sewer system maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hedonic house price models are increasingly applied in the process of mass appraisal, in which econometric specifications are used to obtain automated valuation of properties for taxation purposes. The predictive quality of such models is important, since it directly affects the revenue stream of local authorities. In this paper, we assess the relative predictive performance of different model specifications used in automated valuation. Specifically, we focus on the issue of spatial heterogeneity by comparing models that utilize different definitions of housing submarkets. In addition, we consider the inclusion of 'spatial' explanatory variables in the form of distance to various amenities as computed from a GIS. We apply this to data from the city of Bogotá, Colombia, a pioneer in the application of mass appraisal techniques in a developing country context. We find that specifications that include the submarkets improve predictive performance and that the inclusion of the spatial variables is superior to the traditional models of homogenous zones. However, even the best models are still characterized by relatively poor performance in the form of a high degree of overprediction of the house value. In addition, the predictive performance of the models varied by socio-economic stratum in the city, which suggests that the dynamics of the housing markets in these strata would require closer and separate attention. These results may provide further guidance to enhance mass appraisal practice in the city of Bogotá as well as potentially other Latin American cities. Resumen. Los modelos hedónicos de precios de la vivienda se están aplicando cada vez más en procesos de tasación en masa, en los que las especificaciones econométricas se utilizan para obtener una valoración automatizada de propiedades con fines fiscales. La calidad predictiva de dichos modelos es importante ya que afecta directamente a los ingresos de las autoridades locales. En este artículo evaluamos el comportamiento predictivo relativo de diferentes especificaciones del modelo utilizadas en la tasación automatizada. Específicamente, nos fijamos en el problema de la heterogeneidad espacial mediante la comparación de modelos que utilizan definiciones diferentes para los submercados de la vivienda. Consideramos además la incorporación de variables explicativas 'espaciales' representadas por la distancia a diferentes servicios y calculadas mediante SIG. Aplicamos todo ello a datos de la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia, pionera en la aplicación de técnicas de tasación en masa bajo un contexto de países en desarrollo. Descubrimos que las especificaciones que incluyen los submercados mejoran el comportamiento predictivo y que la incorporación de variables espaciales es superior a los modelos tradicionales de zonas homogéneas. Sin embargo, incluso los mejores modelos aun están caracterizados por un pobre comportamiento relativo en cuanto a un alto grado de sobrepredicción del valor de la vivienda. Asimismo, hubo variación en el comportamiento predictivo de los modelos de acuerdo con el estrato socio-económico de la ciudad, lo que sugiere que las dinámicas de los mercados de la vivienda en estos estratos podrían requerir una atención más detallada por separado. Estos resultados podrían proporcionar pautas adicionales para mejorar las prácticas de tasación en masa en la ciudad de Bogotá, así como posiblemente en otras ciudades latinoamericanas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pubenza is a remarkable palaeontological site of Colombia, and a place that could hold some of the potentially oldest evidence of humans in northern South America. Previous palaeontological research at this site has mainly focused on the megafauna. Here we describe and establish the systematic palaeontology for the small fauna that inhabited this ancient lacustrine ecosystem, including the first report of birds, tortoises and vipers for the Late Pleistocene in Colombia. Furthermore, exceptionally well preserved fossilised wasp nests are morphologically and elementally characterised, which is the first report of an ichnofossil of this kind in northern South America. In addition, new material of kinosternid turtles, armadillos and rodents is also described. Our results reveal that the Bogotá River Basin, where Pubenza is located, was a rich ecosystem during the Late Pleistocene and a region of great interest for future articulated palaeontological and archaeological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High Andean forests harbor a remarkably high biodiversity and play a key role in providing vital ecosystem services for neighboring cities and settlements. However, they are among the most fragmented and threatened ecosystems in the neotropics. To preserve their unique biodiversity, a deeper understanding of the effects of anthropogenic perturbations on them is urgently needed. Here, we characterized the plant communities of high Andean forest remnants in the hinterland of Bogotá in 32 0.04 ha plots. We assessed the woody vegetation and sampled the understory and epiphytic cover. We gathered data on compositional and structural parameters and compiled a broad array of variables related to anthropogenic disturbance, ranging from local to landscape‐wide metrics. We also assessed phylogenetic diversity and functional diversity. We employed nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) to select meaningful variables in a first step of the analysis. Then, we performed partial redundancy analysis (pRDA) and generalized linear models (GLMs) in order to test how selected environmental and anthropogenic variables are affecting the composition, diversity, and aboveground biomass of these forests. Identified woody vegetation and understory layer communities were characterized by differences in elevation, temperature, and relative humidity, but were also related to different levels of human influence. We found that the increase of human‐related disturbance resulted in less phylogenetic diversity and in the phylogenetic clustering of the woody vegetation and in lower aboveground biomass (AGB) values. As to the understory, disturbance was associated with a higher diversity, jointly with a higher phylogenetic dispersion. The most relevant disturbance predictors identified here were as follows: edge effect, proximity of cattle, minimum fragment age, and median patch size. Interestingly, AGB was efficiently predicted by the proportion of late successional species. We therefore recommend the use of AGB and abundance of late successional species as indicators of human disturbance on high Andean forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Building strategies for the country-level dissemination of Kangaroo mother care (KMC) to reduce the mortality rate in preterm and low birth weight babies and improve quality of life. KMC is an evidence-based healthcare method for these infants. However, KMC implementation at the global level remains low.Methods: The international network in Kangaroo mother brought 172 KMC professionals from 33 countries together for a 2-day workshop held in conjunction with the XIIth International KMC Conference in Bogota, Colombia, in November 2018. Participants worked in clusters to formulate strategies for country-level dissemination and scale-up according to seven pre-established objectives.Results: The minimum set of indicators for KMC scale-up proposed by the internationally diverse groups is presented. The strategies for KMC integration and implementation at the country level, as well as the approaches for convincing healthcare providers of the safety of KMC transportation, are also described. Finally, the main aspects concerning KMC follow-up and KMC for term infants are presented.Conclusion: In this collaborative meeting, participants from low-, middle- and high-income countries combined their knowledge and experience to identify the best strategies to implement KMC at a countrywide scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Evaluation of early growth in preterm infants receiving kinesthetic stimulation with massage in Kangaroo position or in incubator. Methods: A cohort of 66 infants between 30 and 33 weeks of gestational age (GA), born at a university hospital in 2013 in Bogota, were randomised when eligible to intervention. We measured weight gain (g/kg/day) at five days and 15 days postrandomisation and weight at 40 weeks, according to chronological age at randomisation. Results: Daily weight gain was significantly higher (p = 0.02) with kinesthetic stimulation in Kangaroo position with a growth at five days of 11.0 g/kg/day (95% CI 5.7;16.3) and at 15 days of 12.1 g/kg/day (95% CI 10.4;13.7) versus 2.1 g/kg/day (95% CI −3.1;7.4) at five days and 9.4 g/kg/day (95% CI 7.7;11.1) at 15 days in incubator. Weight at 40 weeks was higher (p = 0.05) in Kangaroo position group (2.904 g) than in incubator group (2.722 g) (95% CI 2.784;3.007). Daily weight gain according to chronological age at randomisation was higher when kinesthetic stimulation initiates before five days of life in Kangaroo position with 1.53 g/kg/day (95% CI 5.9;9.0) versus −11.9 g/kg/day (95% CI −19.0;−4.8) in incubator. Conclusion: Early kinesthetic stimulation in Kangaroo position reduces the initial weight loss in infants between 30–33 weeks born without major health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Parasitus bituberosus is common in rose fields and nearby vegetation around Bogotá. In rearing units, it is often aggregated, feeding on Frankliniella occidentalis edaphic phases. Preliminary observations suggested predator immatures can not reach adulthood if isolated. The objectives were to evaluate the suitability of F. occidentalis as prey for P. bituberosus, to evaluate free‐living nematodes as complementary food, and to confirm the aggregation effect on predator biology. Aggregation types: (1) isolated mites, (2) mites paired only as deutonymphs and early adulthood, and (3) mites always paired. Diets: thrips (T), nematodes (N) and thrips + nematodes (NT). RESULTS: Parasitus bituberosus juveniles did not feed on live F. occidentalis, but developed and oviposited on nematodes. Approximately 77% of the isolated mites died as immatures. Mortality was low (21–23%) when predators were paired at least in the deutonymph and the early adult phase. Female daily predation rates were comparable to other predators on F. occidentalis (≥2.5). Continuously paired mites had high biotic potential, especially when the diet included nematodes (rm ≥ 0.33; Ro ≥ 33.90; daily oviposition rate ≥ 10.9). CONCLUSION: The results of this study warrant further investigation of this predator, to evaluate methods for its mass production, inclusion in conservation biocontrol programs and performance against the pest at a larger scale. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the aging population in Colombia grows, caring for older adults falls not just to family but also to the community including friends and religious organizations. While there is very little research on ageism in Colombia, it is increasingly urgent to understand the role of social support of the growing older population. Two studies were conducted with a community sample in Bogotá, Colombia. In a pilot study, we developed a measure of positive and negative stereotyping of older adults. In the main study with participants aged between 54 and 83, we explored the relations among endorsement of positive and negative stereotypes, anxiety about aging, perceived and expected physical and mental health, and expectations of social support. We found that perceived lack of social support and negative stereotyping significantly predict more anxiety towards aging, while positive evaluations of one's own mental health predict less anxiety. Surprisingly, greater expectations of social support predict more aging anxiety. In turn, aging anxiety and positive stereotyping predicted evaluations of mental (but not physical) health. Additionally, poorer evaluations of physical health, aging anxiety and negative stereotyping (though only marginally) significantly predict greater expectations of social support. Implications of the findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The patterns of spatial socioeconomic segregation in Latin American cities are changing rapidly as a result of suburbanization and metropolization. However, the political consequences of these urban spatial processes are not well understood. This article uses Orfield's framework of analysis to test the hypothesis that spatial segregation at the metropolitan level is driving political polarization between Latin American cities and their suburbs. With Bogotá as a testing ground, we look for evidence that the mechanisms described by Orfield are at play. We conclude that metropolitan spatial segregation does not drive metropolitan politics in Bogotá and explore some of the theoretical implications thereof. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While a growing awareness of climate change has marked the institutional agenda at the national level in Colombia, the capital city of Bogotá has not undertaken actions to include adaptation to climate change within its policies so far. Conceptualizing the central role of city-level institutions in the successful realization of adaptation policies is a straightforward matter. This is not the case for actions and conditions that may foster adaptation capacity according to varying institutional and social geographies. Using secondary data and a selection of interviews with key stakeholders occupying leading planning roles in important departments of the local administration, this article explores why and how a framework based on incentives and obstacles should be complemented by recent developments in the analysis of policy implementation based on the differentiation between political and programmatic success and failure on the basis of existing local policy styles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities around the world have recently started to become 'proactive' initiators of climate strategies containing both mitigation and adaptation elements. The experience of these first movers has been studied and documented both empirically and, to a lesser extent, theoretically, primarily for cities in the global North. This symposium addresses related knowledge gaps by exploring case studies of urban regions in the global South confronting their projected climate change challenges, showcasing the experiences of Delhi, Santiago de Chile and Bogotá. Its specific aim is to explore the urban social response to nature change, the adaptation challenges faced by cities across the world and current practices of urban adaptation. Further, the symposium seeks to understand to what extent and in what respect current conceptual frameworks - which highlight urban ecological security and vulnerability - provide a useful context/framing to assist cities in confronting their challenges and to explain their actions. This introductory article examines current knowledge of the theory and practice of urban climate response. It introduces the concepts of ecological security and vulnerability and discusses the adaptive capacity of cities and how they are starting to respond to the emerging challenges of climate change. It concludes with a synthesis of the case articles and highlights some of the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the term social capital has been in existence since 1835, it only became popular at the end of the twentieth century, with the emergence of the associational revolution and the appearance of the third sector. Since then, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), volunteering, philanthropic financing and solidarity organisations have all shaped a common discourse. From a social capital perspective, and on the basis of a social survey, this article investigates the determinants of solidarity and participation in NGOs in Bogotá, Colombia. We conclude that the expression of social capital in Bogotá is made manifest through donations and volunteering, factors which should be considered in fundraising activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT What happens when the rights of urban citizens are reconfigured by the biopolitical imperative to protect life from threats? I examine such situations by focusing on how the emergence of risk as a technique of government shapes urban politics in Bogotá, Colombia. Investigating the frames of political engagement within which claims for recognition, inclusion, and entitlement are made, I argue that it is within the domain of biopolitical security that poor and vulnerable populations engage in relationships with the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A community, juvenile prostitution rehabilitation programme in Bogotá, Colombia, South America is described; and beliefs and values of the residents were explored. Multiple sorting procedures and multi-dimensional scaling analysis elicited qualitative, structured, self-report data, and investigated cognitive constructs. Participants discriminated between belief-statements along two global dimensions: street-life and prostitution; and rehabilitation. These were comprised of qualitatively different elements. Clinical implications for interventions with this group and the rehabilitation programme are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our objective is to establish the prevalence and overlap among different forms of violence and the importance of known correlates of aggression in Bogotá, Colombia. Our method is a cross-sectional household survey of violence amongst a random sample (n=3007) of the general population between the ages of 15 and 60. In this population the more severe forms of aggression tend to appear concurrently with the less severe forms. Multivariate analyses of the data show that a family history of crime, physical aggression among family members, lack of clarity of parental norms, beliefs justifying the use of violence, and alcohol consumption are the main correlates of verbal and physical aggression independent of age, gender and social class. Although the findings are limited by the cross-sectional design, exclusion of the institutionalized population, and reliance on retrospective self-reports, they provide population-based estimates of different forms of aggression and support for known correlates of aggression in a Latin American context. Aggr. Behav. 29:191–201, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights the meeting of the national nurses associations of Latin America held in Bogota, Colombia on June 9-19, 1974 aimed to discuss the legislation governing their profession. Sponsor of the seminar; Definition of the factors influencing the development of nursing in Latin America; Schedule of activities for the seminar; Speakers of the seminar.

Large gaps in cognition and language on the Bayley‐III between the top and bottom household wealth quartiles in 1,330 children aged 6–42 months in a representative sample of low‐ and middle‐income families in Bogota were previously shown. Maternal education and the home environment mediated these wealth effects, whereas height‐for‐age mediated a small amount of the language deficit only. At ages 6–8 years, we relocated 72% of the children and assessed their IQ on the WISC‐V, school achievement, and behavior to investigate the evolution of the wealth gaps and potential mediators. The wealth gap in IQ at 6–8 years was significantly larger than that in a factor combining Bayley‐III language and cognition at 6–42 months; whereas the gap in achievement was larger but not significantly. Moreover, in cross‐sectional analysis, the IQ gap increased from 6 to 8 years reaching over 1 SD. In contrast, the gap in behavior was not significant in either childhood stage. Parental education and early home environment remained major mediators of the wealth gap in IQ and achievement at 6–8 years; later home environment and attending private education also had an effect; and early height‐for‐age was no longer significant. The home environment partly mediated the effect of parental education on wealth. All mediators combined explained most of the variance in the wealth gap; the remaining gaps being not significant. Results highlight the importance of the early home environment and suggest that interventions focusing on that should have long‐term benefits. Also, continued intervention through to 8 years may be desirable. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://youtu.be/_U53iXNww3I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the highlights of the Second Biogeography Symposium organized by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) members from the Bogotá Botanical garden in Colombia. Topics covered during the symposium include a review of the history of biogeographic paradigms in Colombia, the use of bioinformatics in analyzing distribution patterns in neotropical plants and cladistic biogeography.