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The aim of the International Society for Technology, Education, and Science (iHSES) conference is to offer opportunities to share ideas, discuss theoretical and practical issues, and connect with the leaders in the fields of "humanities," "education" and "social sciences." It is organized for: (1) faculty members in all disciplines of humanities, education and social sciences; (2) graduate students; (3) K-12 administrators; (4) teachers; (5) principals; and (6) all interested in education and social sciences. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

For the forty-first time, the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) is sponsoring the publication of these Proceedings. Papers published in this volume were presented at the annual AECT Convention in Kansas City, Missouri. The Proceedings of AECT's Convention are published in two volumes. Volume 1 contains twenty-seven papers dealing primarily with research and development topics. Twenty-one papers dealing with the practice of instructional technology including instruction and training issues are contained in Volume 2. [For Volume 2, see ED600552.]

The 23rd EUROCALL conference was held in Cyprus from the 24th to the 27th of August 2016. The theme of the conference this year was "CALL Communities and Culture." It offered a unique opportunity to hear from real-world CALL practitioners on how they practice CALL in their communities, and how the CALL culture has developed in local and global contexts. Short papers from the conference are presented in this volume: (1) The impact of EFL teachers' mediation in wiki-mediated collaborative writing activities on student-student collaboration (Maha Alghasab); (2) Towards the development of a comprehensive pedagogical framework for pronunciation training based on adaptive automatic speech recognition systems (Saandia Ali); (3) Digital literacy and sustainability--a field study in EFL teacher development (Christopher Allen and Jan Berggren); (4) Self-evaluation using iPads in EFL teaching practice (Christopher Allen, Stella K. Hadjistassou, and David Richardson); (5) Amateur online interculturalism in foreign language education (Antonie Alm); (6) Teaching Turkish in low tech contexts: opportunities and challenges (Katerina Antoniou, Evelyn Mbah, and Antigoni Parmaxi); (7) Learning Icelandic language and culture in virtual Reykjavic: starting to talk (Branislav Bédi, Birna Arnbjörnsdóttir, Hannes Högni Vilhjálmsson, Hafdís Erla Helgadóttir, Stefán Ólafsson, and Elías Björgvinsson); (8) Investigating student choices in performing higher-level comprehension tasks using TED (Francesca Bianchi and Ivana Marenzi); (9) An evaluation of text-to-speech synthesizers in the foreign language classroom: learners' perceptions (Tiago Bione, Jennica Grimshaw, and Walcir Cardoso); (10) Quantifying CALL: significance, effect size and variation (Alex Boulton; (11) The contribution of CALL to advanced-level foreign/second language instruction (Jack Burston and Kelly Arispe); (12) Using instructional technology to integrate CEFR "can do" performance objectives into an advanced-level language course (Jack Burston, Androulla Athanasiou, and Maro Neophytou-Yiokari); (13) Exploiting behaviorist and communicative action-based methodologies in CALL applications for the teaching of pronunciation in French as a foreign language (Jack Burston, Olga Georgiadou, and Monique Monville-Burston); (14) Mobile assisted language learning of less commonly taught languages: learning in an incidental and situated way through an app (Cristiana Cervini, Olga Solovova, Annukka Jakkula, and Karolina Ruta); (15) Using object-based activities and an online inquiry platform to support learners' engagement with their heritage language and culture (Koula Charitonos, Marina Charalampidi, and Eileen Scanlon); (16) Urban explorations for language learning: a gamified approach to teaching Italian in a university context (Koula Charitonos, Luca Morini, Sylvester Arnab, Tiziana Cervi-Wilson, and Billy Brick); (17) Communicate to learn, learn to communicate: a study of engineering students' communication strategies in a mobile-based learning environment (Li Cheng and Zhihong Lu); (18) Using a dialogue system based on dialogue maps for computer assisted second language learning (Sung-Kwon Choi, Oh-Woog Kwon, Young-Kil Kim, and Yunkeun Lee); (19) Students' attitudes and motivation towards technology in a Turkish language classroom (Pelekani Chryso); (20) Vlogging: a new channel for language learning and intercultural exchanges (Christelle Combe and Tatiana Codreanu); (21) Japanese university students' self-assessment and digital literacy test results (Travis Cote and Brett Milliner); (22) Digital story (re)telling using graded readers and smartphones (Kazumichi Enokida); (23) HR4EU--a web portal for e-learning of Croatian (Matea Filko, Daša Farkaš, and Diana Hriberski); (24) Synchronous tandem language learning in a MOOC context: a study on task design and learner performance (Marta Fondo Garcia and Christine Appel); (25) What students think and what they actually do in a mobile assisted language learning context: new insights for self-directed language learning in higher education (Gustavo Garcia Botero and Frederik Questier); (26) An Audio-Lexicon Spanish-Nahuatl: using technology to promote and disseminate a native Mexican language (Rafael García-Mencía, Aurelio López-López, and Angélica Muñoz Meléndez; (27) The use of interactive whiteboards: enhancing the nature of teaching young language learners (Christina Nicole Giannikas); (28) A pre-mobility eTandem project for incoming international students at the University of Padua (Lisa Griggio and Edit Rózsavölgyi); (29) Can a "shouting" digital game help learners develop oral fluency in a second language? (Jennica Grimshaw, Walcir Cardoso, and David Waddington); (30) Feedback visualization in a grammar-based e-learning system for German: a preliminary user evaluation with the COMPASS system (Karin Harbusch and Annette Hausdörfer); (31) The multimodality of lexical explanation sequences during videoconferenced pedagogical interaction (Benjamin Holt); (32) Automatic dialogue scoring for a second language learning system (Jin-Xia Huang, Kyung-Soon Lee, Oh-Woog Kwon, and Young-Kil Kim); (33) Effects of task-based videoconferencing on speaking performance and overall proficiency (Atsushi Iino, Yukiko Yabuta, and Yoichi Nakamura); (34) Tellecollaborative games for youngsters: impact on motivation (Kristi Jauregi); (35) The Exercise: an Exercise generator tool for the SOURCe project (Kryni Kakoyianni-Doa, Eleni Tziafa, and Athanasios Naskos); (36) Students' perceptions of online apprenticeship projects at a university (Hisayo Kikuchi); (37) The effects of multimodality through storytelling using various movie clips (SoHee Kim); (38) Collaboration through blogging: the development of writing and speaking skills in ESP courses (Angela Kleanthous and Walcir Cardoso); (39) Cultivating a community of learners in a distance learning postgraduate course for language professionals (Angelos Konstantinidis and Cecilia Goria); (40) Task-oriented spoken dialog system for second-language learning (Oh-Woog Kwon, Young-Kil Kim, and Yunkeun Lee); (41) Promoting multilingual communicative competence through multimodal academic learning situations (Anna Kyppö and Teija Natri); (42) Teacher professional learning: developing with the aid of technology (Marianna Kyprianou and Eleni Nikiforou); (43) Quizlet: what the students think--a qualitative data analysis (Bruce Lander); (44) "Just facebook me": a study on the integration of Facebook into a German language curriculum (Vera Leier and Una Cunningham); (45) A survey on Chinese students' online English language learning experience through synchronous web conferencing classrooms (Chenxi Li); (46) Identifying and activating receptive vocabulary by an online vocabulary survey and an online writing task (Ivy Chuhui Lin and Goh Kawai); (47) Exploring learners' perceptions of the use of digital letter games for language learning: the case of Magic Word (Mathieu Loiseau, Cristiana Cervini, Andrea Ceccherelli, Monica Masperi, Paola Salomoni, Marco Roccetti, Antonella Valva, and Francesca Bianco); (48) Game of Words: prototype of a digital game focusing on oral production (and comprehension) through asynchronous interaction (Mathieu Loiseau, Racha Hallal, Pauline Ballot, and Ada Gazidedja); (49) PETALL in action: latest developments and future directions of the EU-funded Pan-European Task Activities for Language Learning (António Lopes); (50) Exploring EFL learners' lexical application in AWE-based writing (Zhihong Lu and Zhenxiao Li); (51) Mobile-assisted language learning and language learner autonomy (Paul A. Lyddon); (52) YELL/TELL: online community platform for teacher professional development (Ivana Marenzi, Maria Bortoluzzi, and Rishita Kalyani); (53) Leveraging automatic speech recognition errors to detect challenging speech segments in TED talks (Maryam Sadat Mirzaei, Kourosh Meshgi, and Tatsuya Kawahara); (54) Investigating the affective learning in a 3D virtual learning environment: the case study of the Chatterdale mystery (Judith Molka-Danielsen, Stella Hadjistassou, and Gerhilde Messl-Egghart); (55) Are commercial "personal robots" ready for language learning? Focus on second language speech (Souheila Moussalli and Walcir Cardoso); (56) The Digichaint interactive game as a virtual learning environment for Irish (Neasa Ni Chiaráin and Ailbhe Ní Chasaide); (57) Mingling students' cognitive abilities and learning strategies to transform CALL (Efi Nisiforou and Antigoni Parmaxi); (58) Taking English outside of the classroom through social networking: reflections on a two-year project (Louise Ohashi); (59) Does the usage of an online EFL workbook conform to Benford's law? (Mikolaj Olszewski, Kacper Lodzikowski, Jan Zwolinski, Rasil Warnakulasooriya, and Adam Black); (60) Implications on pedagogy as a result of adopted CALL practices (James W. Pagel and Stephen G. Lambacher); (61) Exploring the benefits and disadvantages of introducing synchronous to asynchronous online technologies to facilitate flexibility in learning (Salomi Papadima-Sophocleous and Fernando Loizides); (62) A CALL for evolving teacher education through 3D microteaching (Giouli Pappa and Salomi Papadima-Sophocleous); (63) Physicality and language learning (Jaeuk Park, Paul Seedhouse, Rob Comber, and Jieun Kiaer); (64) Designing strategies for an efficient language MOOC (Maria Perifanou); (65) Worldwide state of language MOOCs (Maria Perifanou); (66) A Spanish-Finnish telecollaboration: extending intercultural competence via videoconferencing (Pasi Puranen and Ruby Vurdien); (67) Developing oral interaction skills with a digital information gap activity game (Avery Rueb, Walcir Cardoso, and Jennica Grimshaw); (68) Using WebQuests as idea banks for fostering autonomy in online language courses (Shirin Sadaghian and S. Susan Marandi); (69) Integrating mobile technologies into very young second language learners' curriculum (Gulnara Sadykova, Gulnara Gimaletdinova, Liliia Khalitova, and Albina Kayumova); (70) Investigating commercially available technology for language learners in higher education within the high functioning disability spectrum (Georgia Savvidou and Fernando Loizides); (71) Learning languages in 3D worlds with Machinima (Christel Schneider); (72) What are more effective in English classrooms: textbooks or podcasts? (Jaime Selwood, Joe Lauer, and Kazumichi Enokida); (73) Mind the gap: task design and technology in novice language teachers' practice (Tom F. H. Smits, Margret Oberhofer, and Jozef Colpaert); (74) Language immersion in the self-study mode e-course (Olga Sobolev); (75) Aligning out-of-class material with curriculum: tagging grammar in a mobile music application (Ross Sundberg and Walcir Cardoso); (76) Meeting the technology standards for language teachers (Cornelia Tschichold); (77) Mobile-assisted language learning community and culture in French-speaking Belgium: the teachers' perspective (Julie Van de Vyver); (78) Classification of Swedish learner essays by CEFR levels (Elena Volodina, Ildikó Pilán, and David Alfter); (79) Mobile assisted language learning and mnemonic mapping--the loci method revisited (Ikumi Waragai, Marco Raindl, Tatsuya Ohta, and Kosuke Miyasaka); (80) CALL and less commonly taught languages--still a way to go (Monica Ward); (81) Demystifying pronunciation with animation (Monica Ward); (82) The effects of utilizing corpus resources to correct collocation errors in L2 writing--Students' performance, corpus use and perceptions (Yi-ju Wu); (83) A social constructionist approach to teaching and learning vocabulary for Italian for academic purposes (Eftychia Xerou, Salomi Papadima-Sophocleous, and Antigoni Parmaxi); (84) Flip-J: development of the system for flipped jigsaw supported language learning (Masanori Yamada, Yoshiko Goda, Kojiro Hata, Hideya Matsukawa, and Seisuke Yasunami); and (85) "Check your Smile", prototype of a collaborative LSP website for technical vocabulary (Nadia Yassine-Diab, Charlotte Alazard-Guiu, Mathieu Loiseau, Laurent Sorin, and Charlotte Orliac). An author index is included. (Individual papers contain references.)

The 25th European Association of Computer-Assisted Language Learning (EUROCALL) conference was hosted by Modern Languages and Linguistics at the University of Southampton, in the United Kingdom, from the 23rd to the 26th of August 2017. The theme of the conference was "CALL in a climate of change." The theme encompassed the notion of how practice and research in CALL is responding to shifting global circumstances which impact education, including developments arising from economic, political, or environmental change. It cut across areas including considerations for teacher training, competitive educational models, open education, new models for blended learning, collaboration, mobile learning, creative and innovative pedagogy, data analytics, students' needs and sustainability--and crucially, it looked to the future with optimism. The programme was packed with over 200 sessions related to this topic, and it included a large number of workshops, pecha kucha, posters, and symposia. This volume offers a snapshot of this dynamic landscape and contains 60 of the papers presented. This volume reflects the wide variety of topics featured at the conference and the high quality of contributions. (Individual papers contain references.)

The 2015 Central States Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (CSCTFL) was held in Minneapolis, Minnesota together with the Minnesota Council on the Teaching of Languages and Cultures, who served as local host. This year's theme underscores the transformative nature of learning a foreign language. As language teachers we have a great responsibility to provide our students with opportunities to learn and explore languages and cultures in ways that foster intercultural communicative competence. The 2015 conference highlighted strategies, practices, and approaches that world language educators can use to help students develop the attitudes, skills, and knowledge necessary to interact with others in our global community. The CSCTFL 2015 conference featured 35 workshops and more than 200 sessions. Nine of the 16 Central States were represented by "Best of" sessions. 21 sessions from the 2014 conference were presented again at the 2015 conference as "All-Stars." The session and workshop topics represented at the 2015 conference included technology in the classroom, intercultural competence, assessment, advocacy, best practices, and the use of literature, art, and music in language classes. The authors whose articles are included in the 2015 CSCTFL "Report" addressed the 2015 conference theme, "Learn Languages Explore Cultures Transform Lives" by focusing on those elements that transform foreign language teaching and learning. The articles provide the reader with innovative ideas and approaches for world language instruction that will assist teachers in transforming their classrooms to meet the needs of the 21st century learners.

The 2014 Central States Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages took place in St. Louis, Missouri with the cooperation of the Foreign Language Association of Missouri. The 2014 conference focused on ways in which foreign language teachers, "unlock" or help to open up lines of communication between their students and people who speak a language other than the native language of their students. Foreign language teachers do so not only by helping students to learn how to express themselves through oral and written communication, but also through cultural knowledge of the target culture. For students to become globally competent citizens, they need to know not only how to communicate through oral and written communication; they must also understand the nuances of a culture. An understanding of the products, practices, and perspectives of a culture are equally important to function in a given culture. The CSCTFL 2014 conference featured 28 workshops and more than 170 sessions. Nine of the 17 central states were represented by "Best of…" sessions. Several presenters from the 2013 conference returned to re-present their session as an "All-Star." The sessions and workshop topics represented at the 2014 conference included the connection to Common Core in the foreign language classroom, the use of technology, teaching for communicative competency, lesson planning, assessment, the integration of culture in the curriculum, and the use of literature, art, music, and film in language classes. The articles in this report pertain to developing communicative competency and cultural competency. By focusing on developing communicative competency and cultural competency, foreign language teachers are able to shape their students into citizens who will be globally competent and be able to communicate and interact effectively in a global society. The authors explain how to achieve these goals through the use of technology in teaching, studying abroad, the use of target language in the classroom, and the role of a textbook in the classroom while promoting communication.

This year's volume of the Central States Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (CSCTFL) Report centering on the conference theme of MultiTasks, MultiSkills, and MultiConnections focused on the importance or world language use within the classroom and beyond with articles extending the conversation on target language use in instruction, on 21st century skills and accompanying Web 2.0 technologies that faculty and students can access and use to connect to the larger world, and applications of standards based instruction at K-16 levels of instruction. The profession's K-16 "Standards for Foreign Language Learning in the 21st Century" are well represented in this year's volume as all articles connect in some manner with one or more of the 5Cs in meaningful ways, demonstrating how the profession has embraced the national conversation on what "students should know and be able to do in a second or multiple language". The collection of articles in the MultiTasks section, share the theme of instructor target language (TL) use with recent attention placed on the role of the target language in instructed situations. In the MultiSkills section of this publication, readers will find a focus on the Partnership for 21st Century skills and technology integration in three articles. Articles in MultiConnections integrate various aspects of language learning usage for various purposes including connections to the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR), to service learning for collegiate intermediate Spanish students not necessarily pursuing a major or minor in the language, and to innovations for providing more literature exposure into language learning. "Innovative Approaches to teaching Literature in the World language classroom," examines the need to provide and support literary texts in language instruction by bridging the gap between developing language proficiency for interpersonal communication and developing literary understanding of authentic literary texts.

The 2008 Central States Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages, a joint conference with the Michigan World Language Association, focused on learning about the diverse backgrounds and needs of today's students and discovering new ways to help them succeed in reaching the goal of language proficiency. A wide variety of workshops and sessions offered practical advice on how to deal with reluctant learners on a variety of levels. Immersion-type workshops and sessions were offered to help participants brush up on their language skills, and participants were brought up-to-date on topics such as foreign language advocacy, advanced placement, technology, assessment, culture, brain-based learning, and much more. In addition to "Best of" presentations from 15 states, the program included several encore presentations from last year's "All-Star" presenters. This volume offers the reader a wealth of research based approaches and strategies to language teaching and learning designed to assist the language educator in creating a learning environment that will motivate and engage all students in the language classroom. These articles focus on best practices representing theory-based instruction designed to optimize language communication skills and cultural knowledge for all learners.

Articles are divided into two sections. Section 1, "Research and Theory, includes: "The Influence of Pronunciation Instruction on the Pronunciation of English Word-Final Consonants by Brazilian Learners" (Roseanne Silveira); "Perceptions, Interactions and Immersion: A Cross-Comparative Case Study of African-American Students' Experiences in a French Immersion Class and a Regular French Class" (Michelle Haj-Broussard); "Teachers Studying Abroad: An Analysis of Changes in Linguistic and Cultural Knowledge and Attitudes toward Spanish Culture and the Effects of Ethnographic Interviews" (Greg Thompson); "Motivation in Foreign/Second Language Learning: Some Problems and Implications" and "Learning to Teach Spanish" (Gloria Velez-Rendon). Section 2, "Teaching Tips," includes: "Dialogic Construction and Reflective Practice: A Teacher Educator's Action Research Study of Teacher as Learner" (Marjorie Haley and Sabrina Wesley-Nero); "Creating an Innovative English as a Second Language in the Workplace Program" (David Schwarzer, Clarena Loretta, and Vyacheslav Zub); "Heretical Method for Teaching Foreign Languages" (Zev Bar-Lev); and "Professional Organizations: A Comprehensive Resource List" (Felicia Rader). (Papers contain references.) (SM)

This issue contains the following articles: "The Pragmatics of Wh-Question Intonation in English" (Christine Bartels); "The Nature of Object Agreement in Hungarian" (Huba Bartos); "Voah Mei Daett Sei Deitsh: Developments in the Vowel System of Pennsylvania German" (David Bowie); "Event Time Properties" (Gerhard Brugger); "Polarity in Spanish, French, and English" (Dee Cain, Renee J. O'Brien); "Chanting Intonation in French" (Zsuzsanna Fagyal); "Sui Generis Genericity" (Hana Filip, Greg Carlson); "South Slavic Clitic Placement Is Still Syntactic" (Steven Franks); "Permission Sentences in Dynamic Semantics" (Javier Gutierrez-Rexach); "Do I Sound 'Asian' to You? Linguistic Markers of Asian American Identity" (David B. Hanna); "Subcategorization Semantics and the Naturalness of Verb-Frame Pairings" (Edward Kako); "Extraction, Gradedness, and Optimality" (Frank Keller); "A Non-Scalar Account of Apparent Gradience: Evidence from Yo and Ne" (Yuriko Suzuki Kose); "No Escape from Syntax: Don't Try Morphological Analysis in the Privacy of Your Own Lexicon" (Alec Marantz); "What Does the Copula Do?" (Kunio Nishiyama); "Disyllabic Requirement in Swahili Morphology" (Jae-Ick Park); "Aspectual Shifting in the Perfect and Progressive" (Laura Wagner); "A Model-Theoretic Approach to A-Not-A Questions" (Jianxin Wu); and "Against Overt Particle Incorporation" (Jochen Zeller). Diagrams, tables, and references appear throughout the articles. (KFT)

This volume of work papers from the Summer Institute of Linguistics includes the following: "Goals and Indirect Objects in Seri" (Stephen A. Marlett); "Seri Kinship Terminology" (Mary B. Moser and Stephen A. Marlett); "Quiegolani Zapotec Phonology" (Sue Regnier); "Role and Reference Grammar" (Robert D. Van Valin, Jr.); "The Binding Properties of Quechua Suffixes" (David Weber); and "Obligatory Dative Clitic Doubling in Spanish" (Karol J. Franklin). (JL)

The working papers by students and professors of linguistics on research in progress include the following: "Are Cariban Languages Moving Away From or Towards Ergative Systems?" (Desmond D. Derbyshire); "A Double-Verb Construction in Mbya Guarani" (Robert A. Dooley); "Semantically Ergative Languages in Typological Perspective" (Alexandr E. Kibrik); "The Definite Article with Proper Names for Referring to People in the Greek of Acts" (Stephen H. Levinsohn); "On the Syllabification of /tl/ Clusters in Spanish" (Steve Parker); and "Agutaynen Glottal Stop" (J. Stephen Quakenbush). (MSE)

Although some research has been conducted on the importance of mediation in language learning and teaching (Dendrinos, 2006; González-Davies, 2020; Piccardo, 2012, 2020; Scarino, 2016), there is still scarce research on the integration of plurilingualism, mediation, and technology. Through qualitative and quantitative methodology, this paper investigates teachers' abilities in Italy and Spain to integrate plurilingualism, mediation, and technology. A survey has been distributed in order to explore teachers' attitudes towards the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and their awareness of the definition and importance of mediation. Furthermore, some mediation tasks performed by teachers in which they had to integrate mediation, plurilingualism, and technology were analysed. [For the complete volume, "Intelligent CALL, Granular Systems and Learner Data: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2022 (30th, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 17-19, 2022)," see ED624779.]

This paper presents a reflection on the design of an Intelligent Computer-Assisted Language Learning (ICALL) 'ecosystem', integrated into an online learning environment for Spanish as a Foreign Language (SFL). The innovative dimension of the ecosystem lies in its triple focus: apart from enabling users to create and use intelligent language learning materials, it also tracks their activities in the environment and provides them insights (e.g. through knowledge clips) into Natural Language Processing (NLP), the source of ICALL's 'intelligence'. The reflective analysis is carried out by means of a case study with 32 SFL students, who work with the ecosystem in a blended writing course focused on vocabulary learning, lexical ambiguity, and Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD). Students' attitudes towards engaging in the ICALL ecosystem are gauged through a questionnaire, which revealed a statistically significant positive change in attitude after having completed the course. However, the results also show that enhanced insights into NLP and increased confidence in the computer as a learning assistant do not necessarily go hand in hand with an increased curiosity and a better user experience. [For the complete volume, "Intelligent CALL, Granular Systems and Learner Data: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2022 (30th, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 17-19, 2022)," see ED624779.]

This document presents the proceedings of the 21st Annual Research Forum held June 30, 2016, at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Included are the following 11 action research papers: The Use of Mexican Folk Art to Develop Oral and Written Language Ability and Cultural Awareness in the Secondary Spanish Classroom (Antonio Alanis), The Effect of Writing on Achievement and Attitudes in Mathematics (Andrew Boudon), History Teaches Us to Hope: Integrating Hope Theory into Secondary Social Studies (Joshua T. Campbell), Teaching the 2016 Presidential Election through News Media Literacy and the Liberating Education Model (Ali Chohan), Using Social Justice Education to Develop Literacy and Global Awareness in the Secondary French Classroom (Kate McCrea), Integrating Francophone Cinema into the High School French Class (Jordan Rowell), The Effect of Intelligent Tutoring Systems on Student Attitudes and Achievement (Sarah A. Smith), Instructional Strategies to Build Higher-Order Thinking Skills and Develop Language Ability in the Secondary Spanish Classroom (Sarah Henion Smith), Multimedia and Historical Empathy in the Social Studies Classroom (Matthew Stran), Impact of Narrative Readings on Student Achievement and Interest in U.S. History Classrooms (Jake Thornton), Exploring the Effect of Social Studies Simulations on Student Engagement in the Secondary Classroom (Stacey Walker). [Individual papers contain references, tables, and figures. For the 2015 Research Digest, see ED559718. ]

This is the book of abstracts for the conference held in 2017 entitled: ''METADISCOURSE ACROSS GENRES: MAPPING INTERACTION IN SPOKEN & WRITTEN DISCOURSES'', also known as MAG2017. The 1st International Conference on Metadiscourse Across Genres took place in METU Northern Cyprus Campus, Cyprus between 30 March-1 April 2017 with the participation of Prof. Ken Hyland, Prof. Anna Mauranen and Prof. Annelie Adel as keynote speakers. This international conference aimed to disseminate current research work on Metadiscourse and related areas in line with various qualitative and quantitative approaches with special focuses on Discourse Analysis, Corpus Linguistics, Genre Analysis and eventually the first-of-its kind conference in the field of Metadiscourse has welcomed 110 participant and hosted 3 plenary talks and 94 research talks given by researchers from 40 countries from Japan, Mexico, Turkey to Botswana and United Kingdom. The book of abstracts includes the abstracts of the talks with various qualitative and quantitative approaches with special focuses on Discourse Analysis, Corpus Linguistics, Genre Analysis. We would like to acknowledge that the event was co-organized by individual researchers: Dr. Erdem Akbas (Erciyes University), Assoc Prof. Ciler Hatipoglu (Middle East Technical University) and Prof. Yasemin Bayyurt (Bogazici University) with the initial suggestion coming from Reza Abdi (University of Mohaghegh Ardabili).

These proceedings contain the papers of the International Conference e-Learning 2015, which was organised by the International Association for Development of the Information and Society and is part of the Multi Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain, July 21-24, 2015). The e-Learning 2015 conference aims to address the main issues of concern within e-Learning. This conference covers both technical as well as the non-technical aspects of e-Learning. The conference accepted submissions in the following seven main areas: Organisational Strategy and Management Issues; Technological Issues; e-Learning Curriculum Development Issues; Instructional Design Issues; e-Learning Delivery Issues; e-Learning Research Methods and Approaches; and e-Skills and Information Literacy for Learning. The conference included the Keynote Lectures: (1) "Fail Fast and Fail Forward--Embracing Failure as a Necessary Precursor of Success in the Delivery of eLearning Services," by Steven Duggan, Director, Worldwide Education Strategy, Microsoft; and (2) "A Different Perspective on the Singularity Point. How It Is Substituting Jobs in the Service Sector," by Jacques Bulchand-Gidumal, Professor of Digital Enterprises and Entrepreneurship, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain. Papers in these proceedings include: (1) Playing Music, Playing with Music: A Proposal for Music Coding in Primary School (Adriano Baratè, Luca Andrea Ludovico, Giuseppina Rita Mangione, and Alessia Rosa); (2) Learning through Telepresence with iPads: Placing Schools in Local/Global Communities (Bente Meyer); (3) Strategic Decision Making Cycle in Higher Education: Case Study of E-Learning (Blaženka Divjak and Nina Begicevic Redep); (4) Performance & Emotion--A Study on Adaptive E-Learning Based on Visual/Verbal Learning Styles (Jennifer Beckmann, Sven Bertel, and Steffi Zander); (5) A MOOC and a Professional SPOC (Xu Cui, Zhenglei Zhang, and Lei Sun); (6) Increase in Testing Efficiency through the Development of an IT-Based Adaptive Testing Tool for Competency Measurement Applied to a Health Worker Training Test Case (Janne Kleinhans and Matthias Schumann); (7) Cognitive Presence in Virtual Collaborative Learning Assessing and Improving Critical Thinking in Online Discussion Forums (Jennifer Beckmann and Peter Weber); (8) Developing a Mobile Learning Management System for Outdoors Nature Science Activities Based on 5E Learning Cycle (Ah-Fur Lai, Horng-Yih Lai, Wei-Hsiang Chuang, and Zih-Heng Wu); (9) Behavioral Feature Extraction to Determine Learning Styles in E-Learning Environments (Somayeh Fatahi, Hadi Moradi, and Elaheh Farmad); (10) Maximizing and Personalizing E-Learning Support for Students with Different Backgrounds and Preferences (Olga Mironova, Irina Amitan, Jelena Vendelin, Jüri Vilipõld, and Merike Saar); (11) Usability of a Web-Based School Experience System: Opinions of IT Teachers and Teacher Candidates (Zülfü Genç); (12) Methodological Proposal for Elaboration of Learning Materials in Sign Language in University Teaching (J. Guillermo Viera-Santana, Dionisio Rodríguez-Esparragón, Juan C. Hernández-Haddad, and Jesús Castillo-Ortiz); (13) Moodle E-Learning System and Students' Performance in Higher Education: The Case of Public Administration Programmes (Lan Umek, Damijana Keržic, Nina Tomaževic, and Aleksander Aristovnik); (14) Cada Día Spanish: An Analysis of Confidence and Motivation in a Social Learning Language MOOC (Michael Henry and Diana Marrs); (15) Creating Games as Authentic Learning in the Information Technology Classroom (Mark Frydenberg); (16) Assisting Tutors to Utilize Web 2.0 Tools in Education (Isidoros Perikos, Foteini Grivokostopoulou, Konstantinos Kovas, and Ioannis Hatzilygeroudis); (17) Evaluating Students' Programming Skill Behaviour and Personalizing Their Computer Learning Environment Using "The Hour of Code" Paradigm (Nikolaos Mallios and Michael Gr. Vassilakopoulos); (18) Using Immersive Virtual Reality for Electrical Substation Training (Eduardo H. Tanaka, Juliana A. Paludo, Carlúcio S. Cordeiro, Leonardo R. Domingues, Edgar V. Gadbem, and Adriana Euflausino); (19) Goal Setting, Decision-Making Skills and Academic Performance of Undergraduate Distance Learners: Implications for Retention and Support Services (Nebath Tanglang and Aminu Kazeem Ibrahim); (20) Transformations: Mobile Interaction & Language Learning (Fiona Carroll, Rita Kop, Nathan Thomas, and Rebecca Dunning); (21) Digital Resource Exchange about Music (DREAM): Phase 2 Usability Testing (Rena Upitis, Karen Boese, Philip C. Abrami, and Zaeem Anwar); (22) Research Suggestions in the Design of a Global Graduate Business Program Delivered by Online Learning (Amy Puderbaugh); (23) Electronic Education System Model-2 (Fatih Güllü, Rein Kuusik, and Mart Laanpere); (24) Use of Cloud-Based Graphic Narrative Software in Medical Ethics Teaching (Alan S. Weber); (25) A Proposal to Enhance the Use of Learning Platforms in Higher Education (Bertil P. Marques, Jaime E. Villate, and Carlos Vaz de Carvalho); (26) Cloud Computing and Validated Learning for Accelerating Innovation in IoT (George Suciu, Gyorgy Todoran, Alexandru Vulpe, Victor Suciu, Cristina Butca, and Romulus Cheveresan); (27) An OWL Ontology for Metadata of Interactive Learning Objects (Bruno N. Luz, Rafael Santos, Bruno Alves, Andreza S. Areão, Marcos H. Yokoyama, and Marcelo P. Guimarães); (28) Utilizing E-Learning Systems in the Libyan Universities: Case Study; Tripoli University, Faculty of Engineering (Aisha Ammar Almansuri and Rowad Adel Elmansuri); (29) Making Sense of Game-Based User Data: Learning Analytics in Applied Games (Christina M. Steiner, Michael D. Kickmeier-Rust, and Dietrich Albert); (30) Practicing Low-Context Communication Strategies in Online Course Design for International Students Studying in the U.S. (Sharon Lalla); (31) Innovation Diffusion Model in Higher Education: Case Study of E-Learning Diffusion (Sanjana Buc and Blaženka Divjak); (32) Demonstrating DREAM: A Digital Resource Exchange about Music (Rena Upitis, Karen Boese, and Philip C. Abrami); (33) A Study on Teacher Training to Incorporate Gamification in Class Design--Program Development and Implementation in a Teacher Training Course (Shingo Shiota and Manabu Abe); (34) A Case Study of the Feedback Design in a Game-Based Learning for Low Achieving Students (Ting-Ling Lai and Hsiao-Fang Lin); (35) Development and Evaluation of an Informational Moral Lesson to Promote Awareness in Children (Kyohei Sakai, Shingo Shiota, and Kiyotaka Eguchi); and (36) Development and Design of a Problem Based Learning Game-Based Courseware (Chiung-Sui Chang, Jui-Fa Chen, and Fei-Ling Chen). Luís Rodrigues is an associate editor of the proceedings. Individual papers contain references. An author index is included. [For "Proceedings of the International Conference e-Learning 2014. Multi Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (Lisbon, Portugal, July 15-19, 2014)," see ED557189.]

This document presents the proceedings of the 20th Annual Research Forum held June 25, 2015, at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Included are the following 21 action research papers: (1) History Lives! The Use of Simulations in a High School Social Studies Classroom (Lydia Adkins); (2) Using Francophone Music in the High School French Class (Virginia Browne); (3) Fostering Public Speaking through Pecha Kucha in the High School English Classroom (Robert Ciarrocca); (4) Choosing to Read: Scaffolding Pre-Choice, Choice, and Post-Choice Reading of Student-Selected Texts (Quentin Collie); (5) Supporting Students to Ask Scientific Questions in a Biology Project-Based Learning Unit (Alexandria Packard Dell'Aringa); (6) Using Hispanic Music in the Secondary Spanish Classroom (Sarah DeMatte); (7) American Girl Rising: The Effects of Incorporating Inspirational Video into the Secondary Mathematics Classroom (Thomas Flood); (8) History as a Pathway to Social Justice Engagement (Brandon Hubbard-Heitz); (9) Constructing Explanations: How Teachers Can Support Students in Extracting Scientific Evidence from Documentaries (Rachel Key); (10) The Long and Short of It: The Effects of Sudden Fiction in the Secondary English Classroom (Rachel Koval); (11) Reflecting on Revision: Student Reflection and Metacognitive Awareness in the Writing Process (Stephen Langford); (12) Culturally Relevant Pedagogy in a Public Secondary Social Studies Class (Jacob D. Leonard); (13) Solving with Reflection: The Use of Writing in a Secondary Mathematics Course (Austin J. Love, III); (14) Problem Posing in the High School Mathematics Classroom (Jennifer Mastin); (15) Oral Presentations and the Writing Process: Improving Students' Confidence through Sharing Writing (Julia Means); (16) Exploring the Relationship between Student Filmmaking Projects and Motivation Levels in a History Classroom (Cody Puckett); (17) The Influence of Student Constructed Historical Fiction Narratives on Student Engagement and Understanding of History (John A. Reynolds, II); (18) Use of Pre-Reading Strategies in Facilitating Reading Comprehension of Authentic Texts in the Secondary Spanish Classroom (Dara Rosenkrantz); (19) The Effects of Introversion and Extroversion on Whole-Class Discussion (Lindsay Schneider); (20) Use of Authentic Film in a Secondary Spanish Classroom to Develop Language Ability and Cultural Knowledge (Spencer A. Willis); and (21) Inquiry before Instruction: How the Use of Mathematical Questioning before Presenting Methodology Affects Student Attitude and Performance (Kalyn A. Wyckoff). (Individual papers contain references, tables, and figures.) [For the 2014 Research Digest, see ED545622.]

Foreign language teaching methodology is confronted with the problem of teaching Spanish to English-dominant native Spanish speakers. Linguistic documentation is lacking to accurately evaluate the linguistic competence of the bilingual student, documentation also useful in the preparation of adequate instructional materials. This paper describes some morphosyntactic variants in the Spanish of bilinguals in Texas, and compares these variants to equivalents in Latin American Spanish. Data for the study come from questionnaires administered to second- and third-generation Mexican-American university students, the focus being the morphosyntax of the verb phrase. Phonological variation, including vowel reduction, vowel alternation, consonant reduction, verbal inflection, and variation due to the influence of English, is discussed. Morphosyntactic variation includes reduction in the use of certain tenses and alternation between moods, and can be explained partially in terms of semantic and contextual factors. Phonological and morphological variation is the result of a simplification process eliminating non-meaningful distinctions or irregular forms. This process occurs where the pressure exerted by educational institutions and other cultural establishments making for linguistic homogeneity is absent. It is present also in some Latin American dialects of Spanish. Syntactic variation is due to a restructuring process in which the influence of English is clear. (CLK)

This paper examines the problem of language development and language growth in the English-dominant Spanish-speaking student who intends to increase his total command of Spanish for the purpose of functioning in that language at a level equivalent to that of most educated Latin Americans. Observations are based on the experiences of English-dominant Spanish-speaking students wishing to pursue doctoral studies in bilingual education at a southwestern university. Two existing approaches in teaching ethnic students their mother tongue are discussed and compared: (l) the approach emphasizing the teaching of traditional grammar, and (2) the approach which teaches ethnic students the "standard" dialect of their mother tongue. These two methods are compared with a third, namely a total language development program, wherein attention is devoted to increasing oral command of the language, writing, composition, creative use of the language, reading skills, and exposure to topics and domains normally handled by the student in the dominant language. The linguistic characteristics of such English-dominant Spanish-speaking students are described. (Author/CLK)

This book consists of eleven papers presented at the 1974 Central States Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages. The papers are intended to be representative of the spirit, content, and theme of the Conference: "Foreign Language Teaching: A Kaleidoscopic Perspective." The underlying theme deals with a question that concerns many language teachers today: how to make the foreign language curriculum relevant to the present generation of students. The following papers are included in the volume: (1) "Humanism in the Classroom: A Dramatic Proposal," by Genelle Morain: (2) "The Making of a Precedent: Foreign Language Education and the American Bicentennial," by Howard B. Altman; (3) "Talking with My Son: An Example of Communicative Competence," by Sandra J. Savignon (not included in the filmed version, available as ED 090 794); (4) "Careers for Our Foriegn Language Graduates," by Barbara Rolland; (5) "Capturing Student Interest with Visuals," by Jermaine D. Arendt; (6) "Fifteen-Year-Old Students Can Do Cross-Cultural Research: Basic Inquiry Strategies and Exercises for Teachers and Pupils," by Frederick L. Jenks; (7) "Building Better Bridges in a Kaleidoscopic Society," by Arno G. Preller; (8) "Los Olvidados: Meeting Bilingual Education Student Needs at the Secondary School Level," by Anthony Gradisnik; (9) "Variety in the Advanced Spanish Class: Emphasis on Art, Music and Drama," by George Giannetti; (10) Creating Climates for Growth - Inservice Training," by Sue Reynolds (not included in the filmed version, available as ED 013 989); and (11) "Martial's'Portraits' of Roman Women: Roman Noses, Warts, and All," by Lorraine A. Strasheim. (CFM)

This book consists of eleven papers presented at the 1975 Central States Conference. The principal objective of the conference was to examine the trend for human relations, ethnic studies, and bilingual-bicultural education in American education and the new interest in languages not usually taught in the past. The papers include: (1) "We're All Ethnics: Hyphenated Americans, Professional Ethnics, and Ethnics by Attraction," by Lorraine A. Strasheim; (2) "The Analysis of Language and Familiar Cultures," by Nelson Brooks; (3) "Linguistic Diversity in the Classroom," by Geneva Smitherman; (4) "Analyzing French Culture and Interpreting Some of its Manifestations," by Jacqueline C. Elliot; (5) "Analyzing Hispanic Culture: Some Implications for Teaching," by Yvonne de Wright; (6) "A Look at Americans of German Descent," by La Vern J. Rippley; (7) "Newspapers and Magazines in the Second Language Classroom," by Helen L. Jorstad; (8) "Evaluating Cultural Learnings," by Robert C. Lafayette and Renate Schulz; (9) "Sexism in French Language Textbooks," by Betty Schmitz; (10) "Preparing Teachers for Cultural Pluralism," by Margaret Shryer; and (11) "Study-Travel Abroad," by Sue Reynolds. (CFM)

This paper focuses on Emergent bilinguals (EBs) who traditionally face unequal opportunities to learn mathematics, harming their identities. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how a fifth grade teacher cultivated the development of her EBs' mathematical identities by giving them opportunities to participate in cognitively demanding activities. Drawing on a conception of mathematical identity as something that changes in response to different situations, we illustrate how a fifth-grade teacher positively impacted her students' mathematical identities. The results reveal that when teachers use instructional strategies such as distributing mathematical authority, positioning students as mathematically capable, and incorporating students' languages as a resource for instruction, their EBs have multiple opportunities to build positive mathematical identities. [For the complete proceedings, see ED630210.]

These proceedings contain the papers of the 11th International Conference on Cognition and Exploratory Learning in the Digital Age (CELDA 2014), October 25-27, 2014, which has been organized by the International Association for Development of the Information Society (IADIS) and endorsed by the Japanese Society for Information and Systems in Education (JSISE). The CELDA 2014 conference aims to address the main issues concerned with evolving learning processes and supporting pedagogies and applications in the digital age. There have been advances in both cognitive psychology and computing that have affected the educational arena. The convergence of these two disciplines is increasing at a fast pace and affecting academia and professional practice in many ways. Paradigms such as just-in-time learning, constructivism, student-centered learning and collaborative approaches have emerged and are being supported by technological advancements such as simulations, virtual reality and multi-agents systems. These developments have created both opportunities and areas of serious concerns. This conference aimed to cover both technological as well as pedagogical issues related to these developments. The conference included the Keynote Lecture: "Designing Learning Environments in a Digital Age: The Quest for What to Consider," by Professor Jan Elen, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Belgium. The conference included a panel entitled: "Competencies, Challenges, and Changes: A Global Conversation About 21st Century Teachers and Leaders" by Lynne Schrum, Rose Dolan, Dirk Ifenthaler, Ronghuai Huang, Dale Niederhauser, and Neal Strudler. Papers in the proceedings include: (1) Interactive Application in Spanish Sign Language for a Public Transport Environment (José Guillermo Viera-Santana, Juan C. Hernández-Haddad, Dionisio Rodríguez-Esparragón, and Jesús Castillo-Ortiz); (2) A Game-Based Assessment of Students' Choices to Seek Feedback and to Revise (Maria Cutumisu, Doris B. Chin, and Daniel L. Schwartz); (3) Investigating Teachers' Readiness, Understanding and Workload in Implementing School Based Assessment (SBA) (Norsamsinar Samsudin, Premila A/P Rengasamy, Jessnor Elmy Mat Jizat, Hariyaty Ab Wahid, and Norasibah Abdul Jalil; (4) The Effects of Frequency of Media Utilization on Decision Making of Media Choice (Yasushi Gotoh); (5) Comparing Novices & Experts in Their Exploration of Data in Line Graphs (Bruce H. Tsuji and Gitte Lindgaard); (6) Assessment Intelligence in Small Group Learning (Wanli Xing and Yonghe Wu); (7) Collaborative Creativity Processes in a Wiki: A Study in Secondary Education (Manoli Pifarré, Laura Marti, and Alex Guijosa); (8) LSQuiz: A Collaborative Classroom Response System to Support Active Learning Through Ubiquitous Computing (Ricardo Caceffo and Rodolfo Azevedo); (9) Impacts of MediaWiki on Collaborative Writing Among Teacher Students (Said Hadjerrouit); (10) Teachers' Perceptions of the Individual Case Studies' Literacy Performance and Their Use of Computer Tools (Odette Bourjaili Radi); (11) Exploring Opportunities to Boost Adult Students' Graduation--The Reasons Behind the Delays and Drop-Outs of Graduation (Päivi Aarreniemi-Jokipelto and Asta Bäck; (12) Effective Use of a Learning Management System to Influence On-Line Learning (Xu Hongjiang, Sakthi Mahenthiran, and Kenton Smith); (13) Order Effects of Learning with Modeling and Simulation Software on Field-Dependent and Field-Independent Children's Cognitive Performance: An Interaction Effect (Charoula Angeli, Nicos Valanides, Eirini Polemitou, and Elena Fraggoulidou); (14) Comparative Case Study on Designing and Applying Flipped Classroom at Universities (Cheolil Lim, Sunyoung Kim, Jihyun Lee, Hyeonsu Kim, and Hyeongjong Han); (15) Organizational Leadership Process for University Education (Ricardo Llamosa-Villalba, Dario J. Delgado, Heidi P. Camacho, Ana M. Paéz, and Raúl F. Valdivieso); (16) Academic versus Non-Academic Emerging Adult College Student Technology Use (Joan Ann Swanson and Erica Walker); (17) Creative Stories: A Storytelling Game Fostering Creativity (Antonis Koukourikos, Pythagoras Karampiperis, and George Panagopoulos); (18) An EVS Clicker Based Hybrid Assessment to Engage Students with Marking Criteria (Steve Bennett, Trevor Barker, and Mariana Lilley); (19) ICT Competence-Based Learning Object Recommendations for Teachers (Stylianos Sergis, Panagiotis Zervas, and Demetrios G. Sampson); (20) Improving Content Area Reading Comprehension with 4-6th Grade Spanish ELLs Using Web-Based Structure Strategy Instruction (Kausalai [Kay] Wijekumar, Bonnie J.F. Meyer, and Puiwa Lei); (21) Preparing Special Education Teachers to Use Educational Technology to Enhance Student Learning (Teresa Wallace and David Georgina); (22) ASK4Labs: A Web-Based Repository for Supporting Learning Design Driven Remote and Virtual Labs Recommendations (Panagiotis Zervas, Stefanos Fiskilis, and Demetrios G. Sampson); (23) Digital Storytelling: Emotions in Higher Education (Sandra Ribeiro, António Moreira, and Cristina Pinto da Silva); (24) Design in Practice: Scenarios for Improving Management Education (Lee Schlenker and Sébastien Chantelot); (25) Factors Influencing Students' Choice of Study Mode: An Australian Case Study (Dirk Ifenthaler, Maree Gosper, Matthew Bailey, and Mandy Kretzschmar); (26) Addressing Standardized Testing Through a Novel Assessment Model (Catherine C. Schifter and Martha Carey); (27) "It's Just Like Learning, Only Fun"--A Teacher's Perspective of Empirically Validating Effectiveness of a Math App (Ka Rene Grimes); (28) A User Centered Faculty Scheduled Development Framework (Shohreh Hadian and Nancy Sly); (29) Musical Peddy-Paper: A Collaborative Learning Activity Supported by Augmented Reality (José Duarte Cardoso Gomes, Mauro Jorge Guerreiro Figueiredo, Lúcia da Graça Cruz Domingues Amante, and Cristina Maria Cardoso Gomes); (30) Undergraduate Students' Experiences of Time in a MOOC: A Term of Dino 101 (Catherine Adams and Yin Yin); (31) The Answering Process for Multiple-Choice Questions in Collaborative Learning: A Mathematical Learning Model Analysis (Yasuyuki Nakamura, Shinnosuke Nishi, Yuta Muramatsu, Koichi Yasutake, Osamu Yamakawa, and Takahiro Tagawa); (32) Using Five Stage Model to Design of Collaborative Learning Environments in Second Life (Sevil Orhan and M. Kemal Karaman); (33) Students' Reflections Using Visualized Learning Outcomes and E-Portfolios (Takatsune Narumi and Yasushi Gotoh); (34) The Efficiency of Different Online Learning Media--An Empirical Study (Franziska J. Kößler and Marco M. Nitzschner); (35) Microblogging Best Practices (Shohreh Hadian and Maria-Elena Froese); (36) DIY Analytics for Postsecondary Students (Timothy Arndt and Angela Guercio); (37) Project "Flappy Crab": An Edu-Game for Music Learning (Cristina Maria Cardoso Gomes, Mauro Jorge Guerreiro Figueiredo, José Bidarra, and José Duarte Cardoso Gomes); (38) Higher Education Institutions (HEI) Students Take on MOOC: Case of Malaysia (Jessnor Elmy Mat-jizat, Norsamsinar Samsudin, and Rusliza Yahaya); (39) A Cross Cultural Perspective on Information Communication Technologies Learning Survey (Hale Ilgaz, Sacide Güzin Mazman, and Arif Altun); (40) An App for the Cathedral in Freiberg--An Interdisciplinary Project Seminar (Cindy Kröber and Sander Münster); (41) Possible Science Selves: Informal Learning and the Career Interest Development Process (Leila A. Mills); (42) A Case Study of MOOCs Design and Administration at Seoul National University (Cheolil Lim, Sunyoung Kim, Mihwa Kim, Songlee Han, and Seungil Seo); (43) Persistent Possible Science Selves (Leila A. Mills and Lin Lin); and (44) Towards a Collaborative Intelligent Tutoring System Classification Scheme (Rachel Harsley). Individual papers contain references. An author index is included.

The investigation described in this paper was concerned with language alternation (code-switching) in the speech of Chicano migrant workers in Florida. In order to study Chicano bilingualsim, three principal sources were utilized: (1) a revised version of Wolck's sociolinguistic background questionnaire; (2) pictorial questionnaires such as Sapon's Pictorial Linguistic Interview Manual and pictures taken from newspapers, magazines, and the Sear's catalogue; and (3) relaxed conversational situations between bilinguals, taped by residents of the migrant camps. The specific purpose of the research was to observe the use of unassimilated loanwords which were phonologically English, but which were used in the Spanish of 33 informants. It was found that the vast majority of informants did not rely on direct English borrowings. If they borrowed any lexical items at all, they tended to assimilate them into their Spanish. They were aware of the linguistic norms of at least one of the two languages and they were sensitive to the separate identity of Spanish and English. Three sample conversations are presented, followed by an analysis of the various causes for the language switching in each. Educators should recognize the differences between Chicanos who switch from Spanish to English because they cannot distinguish the two languages, or from an inability to recall Spanish lexical items, and those who use language switching deliberately in order to convey additional affective meaning. The habit of the latter group should be recognized as an assertion of their dual cultural heritage. (CFM)