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Purpose of Review In this article, we review existing research addressing how environmental regulations have influenced the pulp and paper industry. These regulations appear in different forms and designs and address air and water pollution as well as climate change. The paper devotes particular attention to how various regulations have affected sustainable technological change and the prospects for inducing deep emission reductions without jeopardizing industrial competitiveness and future investments. Recent Findings Experiences from key pulp and paper regions, not least the Nordic countries, suggest that gradually tightening performance standards have contributed to radical reductions in emissions, e.g., chlorine compounds and biological oxygen demanding agents, and without imposing excessive compliance costs. This outcome can largely be attributed to how the regulations have been designed—and implemented—in practice, as well as to the presence of efficient and legitimate institutions. Long-term emission reduction targets, in combination with extended compliance periods and trustful firm-regulator relationships, contributed to radical technological innovation and permitted radical emission reductions without excessive compliance costs. The development of alternative bleaching technologies is an apt example. In contrast, the impact of carbon pricing schemes, including the EU emissions trading scheme, on carbon dioxide emissions reductions and related technological change in the pulp and paper industry has however been modest. Self-regulation, certification, and community pressure have exerted relatively modest influences on the environmental performance of the industry. Summary Important avenues for future research are identified. These include the following: (a) comparative research on how policy mixes in various countries have influenced environmental compliance and innovation; processes; (b) future studies of environmental regulations, their design and implementation, in emerging pulp and paper producing countries, not least China; and (c) research on how environmental regulations can affect ongoing restructurings in the industry towards a broader palette of products in biorefineries.

The paper aims to clarify and develop some of the issues raised by S. Rudenko & S. Yosypenko who reviewed the author’s book Selected Issues in the History of Polish Philosophy. It focuses mostly on methodological questions in the historiography of national philosophies, and on interdisciplinary approach which is presented as useful and fruitful for researching less influential philosophical traditions.

This paper presents the results of a comparative research of paper-based testing versus online testing using MudRi. The research was conducted on three courses at the Department of Informatics, University of Rijeka, and included 1231 tests. In observed courses, online tests have largely replaced traditional paper-based tests in the last few years. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine whether the online testing results differ from the results of traditional paper-based tests. The research results showed that, for the observed courses, the median values of the results achieved during MudRi online tests and traditional paper based tests are not significantly different when online tests include certain percentage of subjective test questions.

Socio-economic inequality is on the rise in major European cities as are the worries about that, since this development is seen as threatening social cohesion and stability. Surprisingly, relatively little is known about the spatial dimensions of rising socioeconomic inequality. This paper builds on a study of socio-economic segregation in twelve European cities: Amsterdam, Athens, Budapest, London, Madrid, Oslo, Prague, Riga, Stockholm, Tallinn, Vienna, and Vilnius. Data are used from national censuses and registers for the years 2001 and 2011. The main conclusion is that socio-economic segregation in Europe has grown. This paper develops a rigorous multi-factor approach to understand segregation and links it to four underlying universal, partially overlapping, structural factors: social inequalities, globalization and economic restructuring, welfare regimes, and housing systems. The paper provides an in-depth discussion of these factors to come to a better understanding of the differences between the hypothesized and actual segregation levels measured. It is suggested that introducing time-lags between structural factors and segregation outcomes improve the theoretical model.

Alexander Hicks has written one of the most important works in the past thirty years on the development of income security policies in democratic capitalist states. (Hicks equates income security policies with “welfare states”—a point I will revisit later.) If this were not sufficient, the book also is the most significant comparative public policy study I have read. Based on years of reflection, scholarship and teaching, it covers, not merely cites, a wide range of literatures. It is extremely sensitive to particular historical experiences. It is theoretically informed. Most impressively, it is methodologically sophisticated and imaginative. And the book is concise and well–written. In short, it is a model of what exciting comparative research can be.

On 1 March 2017, the European Commission presented a White Paper on the future of Europe emphasizing the phenomenon of globalization. Its aim is to assess what globalization means and will mean to the EU. In 2000, the social quality became a strategy for the EU´s economic policy. It is long known that both phenomena bring with them a number of changes of positive and negative sense. We see them as processes that deeply affect the existing structures of each country. For this reason, we have set the aim of our paper to evaluate the existing situation in globalization as well as in the social quality in Slovakia and in the V4 countries and also to clarify the interconnection between the two important phenomena. Analysis is based on an innovated globalization index that can be mapped in three dimensions: economic, social and political. In the social quality research, we take into account created index of the social quality at our department. Using the data obtained, we assess the interconnection of manifestations of globalization and the social quality as well as the three dimensions of globalization with the conditional factors of social quality and consider their existing interdependence.

The paper presents the first outcomes of a comparative research of the incoming, on-going and outgoing practices of tutorship. The purposeful sample of universities extracted consisted of 18 Italian universities and 18 US universities. A tutorship concept in line with the transversal cross-curricular skills required for undergraduate and graduate students (Green Paper 2016, Dublin descriptors 2004) exceeds the vision of assistential tutorship and student tutoring practices, exercised by teachers and/or offered by services devoted to different types of intervention. The tutorship can be conceived as systemic and organizational action coherent in all phases with professionalising approach, starting from the earliest initiatives between school and university classrooms

本共同研究は，教材研究において学校教師が複数の論文の読解を読み取る現実に即して，２つ以上の複数の論文を取り上げ，その領域における研究=学習の発展を読み取るには，どのように読解すればよいのかを究明するものである。本分担研究は，主に価値領域に関わる哲学研究に焦点を当て，そこから特性の異なる２つのタイプの研究を抽出し，それらを比較しながら，当該分野における研究の発展を読み取るための読解に関して検討を加えた。具体的に対象としたのは，工藤和男『いのちとすまいの倫理学』（晃洋書房，2004年）とスミス，M.著『道徳の中心問題』（樫則章監訳，ナカニシヤ出版，2006年）である。これらは双方とも，人類に突き付けられてきた本質的で解決が困難とも思われる問題に応じて，たち起こった研究である。しかし，両書を「倫理学はなにを生み出せるのか」という視点をもって読解すれば，その研究の在り方は大きく異なることが見いだせる。 上記２つの研究は，その過程における思考のメタレベルに差異が生じていた。工藤の研究は，「我々が行動する際の指針は何か」を追求するものであり，「行動についての思考」であった。一方，スミスの研究は，「「我々が行動する際の指針は何か」を追求する研究者の指針は何か」という工藤の研究よりメタレベルを一つ上げたものであり，いわば「思考についての思考」となっていた。メタレベルを上げることによって，表面上現れていた問題をより深く探り，これまで研究の対象外だったさらに深刻な諸問題を露出させ，我々が吟味可能な範囲を広げている。哲学研究の目的を本質的問題への新しいアプローチを創出することであると考えるならば，スミスの研究は，新しい問題を掘りだし，その可能性をより広げるための研究の発展と捉えることができる。 以上の比較考察の結果，哲学研究における読解方法として，探究した結果を読み取ろうとするのではなく，その思考のプロセスを読み取ることによって，その領域における研究=学習の発展を読み取ることが可能になることが示された。, School teachers often study multiple academic manuscripts for their research on teaching material. Therefore, our collaborative study reviews the relevant literatures and attempts to clarify the best way to practically connect reading and learning (interpreting) in the relevant field. In this paper, we focus on philosophical studies that predominantly relate to the concept of value. By comparing two books with two different types of research characteristics, we examine the act of reading in relation to the act of learning (interpreting) the subject matter. The selected books are Another Bio- and Eco-ethics (by Kazuo Kudo, published in 2004 by Koyo Shobo) and The Moral Problem (by Michael Smith, translated by Noriaki Katagi, published in 2006 by Nakanishiya Shuppan) .Both books were written in response to challenges and issues faced by humanity, issues that are believed to be inherently difficult to solve. These two studies can be discussed differently if both are read from the perspective of “what can ethics lead to?” The two books use different perspectives because they adhere to different meta-cognitive levels. Kudo’s research pursues the question “what are the guidelines for our actions?,” implying “thought about action.” In contrast, Smith’s research asks “what are the guidelines for researchers who pursue the question of ‘what are the guidelines for our actions?’” Thus, Smith’s research promotes “thinking about thinking.” By considering the question from a higher meta-cognitive level, Smith delves deeper beneath the problem’s surface and further exposes serious problems that were previously outside the scope of the study, which eventually helps expand the possible range of what can be examined. If we believe that the purpose of philosophical research is to create new approaches to tackle essential problems faced by humanity, Smith’s study can be regarded as the development of research that helps uncover new problems and opens the possibility of addressing such problems. Results of our comparative study can allow us to determine that the best way to connect reading and learning (interpreting) is not by trying to interpret the end results of what you were attempting to find, but rather by interpreting the process of the author’s thinking in and of itself. We believe that this is the appropriate way of pursuing philosophical research.

Background As society ages, promoting the health of the extra years of life is of paramount importance for health, social care and pension provision. Increases in life expectancy in the UK and elsewhere have slowed in recent years, but the reasons for this are unclear. No formal comparison of trends in healthy life years between the UK and the other countries of the EU28 in recent times has been published. These countries are geographically proximate, and share many social, cultural and demographic properties, making them interesting and useful comparators, especially as the UK prepared to leave the European Union in 2020. Methods We calculated sex-specific healthy life years (HLY), unhealthy life years (ULY), mild and severe ULY at birth and age 65 using life tables and age-specific prevalence of activity limitation amongst the EU28 between 2008 and 2016 from EuroHex. Trends in life expectancy, HLY, ULY and proportion of life spent healthy (HLY%) were compared. We then decomposed HLY temporal changes into relative effects of changes in healthy life and mortality, by age group. Findings Life expectancy at birth, and age 65, in the UK were increasing rapidly in 2008 but slowed around 2011. Germany, Portugal and France showed evidence of a similar slowing. HLY at birth in the UK decreased, whereas it increased in most EU28 countries. The UK experienced a period of absolute expansion of unhealthy life in both sexes. The reduction in HLY at birth in the UK was mainly attributable to increases in unhealthy life in younger age groups. Interpretation The UK's performance relative to the other countries of the EU28 was poor after 2011, combining static life expectancy and reductions in healthy life years. These trends suggest that the UK government's Ageing Society Grand Challenge (to increase the healthy life expectancy by five years by 2035) will be difficult to attain. Funding National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Policy Research Programme conducted through the NIHR Older People and Frailty Policy Research Unit, PR-PRU-1217-21502. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.

Background Since the rise of the internet, online health information seeking has become a worldwide phenomenon. However, health and health communication are inherently culture bound. A data-driven cross-country comparison enables us to better understand how cultural factors moderate the association between individual-level determinants and online health information seeking. Objective The objective of the study was to examine similarities and differences in determinants of internet cancer information seeking between the US and Chinese general public (excluding cancer patients and survivors) under the framework of a behavioral model of health services use. Methods This study used Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) 2017 (US data) and HINTS-China 2017 data to answer the research question. It focused on people with no cancer history and with internet access. For the HINTS 2017, the sample size was 2153; for the HINTS-China 2017, the sample size was 2358. To compare China and the United States, the researchers selected the same set of study variables for each dataset. Under the framework of the behavioral model of health services use, these predictors were predisposing factors, enabling factors, and need factors. Results In terms of the predisposing factors, a higher age, college degree or above, being currently unemployed, and having a family history of cancer were associated with internet cancer information seeking for the Chinese respondents; none of these factors were related to information seeking for the US respondents, although a lower age was associated with information seeking. Regarding the enabling conditions, lower trust in family members and friends as reliable information sources was the only factor associated with information seeking for the Chinese respondents, while no enabling factor was related to information seeking for the US respondents. Regarding the need factors, perceived health status was not related to information seeking for the Chinese respondents, while perception of poorer health condition was related to information seeking for the US respondents. Higher cancer fear was related to information seeking for both groups, but the magnitude of association was smaller for the Chinese respondents than for the US respondents. Conclusions Overall, under the framework of the behavioral model of health services use, the results based on multivariate logistic regression reveal clear patterns of cross-country/cultural differences in the factors associated with internet cancer information seeking behaviors: predisposing characteristics and enabling conditions are more important in China, while perceived needs are more significant in the US. Such differences might reflect possible US-China differences in job environment (eg, job pressure) and culture (individualism vs collectivism and family structure).

本稿は，昨年度に引き続く共同研究の分担研究である。本共同研究では，教師が専門科学（研究）者の研究内容を消費・活用するだけではなく，専門科学者という一人のひとの学習とその過程を読み解き活用することをねらい，教師が進める学習に専門科学（研究）者の側から支援する方法を見い出すことを試みている。本研究の一連の「真正な実践」研究は，専門科学（研究）者が行う研究を学校教師が教材研究として読み解き，その読み解きから一人の研究者の「学習」過程へと読み変える変換システムを開発しようとするものである。 共同研究の二年次の各担当者は，研究領域におけるトピック（主題）を設定し，発行年代，あるいは，著作国･地域，または，著者が違う複数論文（著書）を取り上げ，２つの論文の基本構造とその研究過程を解明する。本稿は，本共同研究の入門編として，価値（法）領域と知識（社会）領域に関連するトピック（主題）を取り上げた２つの著書を事例にして教師が進める教材研究の一つとしての複数論文（著書）読解とそこから引き出すことができる研究者の「真正な学び」の過程と構造を解明する。 本稿は，税制（税金）を主題にした複数の著書を取り上げ，各著書の基本構造を取り出す。２つの著書は1970年，2012年発刊と年代を異にした刊行物であり，同じ主題における基本構造の類似性と，年代的相違性を比較検討した。また，税制（税金）と言う主題に関する教材研究から導出することができたことは次の３点である。 １）時間的な差異をもった２つの著書には，変化，発展，影響があること ２）同じ領域の著書におけるその研究の構造は，類似のものであること ３）教師の教材研究では，著書の読解を通して研究の構造を生成するとともに，複数の著書における構造変化を理解し，単元や授業にどのように利用するのかを決定することが必要であること 本稿は，複数の論文（著書）読解が各研究領域の固有性に規定されながら，各研究領域で取り扱われるトピック（主題）によって，それぞれの構造が異なるものを取り出すことができること，また，その構造を研究者の「真正な学び」として転用することができることを明らかにした。, This research is part of a collaboration that has been ongoing from the previous year. In this collaboration, teachers not only use professional social scientists’ research content but also aim to decipher and utilize the learning of professionals in their individual practice; they attempt to find a way to help professional social scientists develop their learning. In this study’s series of research into “authentic learning,” teachers decipher the research conducted by professional researchers by examining it as teaching material and developing a conversion system to read and modify the deciphered results as the individual researcher’s learning process. In the second year of the collaborative research, each representative selected a topic (subject) in the research area and multiple papers (books) with different publication dates, countries/regions of origin, or authors. They deciphered the basic structure of two papers and the researchers’ research processes. To introduce this collaborative research, each teacher chose two books to develop case studies and selected topics (subjects) related to the (legal) area of value and (societal) area of knowledge. The teachers then clarified their understanding of the multiple papers (books) by conducting research on the teaching materials and clarifying the processes and structures of the researchers’ authentic learning; this clarification aided the further understanding of authentic learning processes. This paper addresses multiple books that focus on the tax system and determines the basic structure of each book. Two of the books were published at different times, in 1970 and 2012, and the differences in the two books due to the different publication years were compared, along with their similarities in subject and basic structure. The following three points could be derived from the research on the teaching material related to the subject of taxation. 1) The two books written at different times involved changes, developments, and influences. 2) Books from the same field showed an analogous research structure. 3) In their research into teaching materials, it was necessary for the teachers to generate structures for the researchers’ work through reading the books, understand the structural changes in the various books, and determine their use in units or lessons. This paper clarified that, while the comprehension of multiple papers (books) is bound by the uniqueness of each research area, depending on the topic (subject) to be handled in each research area, different structures can be extracted; it also demonstrated that it is possible to repurpose these structures as the researchers’ “authentic learning.”

BACKGROUND Child care is widely considered a key issue in confronting demographic change in Europe today, given its centrality in the labour market participation of parents, and of mothers in particular. There are considerable international differences in child care practices throughout Europe, and earlier comparative research has indicated that structural factors do not suffice to explain them. OBJECTIVE We investigate whether or not, next to structural differences, cultural factors also play a role in European international variations in child care practices, and more specifically the use of grandparental child care. METHODS Using the second wave of the European Social Survey, this paper scores subnational regions of 23 European countries on different dimensions of family norms and practices. We construct regional indicators and use them in a multilevel analysis of the use of grandparents as the main source of child care by European mothers. RESULTS Results show that European mothers' reliance on grandparental child care is influenced by individual characteristics and the supply of formal child care, but also by the normative climate in the region they live in. Irrespective of the attitudes individually held, we find that mothers in more conservative regions are more inclined to use grandparents as the main source of child care instead of formal alternatives. CONCLUSIONS European patterns of child care use are not only subject to structural factors as the supply of formal care provisions for children. Preferences and attitudes prevalent in the regions in which young parents live form an important part of the picture too. 1. Introduction In 2005, the European Commission published the Green Paper Confronting demographic change: a new solidarity between the generations about the way European and national policy makers could and should respond to population ageing in the 21st century. One of the core recommendations of the Commission was to increase employment rates. In particular, the labour market activity of women was put forward as an essential priority (European Commission 2005). As a matter of fact, the European Council already aimed at raising female employment rates by setting out the Lisbon Strategy in 2000 (High Level Group chaired by Wim Kok 2004). The European policy objective of increasing the labour market participation of women and especially of young mothers has to deal with the following two circumstances. First, Europe was and is characterized by regional diversity of beliefs, norms, and attitudes, as well as practices in family life and gender roles. In some regions, there exists considerable normative resistance to the idea that a mother with young children could - let alone should - go out to work. According to the logic of this belief, an increase in the employment rate of mothers would imply that more women would postpone or forgo the transition to motherhood, to make room for activity in the labour market. At the same time, the birth rate is already very low in this type of region and the European Commission would prefer to see a slight increase in the birth rates (European Commission 2005). Second, unless one would expect fathers to stay home to care for the children, boosting the labour market participation of mothers implies that provisions for child care are available. In some regions, however, there exists distrust of providing child care for young children in formal facilities such as nurseries (Wheelock and Jones 2002; Van Bavel 2004; Arpino, Pronzato, and Tavares 2010). Typically, these regions have hardly invested in such facilities, and many working parents living there have to rely on informal alternatives - mainly their own parents - to care for their children. Various studies confirm that a considerable share of European grandparents does indeed help their children by providing child care for the grandchildren. …

Most research on formal child care and children’s outcomes has focused on single countries. We, however, contend that policy context may moderate the association between formal child care characteristics and children’s socioemotional well-being. We examined this by comparing the Netherlands, Finland and the UK; three countries that differ regarding family policies. Of these three countries, Finland was recently ranked highest (ranked 1st) with regards to quality of child care in a recent analysis by the Economist ,followed by the UK (ranked 3rd) and then the Netherlands (ranked 7th) .We hypothesized that children who attend child - care settings in countries with higher- uality formal child- are provision would generally show better socioemotional outcomes. Data from the comparative ‘F amilies 24/7’ survey were used, including 990 parents with children aged 0–12. We distinguished between two age groups in our analysis. Results indicated that, compared to the UK, longer hours in formal care were less beneficial in the Netherlands. Furthermore, spen ding time in formal care during nonstandard hours was more harmful for children in Finland compared to the UK. Lastly, receiving care from multiple caregivers was more disruptive for British children than for Dutch children. No differences were found between Finland and the Netherlands.

Background Research on workforce development for high-quality dementia care more often focuses on enhancing employee knowledge and skill and less on managing employee stress and coping at work. Objective To review employee stress and coping in response to high job demands in community-based dementia care organizations in Tasmania, Australia. Methods Stress and coping in response to job roles of 25 community-based dementia care workers were reviewed using self-report questionnaire data. Data were analysed for descriptive results and at an individual case level. Individual participant scores were reviewed for clinically significant stress and coping factors to create worker profiles of adjustment. Results Two adjustment profiles were found. The ‘global resilience’ profile, where workers showed positive adjustment and resilience indicating they found their jobs highly rewarding, were very confident in their abilities at work and had a strong match between their personal and organizational values. The second ‘isolated distress’ profile was only found in a minority and included poor opportunities for job advancement, a missmatch in personal and work values or clinically high levels of psychological distress. Conclusion Aged care workplaces that advocate employee well-being and support employees to cope with their work roles may be more likely to retain motivated and committed staff. Future research should consider employee stress and coping at the workforce level, and how this can influence high-quality care delivery by applying the measures identified for this study. Comparative research across different care settings using meta-analytic studies may then be possible.

Background: Understanding how people participate in and contribute to online health communities (OHCs) is useful knowledge in multiple domains. It is helpful for community managers in developing strategies for building community, for organizations in disseminating information about health interventions, and for researchers in understanding the social dynamics of peer support. Objective: We sought to determine if any patterns were apparent in the nature of user participation across online health communities. Methods: The current study involved a systematic review of all studies that have investigated the nature of participation in an online health community and have provided a quantifiable method for categorizing a person based on their participation style. A systematic search yielded 20 papers. Results: Participatory styles were classified as either multidimensional (based on multiple metrics) or unidimensional (based on one metric). With respect to the multidimensional category, a total of 41 different participation styles were identified ranging from Influential Users who were leaders on the board to Topic-Focused Responders who focused on a specific topic and tended to respond to rather than initiate posts. However, there was little overlap in participation styles identified both across OHCs for different health conditions and within OHCs for specific health conditions. Five of the 41 styles emerged in more than one study (Hubs, Authorities, Facilitators, Prime Givers, and Discussants), but the remainder were reported in only one study. The focus of the unidimensional studies was on level of engagement and particularly on high-engaged users. Eight different metrics were used to evaluate level of engagement with the greatest focus on frequency of posts. Conclusions: With the exception of high-engaged users based on high post frequency, the current review found little evidence for consistent participatory styles across different health communities. However, this area of research is in its infancy, with most of the studies included in the review being published in the last 2 years. Nevertheless, the review delivers a nomenclature for OHC participation styles and metrics and discusses important methodological issues that will provide a basis for future comparative research in the area. Further studies are required to systematically investigate a range of participatory styles, to investigate their association with different types of online health communities and to determine the contribution of different participatory styles within and across online health communities. [J Med Internet Res 2015;17(12):e271]

"Anhand einer Inhaltsanalyse, die den Diskurs über Mitbestimmung in der Frankfurter Allgemeinen Zeitung, der Süddeutschen Zeitung sowie der tageszeitung für den Zeitraum von 1998 bis 2007 rekonstruiert, wird die Frage untersucht, inwiefern die deutschen Massenmedien selbst als autonome politische Akteure in der Auseinandersetzung um Mitbestimmung eine Rolle spielen. Dabei werden drei Diskursdimensionen berücksichtigt: die Themenwahl (das Agenda-Setting), die Auswahl von Sprechern (das Standing von Akteuren) und die Verwendung von Deutungsrahmen (das Framing von Themen). Insgesamt sprechen die Ergebnisse der Inhaltsanalyse dafür, dass Massenmedien im Diskurs über Mitbestimmung zum Teil eine aktive politische Rolle spielen. Zwar scheinen für das Agenda-Setting im Untersuchungszeitraum eher generelle Nachrichtenfaktoren maßgeblich gewesen zu sein. Doch sowohl das Standing der verschiedenen Akteursgruppen als auch die Deutungsrahmen und Handlungsempfehlungen weisen zum Teil Differenzen zwischen den untersuchten Zeitungen auf, die nur als Ausdruck unterschiedlicher politischer Positionen erklärbar sind." (Autorenreferat) "The aim of this paper is to explore to what extent German mass media can be seen as political actors in the conflict about co-determination. For this purpose, a content analysis was performed using the coverage of supervisory board co-determination between 1998 and 2007 in the national daily newspapers 'Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung', 'Süddeutsche Zeitung' and 'tageszeitung'. Three discourse dimensions were considered: agenda-setting, the standing of political actors and framing. The results indicate that German mass media do play an active part shaping the discourse on co-determination. While agenda-setting seems to reflect mainly general news values, differences between the newspapers analyzed with respect to both the standing of various actors and their dominant frames of analysis can be attributed mainly to the papers' different political positions." (author's abstract)

The article outlines selected issues that are of particular relevance in entrepreneurship research, including comparative research, studies at lower levels of enquiry as well as contextualized enquiries, and where we see special interest from the Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business when it comes to receiving submissions.

Three UASB reactors were operated at different salinity levels in order to assess the effects on the granular sludge properties. High levels of activity inhibition were observed at sodium concentrations over 7 g Na+/L, which resulted in low applicable organic loading rates and VFA accumulation in reactor effluents. However, either sludge adaptation or selection for saline resistant microorganisms occurred, which could be concluded from the observed increase in the 50% activity inhibitory concentrations of sodium during continuous flow experiments. Changes in Na+ susceptibility in time are likely to be expected when treating saline wastewaters. The latter was evidenced by the high sodium tolerance of granular methanogenic sludge coming from a full-scale industrial reactor treating such wastewater. High salinity conditions resulted in a reduced granule strength, predicting process instabilities during long term reactor operation. Batch tests showed that high sodium concentrations seemed to displace the calcium from the granular sludge, a factor known to affect anaerobic granules formation.

"Die konstante Nachfrage nach Forschungsarbeiten mit Hilfe von Bildanalysen innerhalb der Geistwissenschaften hatte die zunehmende Entwicklung von Methoden und Theorien zur Unterstützung dieser Aufgabe zur Folge. Das hier vorgestellte dokumentarische Verfahren zählt zu den wichtigsten qualitativen Methoden in dieser Hinsicht. Es wurde von Ralf Bohnsack entwickelt und basiert auf Panofskys Theorien sowie auf Konzepten von Karl Mannheim und Pierre Bourdieu. Durch das dokumentarische Verfahren ist eine tiefere Analyse der Quellen möglich. Es vollzieht sich ein Wechsel des Recherchefokus von der Suche nach dem immanenten Sinn zu der Suche nach dem dokumentarischen Sinn. Auch die technischen Elemente spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der Interpretation. Hierbei dient die kunstgeschichtliche Theorie von Max Imdahl als Basis. In diesem Aufsatz wird die dokumentarische Methode zur Bildanalyse beschrieben und dann in beispielhafter Interpretation zweier politische Karikaturen der berüchtigten nationalsozialistischen Zeitung 'Der Stürmer' angewandt. Diese vergleichende Studie dient dazu, die Nutzbarkeit der Methode und ihre Ergebnisse zu verdeutlichen." (Autorenreferat) "The constant increase of research and studies on images within the humanities made it necessary to develop methods and theories that assist the academics on his task. The here presented documentary method counts as one of the principal qualitative methodologies for this purpose. Developed by Ralf Bohnsack, this theory is based on Panofsky's theories combined with concepts by Bourdieu (habitus) and Mannheim (Weltanschauung). It proposes a deeper analysis of the source, changing the focus from the search for the immanent meaning to the search for the documentary meaning. Furthermore, according to the documentary method, the formal elements of a picture as well as a text are important. For this task of the analysis Imdahl's theory on Art History serves as foundation. This paper overviews this qualitative method. Afterwards the method is applied to interpret a particular type of art, the political cartoon. In order to demonstrate the use and the possible results of this methodology, two cartoons of the notorious Nazi newspaper Der Stürmer are examined in a comparative way." (author's abstract)

Objective: Expenditures for drugs are increasingly burdening already insufficient funds for health protection. This is especially evident in less developed European countries such as Bosnia and Herzegovina. The question is whether such analyses can help save funds for financing treatment for diseases, with an emphasis on a more rational choice of drug for appropriate indication, whereby clinical complications of hypertension would be prevented and patients would have quality of their lives improved. Aim: Focus of research has been set on analysis of use of antihypertensive drugs in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the time-period January 2013–March 2015. Use of all drugs for treatment of hypertension in that time-period in the country has been shown in an unbiased manner. Methods: The study is designed as retrospective-prospective comparative research of use of antihypertensive drugs in BiH in a certain time-period. Data are collected from relevant drug utilisation database which has been established in Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2013. Results: We have calculated financial expenditure for prescribed antihypertensives in the time- period of 2013, 2014 and Q1 2015. Use of antihypertensives at the country level for this time-period is BAM 200,242,218. At the country level, physicians are most often opting for combination therapy: ACE inhibitors + diuretics (20.2%) and ACE inhibitors + Ca channel antagonists (18.0%). Conclusion: In this research, it has been shown that modern drugs are used for treatment of hypertension in Bosnia and Herzegovina. These drugs are used in the same order as they are prescribed in developed countries.

"Der Beitrag stellt eine neue Sozialfigur der Gegenwart vor: den Expertenintellektuellen. Bislang wurden in den Sozialwissenschaften Experten und Intellektuelle als grundsätzlich unterschiedliche Kategorien konzipiert. Jüngst ist jedoch eine Transformation des Intellektuellen zu beobachten, die ein Mischkonzept nahelegt. Die vor allem an Universitäten und Think Tanks beheimateten Expertenintellektuellen verfügen einerseits über spezialisiertes Wissen, sehen jedoch andererseits ihre Rolle mit politischer Verantwortung verbunden. Ihre öffentlichen Stellungnahmen zielen auf die Formung des Meinungsklimas ab, womit sie sich aus der Rolle des reinen Experten begeben. Um empirisch zu prüfen, inwiefern Expertenintellektuelle die klassischen Funktionen des Intellektuellen erfüllen, wird eine Inhaltsanalyse prominenter Gastkommentatoren des weltweit größten Zeitungssyndikats ('Project Syndicate') durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass der neue Intellektuellentypus weder mit dem begrifflichen Instrumentarium Bourdieus noch mit jenem Foucaults ausreichend beschrieben werden kann. Ausgehend von der Analyse öffentlicher Interventionen wird daher eine Überarbeitung der vorhandenen Phänomenologien über den Intellektuellen angeregt." (Autorenreferat) "The contribution presents a new type of the intellectual: the expert intellectual. Up until now, experts and intellectuals were considered two distinct categories in the social sciences. Recently, however, we witness a transformation of the classical concept of the intellectual that can be analyzed only by using hybridization methods. Expert intellectuals, who typically work for universities or think tanks, possess specialized knowledge and envision their social role to be charged with political responsibility. They strive to fashion public opinion in their statements, which is unusual for pure experts. In order to empirically examine whether expert intellectuals fulfill some of the classical functions of the intellectual, the author conducts a content analysis of op-eds written by the most prominent contributors for the world's largest newspaper syndicate ('Project Syndicate'). All the results obtained indicate that the new type of intellectual cannot be sufficiently captured in the sociological terms suggested by Bourdieu or Foucault. Ergo, the author concludes with a plea to extend the given phenomenologies of the intellectual on the basis of an empirical guided investigation into the styles of public interventions." (author's abstract)

"Im folgenden Beitrag wird die grenzüberschreitende Diffusion einer radikalen Protestmethode am Beispiel offener Feldzerstörungen in der europäischen Anti-Gentechnik-Bewegung analysiert. Die Zerstörung von mit gentechnisch veränderten Organismen (GVO) bepflanzten Feldern coram publico bildet die radikalste und konfrontativste Methode dieser Bewegung. In der französischen Anti-Gentechnik-Bewegung waren offene Feldzerstörungen von entscheidender Bedeutung und hatten entscheidenden Anteil an der Reform der französischen Biotechnologiepolitik. Im Beitrag wird die Übernahme dieser Methode durch AktivistInnen in Spanien und Deutschland analysiert, um die Frage zu beantworten, inwieweit nationale Grenzen für soziale Protestbewegungen an Bedeutung verlieren." (Autorenreferat), "The contribution analyzes the cross-border diffusion of the radical protest method of open field destruction, i.e., the destruction of fields cultivated with Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) coram publico. The open field destruction represents the most radical and confrontative method in anti-GMO movement's repertoire of action. Open field destructions were a key method of the French anti-GMO movement, which, in turn, was of crucial importance for the reform of French biotechnology policy. It will be analyzed, how this method has been adopted by anti-GMO activists in Spain and Germany, in order to shed light on the limited importance of national boundaries for protest movements." (author's abstract)

European inequality research often follows the tradition of using occupational based categorical classification to identify the socioeconomic position of individuals or households (e.g., classes, strata, milieus, occupational groups). In the past, European studies have often used the Erikson-Goldthorpe-Portocarero class (EGP) scheme (cf. Erikson & Goldthorpe 1992). However, the EGP scheme has only been validated for Great Britain (cf. Evans 1992). Variants for other countries are largely based on informed plausibility, following the British model, though operationalisation may vary by country. As an alternative to the EGP, two other currently available categorical concepts are the ESeC (European Socioeconomic Classification) and the ESeG (European Socioeconomic Groups), both based on the International Standard Classification of Occupation (ISCO). Both concepts are intended to improve cross-country comparative analysis of social inequality in Europe. However, the ESeC and ESeG differ in their theoretical basis and should not be confused with each other, and the ESeC and ESeG also cannot readily be transferred into each other. The ESeC is available for ISCO-88 (ESeC88) and ISCO-08 (ESeC08). The ESeG is available for ISCO-08. In this paper, we focus on the operationalisation of ESeC with EU-SILC cross-sectional data (2004-2020). Alongside this report, we have published syntax files (SPSS, Stata, and R) which can be used for the operationalisation of ESeC and ESeG., GESIS Papers