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2. Designing and Implementing Virtual Exchange -- A Collection of Case Studies
- Author
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Research-publishing.net (France), Helm, Francesca, Beaven, Ana, Helm, Francesca, Beaven, Ana, and Research-publishing.net (France)
- Abstract
Virtual exchange is gaining popularity in formal and non-formal education, partly as a means to internationalise the curriculum, and also to offer more sustainable and inclusive international and intercultural experiences to young people around the world. This volume brings together 19 case studies (17 in higher education and two in youth work) of virtual exchange projects in Europe and the South Mediterranean region. They span across a range of disciplines, from STEM to business, tourism, and languages, and are presented as real-life pedagogical practices that can be of interest to educators looking for ideas and inspiration. [This content is provided in the format of an e-book. Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]
- Published
- 2020
3. Agora IX: Alternative Education and Training Processes (Thessaloniki, Greece, June 26-27, 2000). CEDEFOP Panorama Series.
- Author
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European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training, Thessaloniki (Greece).
- Abstract
This document contains the agenda and papers presented at the Agora IX meeting in Thessaloniki, Greece in June 2000 on alternative education and training processes. The papers are "Integration of Migrant Pupils in the Danish Education System" (Bang); "Support Services for Inclusive Education" (De Vroey); "Single Sex Schooling or Coeducation?" (Schrodt); "Serving the Needs of Gifted Individuals: The Optimal Match Model" (Monks); "The Common Culture Needed for the Democratic Transformation of Schools" (Rochex); "Danish Production Schools" (Ljung); "A Review of the Training Workshops and Craft Centres in Extremadura" (Lucas); "Combating Social and Economic Exclusion" (Brodigan); "The Irish Leaving Certificate Applied: Trojan Horse or Contrived Equilibrium?" (Gleeson); "Contribution of Mr. Manfred Schneider from the BBJ-Unternehmensgruppe" (Manfred Schneider); "Strategies to Combat Failure at School: A Comparison of Italian and European Experiences" (Montedoro); "Nightriders Tailoring Training to Young People's Lifestyles" (Lavelle); "Comprehensive Education or Removal of Pupils: The Dilemma Facing Education Systems in Responding to School Failure" (Casal); "The New Skills Approach The Roles of those Involved' (Rue); "The Relationship Between Centralised and Decentralised Learning in Vocational Training" (Vogel); "Company Role and Responsibility in Education and Training" (Suomalainen); and "The Role of Local Authorities in the Integration of Disadvantaged Young People in Germany" (Schlegel). The document contains a list of event participants. (SLR/CL)
- Published
- 2003
4. Rescaling Expertise in EU Policy-Making: European Think Tanks and Their Reliance on Symbolic, Political and Network Capital
- Author
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Bajenova, Tatyana
- Abstract
This article explores the strategies think tanks (TTs) from Brussels, London, Paris and Ljubljana use to exert influence on European Union (EU) policy-making. The paper argues that European TTs mobilise symbolic, political and network forms of capital built at the European level to enhance their legitimacy, credibility and visibility in the Brussels policy-making scene. The paper examines how TTs convert these forms of capital using the examples of the symbolic value of the 'TT' label, the role of expert providers, the strategic 'presence' in Brussels, and their membership in TT networks, and states the particular importance of symbolic and network capital in the EU policy context, which contribute to the legitimacy of the EU policy-making itself.
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- 2019
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5. Bilingual Street Signs Policy in EU Member States: A Comparison
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Raos, Višeslav
- Abstract
This paper explores linguistic landscapes and the enactment of public visibility and presence of non-majority linguistic groups in EU member states. Non-majority linguistic groups gain power, visibility and presence through the introduction of bilingual or multilingual signposts on roads, streets, squares, and public buildings in towns and cities where a given linguistic group represents a significant population share. The article offers a comparative analysis of language policies of EU member states regarding enactment of official bilingual or multilingual signs in public space. Twenty EU member states have signed the "European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages," while 17 members have ratified it. In addition, the Charter of Fundamental Rights, an integral party of the Lisbon Treaty, stipulates that language diversity is one of the fundamental values respected by the EU. Hence, this comparative research assesses various practices employed by member states in relation to the proclaimed values of multilingualism. Consequently, the paper depicts and compares different language policies that produce linguistic landscapes in EU member states. Finally, it tries to determine whether there is a convergence towards a common EU policy on bilingual and multilingual signs in public space.
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- 2018
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6. Creative Little Scientists: Exploring Pedagogical Synergies between Inquiry-Based and Creative Approaches in Early Years Science
- Author
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Cremin, Teresa, Glauert, Esme, Craft, Anna, Compton, Ashley, and Stylianidou, Fani
- Abstract
In the light of the European Union's interest in creativity and innovation, this paper, drawing on data from the EU project Creative Little Scientists (2011-2014), explores the teaching and learning of science and creativity in Early Years education. The project's conceptual framework, developed from detailed analysis of relevant literatures, highlighted the potential existence of a number of pedagogical synergies between inquiry-based science and creativity-based approaches in Early Years education. The science and creativity literature reviews were thus re-examined to identify synergistic features of teaching and learning in the Early Years. These were seen to include: play and exploration, motivation and affect, dialogue and collaboration, problem-solving and agency, questioning and curiosity, reflection and reasoning, and teacher scaffolding and involvement. Field work undertaken over a 4-month-period in 48 sites across the 9 partner countries provided the opportunity to examine the existence of these synergies in Early Years settings and primary classrooms with learners aged 3-8 years. Qualitative in nature, the fieldwork was framed by a case study strategy encompassing multiple methods of data collection: sequential digital images capturing interactions; observations supplemented by audio recording; timelines; and interviews with teachers and groups of children. The data set comprised 71 cases in early science (and mathematics), with 3 episodes of activity per case encapsulating creativity in these domains, resulting in 218 episodes for analysis. A deductive-inductive analytical approach was undertaken in two phases with cross-case analysis both within and between countries. The paper exemplifies the pedagogical synergies innovatively identified in the conceptual framework and documented in the fieldwork, and highlights the potential for creativity in exploratory science contexts. Additionally, it highlights differences between practice observed in preschool and primary settings and advances a new conceptual definition of creativity within Early Years science education.
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- 2015
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7. The Missing Link to Connect Education and Employment: Recognition of Non-Formal and Informal Learning Outcomes
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Werquin, Patrick
- Abstract
The concept of learning outcomes is at the heart of many research programmes and policy responses. International surveys (from the International Adult Literacy Survey, back in the mid-nineties, to the forthcoming Assessment of Higher Education Learning Outcomes two OECD surveys), National Qualifications Frameworks or the European Qualifications Framework engineered by the European Commission and the most recent laws and policies on recognition of non-formal and informal learning outcomes (RNFILO), all rely on the concept of learning outcomes. This paper claims that it is no coincidence that the concept of learning outcomes is at the core of these seemingly unrelated policies, programmes and research projects. Learning outcomes provide a base for equitable assessment in the world of education and lifelong learning. Learning outcomes also are relevant to the labour market and the expectations of end-users such as employers. It also claims that, beyond the hype and some misunderstanding, approaches relying on learning outcomes bring more equity to the world of education and training and to the world of work. This paper aims at focusing on RNFILO as a policy tool, and insists on possible applications and policy implementation. It proposes a definition of the key terms, a possible rationale for organising recognition programmes, and a list of pros and cons for doing so. (Contains 5 notes.)
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- 2012
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8. The Impact of ICT on Educational Performance and its Efficiency in Selected EU and OECD Countries: A Non-Parametric Analysis
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Aristovnik, Aleksander
- Abstract
The purpose of the paper is to review some previous researches examining ICT efficiency and the impact of ICT on educational output/outcome as well as different conceptual and methodological issues related to performance measurement. Moreover, a definition, measurements and the empirical application of a model measuring the efficiency of ICT use and its impact at national levels will be considered. For this purpose, the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique is presented and then applied to selected EU-27 and OECD countries. The empirical results show that the efficiency of ICT, when taking educational outputs/outcomes into consideration, differs significantly across the great majority of EU and OECD countries. The analysis of the varying levels of (output-oriented) efficiency (under the VRSTE framework) shows that Finland, Norway, Belgium and Korea are the most efficient countries in terms of their ICT sectors. Finally, the analysis finds evidence that most of the countries under consideration hold great potential for increased efficiency in ICT and for improving their educational outputs and outcomes. (Contains 5 tables, 1 figure and 6 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2012
9. Teaching Science: New Trends in Pre-Universitary Learning
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Kozan-Naumescu, Adrienne and Pasca, Roxana-Diana
- Abstract
A series of aspects regarding the aria of teaching sciences (chemistry, biology, physics, geography) in pre-universitary learning is presented. This paper underlines the importance of prerepresentations of students in teaching-learning process in pre-universitary learning, assuring in this way a desirable direction of the reform in pre-universitary learning: so that the student becomes its own self-improvement agent. The characteristics of the reform in pre-universitary learning in our country are revealed, in European context (Naumescu, A., Pasca R. D., 2008).
- Published
- 2009
10. AGORA XII. Training for Mentally Disabled People and Their Trainers: Permitting the Mentally Disabled a Genuine and Appropriate Exercise of Their Rights. CEDEFOP Panorama Series.
- Author
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European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training, Thessaloniki (Greece). and Guggenheim, Eric Fries
- Abstract
Materials from Agora 12 demonstrate that the disabled are merely another side of ourselves and training for them is a means of developing and acquiring independence and of becoming absorbed into society. A Foreword outlines the subjects of the three sessions: social solidarity and mental disability; training of the mentally psychologically disabled and the transition from institution to integration; and training of trainers and other professionals providing support for the mentally disabled and assisting their integration into economic life. A 36-item bibliography and agenda follow. The 15 presentations are "Mental Health: Medical Fact or Social Construct" (Gaye Hutchison); "Disability and Independence: Improving the Quality of Life of Disabled People" (Carmen Duarte);"Professional Training of the Mentally Disabled in Enterprises in the Open Labor Market" (Helmut Heinen); "Job Creation for the Mentally Disabled: New Approaches in Germany Through Integration Enterprises and Employment Companies" (Rainer Dolle); "The Effects of Globalization on the Mentally Disabled" (Alberto Alberani); "Economic Costs and Benefits of Integrating Disabled People into the Labor Market: An (sic) European Look" (Juan Carlos Collado); "Permitting the Mentally Disabled a Genuine and Appropriate Exercise of Their Rights" (Annet De Vroey); "The Initial and Continuing Training of the Mentally Disabled in Lifelong Education and Training" (Christian Robert); "Education and Training Proposed to Persons with Learning Disabilities in the Different European Countries" (Victoria Soriano); "Occupational and/or Personal IndependenceThe Role and Significance of Sheltered Employment in the Emancipation Process" (Gerard Zribi); "The Normal Environment as a Training Ground and Indicator of Personal Potential for Disabled Workers and Their Trainers" (Yvonne Schaeffer); "How Does a Trainer Working with the Mentally Disabled Differ from Any Other Teacher or Trainer?" (Hans-Juergen Pitsch): "Training of Trainers in Learning Disability ServicesIs Learning or Disability the Issue?" (Paul Twynam); "Training of Trainers of the Mentally Disabled in Europe" (Angelika Buehler); and "How Useful Are Networks of Trainers and of Trainers of Trainers in Preparing Them for Their Very Special Role?" (Raymond Ceccotto). A summary of discussions (Victoria Koukouma) is provided. Several presentations include bibliographies. (YLB)
- Published
- 2003
11. Eliminating Language Barriers Online at European Prisons (ELBEP): A Case-Study
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Barkan, M., Toprak, E., Kumtepe, A. T., Kumtepe, E. Genc, Ataizi, M., Pilanci, H., Mutlu, M. E., Kayabas, I., and Kayabas, B. Kip
- Abstract
ELBEP (Eliminating Language Barriers in European Prisons Through Open and Distance Education Technology) is a multilateral project funded by the European Union (EU) Lifelong Learning, Grundtvig (Adult Education) Programme. It aims to overcome language/communication problems between prison staff and foreign inmates at European prisons via online language teaching programs for the staff. This paper discusses the rationale and application of the project with an eye to the related literature and theoretical background. The project outcomes and findings can serve as an example for similar research studies.
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- 2011
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12. Brussels Takes Charge in the Pensions Dossier.
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Bollen-Vandenboorn, Anouk H. H. and Dietvorst, Gerry J. B.
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PENSIONS ,PENSION reform ,PENSION trust management - Abstract
At the beginning of this year, the White Paper An Agenda for Adequate, Safe, and Sustainable Pensions1 (hereinafter: White Paper) was published. This happened about one and a half years after the Green Paper Towards Adequate, Sustainable, and Safe European Pension Systems2(hereinafter: Green Paper) was published. The reactions to both documents vary from 'a very important document' to 'a missed chance' and 'a lot of emotion and little substance'. We regard both these documents as important and guiding for the pension systems in the European Union (hereinafter: EU). They demonstrate the role that Brussels envisages for itself and it offers considerable support for Member States to carry out reforms. The White Paper offers a rough sketch, so to speak, for the pension systems of the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
13. Corrigendum to: Mislabelling may explain why some prohibited invasive aquatic plants are still being sold in Belgium.
- Author
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Van den Neucker, Tom and Scheers, Kevin
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INVASIVE plants ,AQUATIC plants ,WATER gardens - Abstract
Six taxonomic errors and one relevant taxonomic change were discovered after publication of "Mislabelling may explain why some prohibited invasive aquatic plants are still being sold in Belgium" Van den Neucker T, Scheers K. 2022. Knowl Manag Aquat Ecosyst 423: 8. This corrigendum lists the changes that need to be made in the paper and in Appendices A and B. The authors state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the paper in any way. Corrected versions of Appendices A and B are made available as supplementary material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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14. City Diplomacy Beyond Metrocentricity: The Case of Flanders.
- Author
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Koelemaij, Jorn and Derudder, Ben
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DIPLOMACY ,METROPOLIS ,SMALL cities - Abstract
City diplomacy is a rapidly growing and increasingly researched phenomenon, but to date most research has focused on major cities and eye‐catching city networks. This paper extends this literature by examining city diplomacy practices in Flanders, Belgium, a region defined by its many mid‐sized and smaller cities. Drawing on a combination of an exploratory survey and indepth interviews, five main themes are discussed: (i) internal organization, (ii) bilateral city diplomacy, (iii) multilateral city diplomacy, (iv) strategies and (v) motivations. We conclude that Flemish cities' city diplomacy broadly align with international trends, with their approaches increasingly centred on economic and financial motives. However, while some of the larger cities join a range of formal city networks to gain policy inspiration and international visibility, smaller cities' opportunities are much more limited and their main goal is often to get involved in projects that are funded by the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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15. Toward a harmonization of national sustainability requirements and criteria for solid biomass.
- Author
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Mai‐Moulin, Thuy, Armstrong, Simon, van Dam, Jinke, and Junginger, Martin
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SUSTAINABILITY ,ELECTRIC power conservation - Abstract
This paper compares national sustainability support schemes and sustainability requirements in four countries that import solid biomass for heat and power generation: Belgium, Denmark, the UK, and the Netherlands. The paper also reviews voluntary certification schemes for solid biomass that may be used to demonstrate sustainability compliance. In the absence of mandatory EU criteria for solid biomass, different national support schemes and sustainability requirements may present barriers to trade. This paper identifies some possibilities for harmonization and provides suggestions for policymakers for the improvement and alignment of national sustainability requirements. Ultimately the paper suggests establishing a harmonized certification scheme in the short term based on legislative requirements in the four countries and in voluntary initiatives. The proposed harmonized certification scheme may also reduce both implementation costs and complexity for biomass suppliers and generators. In the long term, the paper recommends binding criteria on sustainability requirements for solid biomass at EU level. © 2017 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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16. Understanding the internal audit function in a digitalised business environment.
- Author
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Betti, Nathanaël and Sarens, Gerrit
- Subjects
INTERNAL auditing ,INTERNAL auditors ,AUDIT departments ,MANAGEMENT committees ,SEMI-structured interviews ,INTERNET security laws ,INFORMATION technology - Abstract
Purpose: This paper aims to gain an in-depth understanding of how the internal audit function evolves in an increasingly digitalised business environment. Design/methodology/approach: This paper is based on 29 semi-structured interviews with members of management committees and internal auditors based in Belgium. Findings: The analysis reveals that a digitalised business environment affects the internal audit function in three respects. First, it impacts its scope. The agility of the internal audit planning and the required digital knowledge are expected to increase and information technology (IT) risks gain importance, especially cybersecurity threats. Second, the demand for consulting activities performed by internal auditors is higher and third, digitalisation modifies the working practices of internal auditors in their day-to-day tasks. New technologies such as data analytics tools are being implemented progressively in internal audit departments and digital skills are considered a critical asset. Research limitations/implications: This research was conducted in the European Union and gathers opinions of members of management committees and internal auditors. Future research could focus on other internal auditing stakeholders in other legal contexts. Practical implications: The internal audit function needs to integrate IT and data analytics skills. In addition, the internal audit function should develop consulting activities to help organisations deal with the digitalisation of the business environment. Originality/value: The impact of digitalisation on the internal audit function and its effect on internal audit practices is an underexplored area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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17. Assessing the potential of low-transmissivity aquifers for aquifer thermal energy storage systems: a case study in Flanders (Belgium).
- Author
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Tas, Luka, Simpson, David, and Hermans, Thomas
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HEAT storage , *ENERGY storage , *GREENHOUSE gas mitigation , *AQUIFERS , *MEMBRANE filters , *THERMAL efficiency - Abstract
The Member States of the European Union pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80–95% by 2050. Shallow geothermal systems might substantially contribute by providing heating and cooling in a sustainable way through seasonally storing heat and cold in the shallow ground (<200 m). When the minimum yield associated with the installation of a cost-effective aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) system cannot be met, borehole thermal energy storage, relying mostly on the thermal conductivity of the ground, is proposed. However, for large-scale applications, this requires the installation of hundreds of boreholes, which entails a large cost and high disturbance of the underground. In such cases, ATES systems can nevertheless become interesting. This paper presents a case study performed on a Ghent University campus (Belgium), where the feasibility of ATES in an area with a low transmissivity was determined. The maximum yield of the aquifer was estimated at 5 m3/h through pumping tests. Although this low yield was attributed to the fine grain size of the aquifer, membrane filtering index tests and long-term injection tests revealed that the clogging risk was limited. A groundwater model was used to optimize the well placement. It was shown that a well arrangement in a checkerboard pattern was most effective to optimize the hydraulic efficiency while maintaining the thermal recovery efficiency of the ATES system. Hence, for large-scale projects, efficient thermal energy storage can also be achieved using a (more cost-effective) ATES system even in low-permeability sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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18. Linking health survey data with health insurance data: methodology, challenges, opportunities and recommendations for public health research. An experience from the HISlink project in Belgium.
- Author
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Berete, Finaba, Demarest, Stefaan, Charafeddine, Rana, De Ridder, Karin, Van Oyen, Herman, Van Hoof, Wannes, Bruyère, Olivier, and Van der Heyden, Johan
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PUBLIC health research ,HEALTH insurance ,HEALTH surveys ,HEALTH literacy ,PUBLIC health ,POLYHYDRAMNIOS ,BALANCE disorders - Abstract
In recent years, the linkage of survey data to health administrative data has increased. This offers new opportunities for research into the use of health services and public health. Building on the HISlink use case, the linkage of Belgian Health Interview Survey (BHIS) data and Belgian Compulsory Health Insurance (BCHI) data, this paper provides an overview of the practical implementation of linking data, the outcomes in terms of a linked dataset and of the studies conducted as well as the lessons learned and recommendations for future links. Individual BHIS 2013 and 2018 data was linked to BCHI data using the national register number. The overall linkage rate was 92.3% and 94.2% for HISlink 2013 and HISlink 2018, respectively. Linked BHIS-BCHI data were used in validation studies (e.g. self-reported breast cancer screening; chronic diseases, polypharmacy), in policy-driven research (e.g., mediation effect of health literacy in the relationship between socioeconomic status and health related outcomes, and in longitudinal study (e.g. identifying predictors of nursing home admission among older BHIS participants). The linkage of both data sources combines their strengths but does not overcome all weaknesses. The availability of a national register number was an asset for HISlink. Policy-makers and researchers must take initiatives to find a better balance between the right to privacy of respondents and society's right to evidence-based information to improve health. Researchers should be aware that the procedures necessary to implement a link may have an impact on the timeliness of their research. Although some aspects of HISlink are specific to the Belgian context, we believe that some lessons learned are useful in an international context, especially for other European Union member states that collect similar data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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19. Molecular and virological characterization of the first poultry outbreaks of Genotype VII.2 velogenic avian orthoavulavirus type 1 (NDV) in North‐West Europe, BeNeLux, 2018.
- Author
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Steensels, Mieke, Van Borm, Steven, Mertens, Ingeborg, Houdart, Philippe, Rauw, Fabienne, Roupie, Virginie, Snoeck, Chantal J., Bourg, Manon, Losch, Serge, Beerens, Nancy, Berg, Thierry, and Lambrecht, Bénédicte
- Subjects
NEWCASTLE disease ,POULTRY ,GENE fusion ,GENOTYPES ,INFECTIOUS disease transmission ,AVIAN influenza - Abstract
After two decades free of Newcastle disease, Belgium encountered a velogenic avian orthoavulavirus type 1 epizootic in 2018. In Belgium, 20 cases were diagnosed, of which 15 occurred in hobby flocks, 2 in professional poultry flocks and 3 in poultry retailers. The disease also disseminated from Belgium towards the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg by trade. Independently, the virus was detected once in the Netherlands, almost simultaneously to the first Belgian detection. As such Newcastle disease emerged in the entire BeNeLux region. Both the polybasic sequence of the fusion gene cleavage site and the intracerebral pathotyping assay demonstrated the high pathogenicity of the strain. This paper represents the first notification of this specific VII.2 subgenotype in the North‐West of Europe. Time‐calibrated full genome phylogenetic analysis indicated the silent or unreported circulation of the virus prior to the emergence of three genetic clusters in the BeNeLux region without clear geographical or other epidemiological correlation. The Dutch strain appeared as an outgroup to the Belgian and Luxembourgian strains in the time‐correlated genetic analysis and no epidemiological link could be identified between the Belgian and Dutch outbreaks. In contrast, both genetic and epidemiological outbreak investigation data linked the G.D. Luxembourg case to the Belgian outbreak. The genetic links between Belgian viruses from retailers and hobby flocks only partially correlated with epidemiological data. Two independent introductions into the professional poultry sector were identified, although their origin could not be determined. Animal experiments using 6‐week‐ old specific pathogen‐free chickens indicated a systemic infection and efficient transmission of the virus. The implementation of re‐vaccination in the professional sector, affected hobby and retailers, as well as the restriction on assembly and increased biosecurity measures, possibly limited the epizootic and resulted in the disappearance of the virus. These findings emphasize the constant need for awareness and monitoring of notifiable viruses in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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20. Autism and family involvement in the right to education in the EU: policy mapping in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany.
- Author
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van Kessel R, Roman-Urrestarazu A, Ruigrok A, Holt R, Commers M, Hoekstra RA, Czabanowska K, Brayne C, and Baron-Cohen S
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- Belgium epidemiology, Databases as Topic, Germany epidemiology, Humans, Internationality, Netherlands epidemiology, Autistic Disorder epidemiology, Education, European Union, Family, Human Rights, Policy
- Abstract
Introduction: In recent years, the universal right to education has been emphasised by the Universal Declaration on Human Rights and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. In this paper, we mapped policies relevant to special education needs and parental involvement of children with autism at an international level and in the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium., Methods: A policy path analysis was performed using a scoping review as an underlying methodological framework. This allowed for a rapid gathering of available data from which a timeline of adopted policies was derived., Results and Discussion: Internationally, the universal right to education has been reinforced repeatedly and the values of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights have been reiterated with every reinforcement. Also, the additional support that a child with special education needs requires is acknowledged and measures are taken to facilitate access to any education for all children. There are slight cross-country differences between the countries under study, attributable to differences in national regulation of education. However, all countries have progressed to a state where the right to education for all children is integrated on a policy level and measures are taken to enable children with special needs to participate in education. Recently, an attempt to implement a form of inclusive education was made as a form of special needs provision. Nevertheless, nowhere has this been implemented successfully yet., Conclusion: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was a critical juncture in international policy and created an environment where the universal right to education has been implemented for all children in the countries under study., Competing Interests: Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© The Author(s). 2019.)
- Published
- 2019
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21. MI, NAROD FEDERACIJE! USTAVOTVORNA VLAST U KLASIČNIM I SUVREMENIM FEDERACIJAMA.
- Author
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Podolnjak, Robert
- Subjects
- *
FEDERAL government , *LABOR unions , *OBSOLESCENCE , *CONSTITUTIONS - Abstract
Regardless of the earlier assumptions about the obsolescence of the classic federal theory, the paper emphasizes the contemporary significance and relevance of federalism. Europe is the epicentre of modern federalization processes, not only when it comes to the European Union, but also a number of European countries such as Belgium, Spain and the United Kingdom. The paper points out the fundamental distinction between the classic and modern federalism, which has its origin in the fact that federal systems 'arise' differently as a result of opposite processes of federalization and that in this sense we can distinguish between classic "integrative" and modern "devolutive" federalism. The basic assumptions of the paper are that 1) these two federalism patterns originally differ in the character of the basic constitutive act of the federal union with regard to the subject of creating a federation, and 2) because contemporary federations are "federal states without a federal foundation" this difference is not noticeable today. On the contrary, it has largely disappeared, and in this way, the difference between classic and modern federalism is actually bridged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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22. Europeanization and domestic policy concertation: how actors use Europe to modify domestic patterns of policy-making.
- Author
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Fontana, Marie-Christine
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CORPORATE state ,EUROPEANIZATION ,EUROPEAN integration ,ECONOMIC policy - Abstract
The Europeanization literature assumes that European integration affects domestic policies, politics and polities; yet, the impact on domestic corporatist patterns, which characterize policy-making in small European states, has received little attention so far. While contradictory theoretical expectations exist, this paper argues that European market-making policies tend to weaken domestic corporatist policy-making by offering new opportunities to domestic actors, in particular the executive. This allows them to bypass policy concertation. However, the impact depends on the usage domestic actors make of the European policies and is mediated by domestic factors. A comparison across policy sectors in two countries – Belgium and Switzerland – largely confirms these arguments. This means that domestic institutions such as corporatist policy-making are not only mediating factors in the process of Europeanization, but themselves subject to change. This effect even goes beyond the borders of the European Union, affecting policy-making in Switzerland as well. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
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23. Social service innovation and welfare recalibration: a case study of a local training to work trajectory in Belgium.
- Author
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Cools, Pieter and Oosterlynck, Stijn
- Subjects
SOCIAL services ,PUBLIC welfare ,SOCIAL learning ,INTERACTIVE learning - Abstract
Despite a growing interest in the relation between local social innovation in welfare services and ongoing welfare reform in Europe, both the social innovation and welfare studies literature currently lack a conceptually grounded framework to analyse how both are mutually implicated. Building on different, recent contributions in institutional theory the present paper proposes to analyse such changing relations as an interactive social learning process between 'habits in motion' (Berk and Galvan 2009) of reflexive, situated actors at the local level and the gradual and multidimensional process of macro-level welfare reform or 'welfare recalibration' (Hemerijck 2013). The value of this framework is explored through a case study of an innovative training to work trajectory for foreign language newcomers that receive welfare assistance in a medium-sized Belgian city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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24. The role of social support in fostering school engagement in urban schools characterised by high risk of early leaving from education and training.
- Author
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Nouwen, Ward and Clycq, Noel
- Subjects
URBAN schools ,SOCIAL support ,EDUCATION policy ,STRUCTURAL equation modeling ,SCHOOL failure ,AT-risk students ,PARENTAL influences - Abstract
Tackling early leaving from education and training (ELET) is one of the main education policy targets of the European Union and many of its member states. This paper offers new insights on this issue by studying how so-called at-risk students develop their educational trajectory by embedding their attitudes towards and engagement in schooling within the various support networks they navigate. We argue that the concept of school engagement, operationalized within the broader theoretical framework of the self-system model of motivational development, is crucial for better understanding ELET. The structural equation modelling is based upon survey data from 1401 students in grade 10 and 12 of vocational tracks across 26 different urban school locations in Flanders, Belgium. The results show that parental, peer and in particular teacher support directly and indirectly strengthen students' academic and behavioural engagement. We argue that universal and targeted support by educators can positively impact pro-school attitudes and school engagement of so-called at-risk students and may be one of the most important strategies in addressing ELET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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25. Examining the Unfolding of Disciplinary Proceedings from Various Perspectives within the Context of Belgian and European Law.
- Author
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DE WOLF, DANIEL, EGGERMONT, FREDERIC, and TIMBERMONT, EVELIEN
- Subjects
EUROPEAN law ,ADMINISTRATIVE remedies ,ADMINISTRATIVE law ,COMPARATIVE law ,WORKPLACE retaliation - Abstract
Copyright of Revista Digital de Derecho Administrativo is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Mapping Europe into local climate zones.
- Author
-
Demuzere, Matthias, Bechtel, Benjamin, Middel, Ariane, and Mills, Gerald
- Subjects
ENVIRONMENTAL sciences ,CITIES & towns ,CLIMATOLOGY ,METROPOLIS ,MODELS & modelmaking - Abstract
Cities are major drivers of environmental change at all scales and are especially at risk from the ensuing effects, which include poor air quality, flooding and heat waves. Typically, these issues are studied on a city-by-city basis owing to the spatial complexity of built landscapes, local topography and emission patterns. However, to ensure knowledge sharing and to integrate local-scale processes with regional and global scale modelling initiatives, there is a pressing need for a world-wide database on cities that is suited for environmental studies. In this paper we present a European database that has a particular focus on characterising urbanised landscapes. It has been derived using tools and techniques developed as part of the World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools (WUDAPT) project, which has the goal of acquiring and disseminating climate-relevant information on cities worldwide. The European map is the first major step toward creating a global database on cities that can be integrated with existing topographic and natural land-cover databases to support modelling initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. ASPECTS ABOUT INSSURANCE MARKET EVOLUTION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION. CASE STUDY: BELGIUM, HUNGARY AND ROMANIA.
- Author
-
DOMIDE, Gherasim Solovestru, DOMIDE, Alexandru, and DOMIDE, Octavia
- Subjects
INSURANCE - Abstract
This paper aims to analyze the value of insurance premiums underwritten on the insurance market in the European Union in general and in 3 countries of the Union in particular, namely: Belgium, Hungary and Romania. It was analyzed if and how much the economic crisis had influenced the value of life and non-life premiums, during this period of time. From the analysis of financial results of the three countries we found several common features such as: concentration of insurance markets in the three countries. We also noticed that insurance premiums for motor insurance class hold an important place in the total underwriting of insurance premiums in the three countries reminded above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
28. Neo-militant Democracy and (Un)fulfilled Destination of Consolidated Democracies? The Inner Six in Comparative Perspective.
- Author
-
RAK, Joanna
- Subjects
DEMOCRACY ,GLOBAL Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 - Abstract
Copyright of Historia i Polityka is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Encouraging Environmentally Friendlier Cars via Fiscal Measures: General Methodology and Application to Belgium.
- Author
-
Turcksin, Laurence, Mairesse, Olivier, Macharis, Cathy, and Van Mierlo, Joeri
- Subjects
AUTOMOBILE taxes ,REGISTRATION tax ,TAX reform ,ENERGY consumption ,ENERGY management ,LIFE cycle costing - Abstract
In this paper, a Belgian tax reform plan is elaborated to respond to the EU proposal that requires member states to restructure passenger car taxation systems, preferentially based on the CO
2 emissions of the car. A tax orientation on CO2 emissions alone might however favour diesel vehicles, characterised by a higher fuel efficiency, whereas they release more polluting emissions (PM and NOx ) than comparable gasoline vehicles. This paper introduces a methodology, the Ecoscore, as a potential tax assessment basis. The Ecoscore is based on a well-to-wheel framework and enables a comparison of the environmental burden caused by vehicles with different drive trains and using different fuels. A new proposal for a fixed vehicle taxation system, based on the Ecoscore, is launched. In addition, its impact on the life cycle cost of conventional as well as alternative fuelled cars is measured in order to examine its steering effect towards a cleaner vehicle choice. The overall result is that current tax distortions can be corrected by restructuring the vehicle registration tax and annual circulation tax, based on the Ecoscore. To stimulate behavioural changes, such a fiscal policy should however be paired with additional policies that act on the other important aspects that determine the car purchase decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. FREE MOVEMENT OF SERVICES (AND THE LIBERALISATION OF MARITIME SERVICE SECTOR) IN THE EUROPEAN UNION (EU): LIMITS OF INSTITUTIONAL STEPS FROM ABOVE.
- Author
-
LEVENT, KIRVAL
- Subjects
MARITIME shipping ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,TARIFF - Abstract
This paper gives an account of the historical development of the free movement of services (including the maritime service sector) in the EU and it also focuses on the limits of institutional steps taken by Brussels in further advancing liberalisation of the Single Market. By moving on from the consensus that is achieved in the multilateral trade negotiations of General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) and The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), the EU member states have taken further measures to deepen the economic integration with a view to create a single market by means of free movement of goods, services, capital and labour. However, the free movement of services (and to a certain extent the free movement of labour, due to the cultural differences, the problems in mutual recognition of diplomas and the language problems) have remained limited; although the European institutions have taken various measures and developed the relevant parts of the Acquis Communautaire in time. In this context, this paper will elucidate why the services sector is lagging behind within the Single Market, and it will also offer several steps to further deepen the economic integration in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
31. Tourism in Brussels, capital of the ‘New Europe’.
- Author
-
Jansen-Verbeke, Myriam, Vandenbroucke, Sylvia, and Tielen, Sofie
- Subjects
TOURISM ,PLACE marketing ,DESTINATION image (Tourism) ,BUSINESS tourism ,CIVIL service - Abstract
This paper considers the potentials and pitfalls of European Union enlargement for tourism development in Brussels, and it explores the role of eurocrats in mediating Brussels as a destination. As a result of enlargement, Brussels may consolidate and eventually strengthen its position as a destination for business tourism. Eurocrats may be a major consumer group but as champions their role is tempered by a discrepancy between visitation and appreciation of the city's offer. By inspecting eurocrats' views in a framework of current marketing attempts and the politics of promotion, the paper attempts to make recommendations on how to take advantage of new opportunities accession may bring. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. A Broken Social Elevator? Employment Outcomes of First- and Second-Generation Immigrants in Belgium.
- Author
-
Piton, Céline and Rycx, François
- Subjects
WOMEN immigrants ,ELEVATORS ,IMMIGRANTS ,EMPLOYMENT ,GENDER - Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive quantitative assessment of the employment performance of first- and second-generation immigrants in Belgium compared to that of natives. Using detailed quarterly data for the period 2008–2014, we find not only that first-generation immigrants face a substantial employment penalty (up to − 30% points) vis-à-vis their native counterparts, but also that their descendants continue to face serious difficulties in accessing the labour market. For descendants of two non-EU-born immigrants the social elevator appears to be broken. Indeed, estimates suggest that their employment performance is no better than that of their parents (whose penalty averages 19% points). Immigrant women are also particularly affected. While they are all found to face a double penalty because of their gender and origin, for women originating from outside the EU the penalty is generally even more severe. Among the key drivers of access to employment, we find: (1) education (especially for second-generation immigrants from non-EU countries), and (2) proficiency in the host country language, citizenship acquisition, and (to a lesser extent) duration of residence for first-generation immigrants. Finally, estimates suggest that around a decade is needed for the employment gap between refugees and other foreign-born workers to be (largely) suppressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Engaging leadership and nurse well-being: the role of the work environment and work motivation—a cross-sectional study.
- Author
-
Kohnen, Dorothea, De Witte, Hans, Schaufeli, Wilmar B., Dello, Simon, Bruyneel, Luk, and Sermeus, Walter
- Subjects
WORK environment ,NURSING leadership ,EMPLOYEE motivation ,WELL-being ,NURSES' attitudes ,JOB involvement ,SHIFT systems - Abstract
Background: Healthcare literature suggests that leadership behavior has a profound impact on nurse work-related well-being. Yet, more research is needed to better conceptualize, measure, and analyse the concepts of leadership and well-being, and to understand the psychological mechanisms underlying this association. Combining Self-Determination and Job Demands-Resources theory, this study aims to investigate the association between engaging leadership and burnout and work engagement among nurses by focusing on two explanatory mechanisms: perceived job characteristics (job demands and resources) and intrinsic motivation. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 1117 direct care nurses (response rate = 25%) from 13 general acute care hospitals in Belgium. Validated instruments were used to measure nurses' perceptions of engaging leadership, burnout, work engagement, intrinsic motivation and job demands and job resources. Structural equation modeling was performed to test the hypothesised model which assumed a serial mediation of job characteristics and intrinsic motivation in the relationship of engaging leadership with nurse work-related well-being. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit of the measurement model. The findings offer support for the hypothesized model, indicating that engaging leadership is linked to enhanced well-being, as reflected in increased work engagement, and reduced burnout. The results further showed that this association is mediated by nurses' perceptions of job resources and intrinsic motivation. Notably, while job demands mediated the relationship between EL and nurses' well-being, the relationship became unsignificant when including intrinsic motivation as second mediator. Conclusions: Engaging leaders foster a favourable work environment for nursing staff which is not only beneficial for their work motivation but also for their work-related well-being. Engaging leadership and job resources are modifiable aspects of healthcare organisations. Interventions aimed at developing engaging leadership behaviours among nursing leaders and building job resources will help healthcare organisations to create favourable working conditions for their nurses. Trial Registration: The study described herein is funded under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme from 2020 to 2023 (Grant Agreement 848031). The protocol of Magnet4Europe is registered in the ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN10196901). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. The United States' Record-Low Child Poverty Rate in International and Historical Perspective: A Research Note.
- Author
-
Parolin, Zachary and Filauro, Stefano
- Subjects
POVERTY -- History ,POVERTY in the United States ,TAXATION ,DEVELOPED countries ,MIDDLE-income countries ,POPULATION geography ,COMPARATIVE studies ,INCOME ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,GOVERNMENT policy ,HEALTH ,LOW-income countries ,CHILD welfare ,POVERTY ,COVID-19 pandemic ,CHILDREN ,ADOLESCENCE - Abstract
In 2021, the federal government of the United States expanded a set of income transfers that led to strong reductions in child poverty. This research note uses microdata from more than 50 countries and U.S. data spanning more than 50 years to place the 2021 child poverty rate in historical and international perspective. We demonstrate that whether using the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM), relative poverty measures, or an absolute poverty measure, the U.S. child poverty rate in 2021 was at its lowest level since at least 1967. The U.S. tax and transfer system reduced the 2021 SPM child poverty rate by more than 75% relative to the pre-tax/transfer child poverty rate; this reduction was three times the mean reduction effect between 1967 and 2019. These policy changes improved the country's standing from having a relative poverty rate twice that of Germany's in 2019 to the same as Germany's in 2021. Moreover, the U.S. progressed from reducing child poverty at less than half the rate of Norway in 2019 to a rate comparable to Norway in 2021. However, the U.S. success was temporary: after the expiration of the 2021 income provisions, the child poverty rate doubled and returned to being higher than in most other high-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. The Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived and social citizenship: Case study research in Belgium, Lithuania and Portugal.
- Author
-
Greiss, Johanna and Schoneville, Holger
- Subjects
CHARITABLE uses, trusts, & foundations ,SOCIAL participation ,FOOD relief ,HUMAN rights ,CHARITY ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,RESEARCH methodology ,CROSS-sectional method ,GOVERNMENT regulation ,SOCIAL isolation ,GOVERNMENT programs ,SURVEYS ,AT-risk people ,SOCIOECONOMIC disparities in health ,GOVERNMENT policy ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,RESEARCH funding ,POVERTY ,SOCIAL integration - Abstract
Persisting high poverty and social exclusion rates remain a key challenge of European welfare states. The socio-economic consequences following the COVID-19 crisis are challenging the protection of social citizenship and social rights of the most vulnerable. We examine the role of the European Union (EU) in supporting the most vulnerable citizens by focusing on the Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived (FEAD). Our key question is, if and in which ways the EU strengthens social citizenship and social rights through FEAD. We base our analysis on a document analysis of the Regulation, Member States' operational programmes and results of a survey with food aid organizations in Belgium, Lithuania and Portugal. Our findings suggest that FEAD represents a contradictory case of European action in the field of social citizenship and social rights. On the one hand, FEAD is a highly targeted social policy instrument. On the other hand, food aid, as the main provided instrument, is based on charity and not on social rights. Accompanying social inclusion measures could support beneficiaries in the take-up of social rights, but these measures lack clear rules for implementation and monitoring. We conclude that FEAD seems to contribute to the institutionalization of charitable food aid within national welfare systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Independent Economic Regulators in Belgium: Contextualising Local Resistance to a Global Trend in the Light of the Belgian Economic Constitution.
- Author
-
Slautsky, Emmanuel
- Subjects
- *
CONSTITUTIONS , *POWER (Social sciences) , *POLITICIANS - Abstract
Inspired by the American experience, the European Union has made it compulsory for Member States since the 1990s to entrust certain regulatory powers to national authorities independent from the government in several sectors of the economy. Such a development is part of a larger trend that has taken place at the global level since the 1980s. The choice for independent regulators with wide powers must ensure credible and effective regulation of the economy, away from the shortterm thinking that plagues politicians. Yet, the creation of independent regulators of the economy does not fit well with the constitutional, political and economic traditions of several European states, such as Belgium. In Belgium, the creation of independent economic regulators has faced resistance. Using Belgium as a case-study, this paper seeks to contextualise this resistance and argues that it should be understood in the light of the mismatch between the (neo-liberal) view regarding the respective roles of 'experts', politicians and economic actors in the regulation of the economy that is behind the creation of independent economic regulators and the Belgian economic constitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. REGULATION FOR INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN NETWORK OPERATORS IN A LIBERALISED MARKET.
- Author
-
Verbrugge, S., Lannoo, B., Van Ooteghem, J., Pingnet, T., Colle, D., Pickavet, M., and Demeester, P.
- Subjects
INTERNET servers ,INTERNET users ,TELEPHONE systems ,EUROPEAN Union politics & government ,BELGIAN politics & government, 1993- - Abstract
Interconnection between network operators in a liberalised market is essential for delivering services to end users. As the incumbent has a strong advantage compared to the new entrants, regulation is necessary for making sure that a competitive market can be established. Interconnection tariffs are used for protecting market shares by the incumbent and therefore have to be regulated by the national regulatory instance (NRI). Several cost models have been formulated for making sure that the tariffs reflect the real costs made by the operators for connecting the calls. In this paper, the legal framework formed by the EU and the Belgian government is explained, as well as the cost models that the NRIs have constructed. The most important part of this paper deals with the modelling of the market interaction between an incumbent and two new entrants, a cable operator and an alternative operator who is using the carrier select service of the incumbent, and this for situations with and without regulation. Our model allows confirming that the use of cost models leads to lower interconnection tariffs for network operators as well as lower telephony prices for the end users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
38. European Projects on Ductwork Quality.
- Author
-
Andersson, Johnny V., Malmstrom, Tor G., Carrié, Remi F., Delmotte, Christophe, and Wouters, Peter
- Subjects
- *
AIR ducts , *EXHAUST systems , *PIPE , *PRESSURE , *VENTILATION - Abstract
This paper presents results from European Union projects on ductwork quality tightness. The projects were done in Sweden. Belgium, and France. The tightness on a large number of ductwork installations in the three countries was compared and it was found that there is a tremendous difference in tightness. The answer to the question, "Why this large difference between the countries? " is most probably that Sweden has been requiring tight ducts, i.e., specifying how much they are allowed to leak at a certain test pressure, whereas in the two other countries, tightness of ductwork is normally neither required nor tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
39. Belgium and Spain Adopt Flushability Guidelines.
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL trade - Published
- 2019
40. How Europe Shapes the Nature of the Belgian Federation: Differentiated EU Impact Triggers Both Co-operation and Decentralization.
- Author
-
Beyers, Jan and Bursens, Peter
- Subjects
EUROPEAN integration ,FEDERAL government ,BELGIAN politics & government, 1993- ,POLITICAL autonomy ,NATIONAL territory - Abstract
This paper disentangles the impact of various dimensions of European integration on different aspects of the Belgian federal polity. We discern two opposite trends. While the institutional embeddedness of Belgium as an EU member state results in domestic centralizing tendencies and co-operative political practices, economic integration stimulates political pressures for regional autonomy, contributing to further divergence and hollowing out of the federal level. We conclude by arguing that the EU clearly affects territorial politics in Belgium, but, as the European causes are multidimensional, that also the effects, albeit substantial, will be diverse. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Improving poverty reduction in Europe: What works best where?
- Author
-
Leventi, Chrysa, Sutherland, Holly, and Tasseva, Iva Valentinova
- Subjects
POVERTY reduction ,BUDGET ,CHILD welfare ,INCOME ,UNEMPLOYMENT insurance ,MATHEMATICAL models ,POLICY sciences ,PUBLIC welfare ,RESEARCH funding ,TAXATION ,THEORY ,GOVERNMENT policy ,DATA analysis software - Abstract
This article examines how income poverty is affected by changes to the scale of tax-benefit policies and which are the most cost-effective policies in reducing poverty or limiting its increase in seven diverse EU countries. We do that by measuring the implications of increasing/reducing the scale of each policy instrument, using microsimulation methods while holding constant the policy design and national context. We consider commonly applied policy instruments with a direct effect on household income: child benefits, social assistance, income tax lower thresholds and a benchmark case of rescaling the whole tax-benefit system. We find that the assessment of the most cost-effective instrument may depend on the measure of poverty used and the direction and scale of the change. Nevertheless, our results indicate that the options that reduce poverty most cost-effectively in most countries are increasing child benefits and social assistance, while reducing the former is a particularly poverty-increasing way of making budgetary cuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Aktivisten und Mitläufer.
- Author
-
Panke, Diana
- Subjects
EUROPEAN Union. Committee of Permanent Representatives ,NEGOTIATION ,LOBBYING ,POLITICAL participation ,ACTIVISM - Abstract
Copyright of Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen (ZIB) is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2011
43. LA UNIÓN EUROPEA ENTRE EL CONSTITUCIONALISMO DEMOCRÁTICO Y LA GOBERNANZA.
- Author
-
Menéndez, Agustín José
- Subjects
TREATIES ,CONSTITUTIONALISM ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,POLITICAL doctrines - Abstract
Copyright of Revista de Estudios Políticos is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2010
44. Auditor's liability towards third parties within the EU: A comparative study between the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium.
- Author
-
Ingrid De Poorter
- Subjects
- *
LEGAL status of auditors , *AUDITING , *THIRD parties (Law) , *COMPARATIVE studies - Abstract
Auditors' liability is a hot topic nowadays. Due to the increased risks of auditors and the lack of appropriate insurance, a limitation of auditors' liability seems appropriate. Based on the economic study of the London Economics, the European Commission issued a consultation paper to discuss a European harmonization of auditors' liability. But to harmonize a liability cap on auditors, one needs to examine not only the economic implications, but also the legal restraints and differences of auditors' liability regimes within the European Union. This paper shows that there are large discrepancies concerning auditor's liability towards third parties within the legal systems of the European Union. In Belgium, an auditor is liable towards each interested party. However, the public role of an auditor is not acknowledged in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Germany. In those countries the purpose of audited statements is to fulfil the auditor's duty to the shareholders collectively and not to the stockholders as individual parties or third parties. In Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, an auditor has to encompass a special duty of care towards the third party to be liable. Only a special relationship of the auditor towards a third party could imply auditor's liability toward those parties. This element wasn't discussed in the London Economics Study. However, these findings could have a major impact on the debate to harmonize an auditor's liability cap because the more parties can pursue an auditor, the more damage can be claimed and the higher the liability cap needs to be fixed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
45. Changing Dynamics of Regional Representation in Brussels: A Case Study of Birmingham and the West Midlands, 1984-2004.
- Author
-
Macneill, Stewart, Jeffery, Charlie, and Gibney, John
- Subjects
REGIONALISM ,MOTIVATION (Psychology) - Abstract
Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Jeux européens et innovation institutionnelle: Les logiques de création d'Eurojust (1996-2004).
- Author
-
Mangenot, Michel
- Subjects
COURTS ,SOCIOLOGY ,DECISION making ,JUDICIAL process ,LEADERSHIP ,PUBLIC officers - Abstract
Copyright of Cultures et Conflits is the property of Centre d'Etudes sur les Conflits, Revue Cultures & Conflits and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture 1.
- Subjects
AGRICULTURAL policy ,FARMS ,DRUG side effects ,ANIMAL welfare ,AGRICULTURAL intensification ,MANURES - Abstract
This paper discusses governmental policies and measures that regulate the use of animal manure in the European Union (EU-15). Systematic intervention by governments with European agriculture in general started at the end of the 19th century. Major changes in governmental policies on agriculture followed after the establishment of the EU and its Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in 1957. Environmental side effects of the large-scale intensification of agricultural production were addressed following the reform of the CAP and the implementation of various environmental regulations and directives from the beginning of the 1990s. The Nitrate Directive approved in 1991 has exerted, as yet, the strongest influence on intensive livestock production systems. This directive regulates the use of N in agriculture, especially through its mandatory measures to designate areas vulnerable to nitrate leaching and to establish action programs and codes of good agricultural practice for these areas. These measures have to ensure that for each farm the amount of N applied via livestock manure shall not exceed 170 kg•ha
−1 •yr−1 . These measures have large consequences, especially for countries with intensive animal agriculture, including The Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, and Ireland. The mean livestock density in these countries is between 1.5 and 4 livestock units/ha, and the average amounts of N in animal manure range from 100 to 300 kg/ha of agricultural land. More than 10 yr after approval of the Nitrate Directive, there appears to be a delay in the implementation and enforcement in many member states, which reflects in part the major complications that arise from this directive for intensive livestock farming. It also reflects the fact that environmental policies in agriculture have economic consequences. The slow progress in the enforcement of environmental legislations in agriculture combined with the increasing public awareness of food safety, animal welfare, and landscape maintenance call for a more fundamental change in EU agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Rich Europe in poor Brussels.
- Author
-
Christiaens, Etienne
- Subjects
URBAN life ,CULTURE ,GLOBALIZATION ,GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
The European Union is transforming many aspects of urban life and policy across a growing proportion of the continent. Maloutas and Delladetsima, in the two preceding articles in this issue, explore some of the contradictions in the EU's practices and guiding concepts. In this paper Etienne Christiaens, a researcher and active citizen of Brussels, examines the EU's impacts in its own back yard. He shows how four years of opportunism, commercial greed and weak governance have led the city and its citizens into an environmental and social situation which puts Europe to shame. He ends, however, by beginning to craft a counter-strategy in which the material resources and the rich mix of cultures drawn to the city should be democratically managed to capture the positive dimensions of internationalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Who is willing to help Ukrainian refugees and why? The role of individual prosocial dispositions and superordinate European identity.
- Author
-
Politi, Emanuele, Gale, Jessica, Roblain, Antoine, Bobowik, Magdalena, and Green, Eva G.T.
- Subjects
COLLEGE students ,HUMANITARIANISM ,EMPATHY ,PSYCHOLOGY of refugees ,WAR ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,GROUP identity ,UKRAINIANS ,HUMANISM ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,UNIVERSITIES & colleges ,RESEARCH funding ,INTENTION ,SOCIAL skills - Abstract
In 2022, Europe experienced unprecedented citizen mobilizations to help Ukrainian refugees. Based on two parallel lines of scholarship, we examined individual prosocial dispositions and superordinate identities related to intentions to help Ukrainians. Employing a French‐speaking student sample in Belgium (N = 374), in Study 1, we showed that dispositional prosociality and European identification were both positively related to intentions to help Ukrainians. An interaction qualified these main effects, so that highly prosocial European identifiers were particularly willing to help. With a nationwide quota sample of the French‐speaking population in Belgium (N = 371), in Study 2, we identified two processes mediating the relationship of dispositional prosociality and European identification with intentions to help Ukrainians. On the one hand, dispositional prosociality was positively related to empathy with Ukrainians, which in turn predicted participants' helping intentions. On the other hand, European identification was positively related to both empathy and identity fusion with Ukrainians, which further predicted participants' helping intentions. Overall, these findings suggest that individual prosocial dispositions and superordinate identities represent two cumulative pathways to intergroup helping. Concluding, we discuss common and specific processes related to intentions to help Ukrainians, compared with other refugee groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Towards Circular Economy—A Comparative Analysis of the Countries of the European Union.
- Author
-
Mazur-Wierzbicka, Ewa, Kot, Sebastian, and Stefko, Robert
- Subjects
COMPARATIVE studies ,COUNTRIES ,CRITICAL analysis ,MULTIDIMENSIONAL databases - Abstract
There are many studies which implement and assess existing measurement manners and document the progress of entities towards the circular economy (CE) at various levels, or present or propose new possibilities of measurement. The majority of them refer to the micro level. The aim of this paper is to conduct a multidimensional comparative analysis of the implementation of circular economy by EU countries. After an in-depth critical analysis of the literature, CE indicators which were proposed by the European Commission were adopted as a basis. Owing to the research population-Member States of the European Union (EU-28), focusing on the said indicators was declared reasonable in all aspects. The classification of EU countries according to the level of their advancement in the concept of CE was adopted as a main research task. In order to do so, a relevant index of development of circular economy was created (IDCE). This will allow us, inter alia, to trace changes in the spatial differentiation of advancement of the EU countries in implementing CE over the years, to identify CE implementation leaders as well as countries particularly delayed in this regard. The comparative analysis was conducted by means of statistical methods. On the basis of the analyses, it was concluded that among all EU countries, those of the old EU are the most advanced in terms of CE. The analysis confirmed significant rising trends for IDCE only in the case of Belgium and The Netherlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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