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Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study aimed to evaluate the genotoxic potential of cerium oxide (CeO2), magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles and their ionic forms by alkaline comet assay. Eisenia hortensis were exposed to different series of concentrations (25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/ml) of chemicals for 48 h to find LC50. The LC50 for MgO and CeO2 NPs were 70 and 80 μg/ml. Whereas, the LC50 for their ionic forms were 50 and 70 μg/ml. To assess the potential DNA damage caused by the chosen chemicals, E. hortensis was further exposed for 48 h to the following concentrations, based on their respective LC50s: LC50/2, LC50, and 2xLC50. Comet scores demonstrated the significant increase (p < 0.05) in DNA damage at all concentrations, both for NPs and ionic forms in a concentration‐dependent manner. Findings of the present study revealed the genotoxic effects of CeO2 NPs, MgO NPs and their ionic forms on E. hortensis. Research Highlights: Genotoxic assessment of CeO2 and MgO NPs and their ionic forms was conducted.Characterization of NPs through electron microscopy and alkaline comet assay was performed on E. Hortensis.Highest DNA damage of CeO2 and MgO NPs was observed on earthworm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) is steadily spreading, leading to increased environmental exposures to many organisms, including humans. To improve our knowledge of this potential hazard, we have evaluated the genotoxic risk of cerium oxide (CeO2NPs) and magnesium oxide (MgONPs) nanoparticle exposures using Drosophila as an in vivo assay model. In this study, two well-known assays, such as the wing somatic mutation and recombination test (wing-spot assay) and the single-cell gel electrophoresis test (comet assay) were used. As a novelty, and for the first time, changes in the expression levels of a wide panel of DNA repair genes were also evaluated. Our results indicate that none of the concentrations of CeO2NPs increased the total spot frequency in the wing-spot assay, while induction was observed at the highest dose of MgONPs. Regarding the comet assay, both tested NPs were unable to induce single DNA strand breaks or oxidative damage in DNA bases. Nevertheless, exposure to CeO2NPs induced significant increases in the expression levels of the Mlh1 and Brca2 genes, which are involved in the double-strand break repair pathway, together with a decrease in the expression levels of the MCPH1 and Rad51D genes. Regarding the effects of MgONPs exposure, the expression levels of the Ercc1, Brca2, Rad1, mu2, and stg genes were significantly increased, while Mlh1 and MCPH1 genes were decreased. Our results show the usefulness of our approach in detecting mild genotoxic effects by evaluating changes in the expression of a panel of genes involved in DNA repair pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gümüshane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Gumushane University, Faculty of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The nanotechnology industry, a rapidly growing industry, can have substantial impacts on economy, society and environment. Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) are used as food additive in many processed foods, in pharmaceutical drug tablets, glass, electronics and as hydrophobic anticancer drug. Studies on the genotoxic risk related with the new emerging nanomaterials are of increasing interest, mainly on those compounds with limited information on their potential genotoxic risk. In this study, we have evaluated the genotoxicity of different concentration of both the microparticulated form (silicon dioxide, SMP) and nanoparticles (15nm) of Silica on Allium cepa root meristem cells. Onion bulbs were exposed to SNP/SMP in solution. Our results show that the DNA damage in the cells exposed to all concentrations of SNP are statistically significant in comparison to the control cells, while the DNA damage in the cells exposed to only the highest concentration (100 pg/mL) of microparticulated silica is statistically significant in comparison to the control cells. We can conclude that the microparticulated silica were not able to increase the DNA damage in low concentrations, but all applied doses of SNP are capable of inducing high levels of DNA damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanogenotoxicity is an emergent field, relevant for estimating the potential genotoxic risk of nanomaterials. In this study we investigated the genotoxic potential of zinc oxide (ZnO, ≤ 35 and 50 nm) and titanium dioxide (TiO2, 21 and 50 nm) nanoparticles (NPs) in the nuclei of Allium cepa root meristem cells by using a modified alkaline comet assay. ZnO and TiO2 NPs were supplied to cells treated in vitro at 3 different concentrations (10, 100, and 1000 µg/mL). For the comet assay, our results indicate a dose-dependent increment in DNA damage in cells exposed to 100 and 1000 µg/mL of ZnO NPs (≥ 35 and 50 nm) for percentage of DNA tail (% DNA tail). On the other hand, the results from TiO2 NPs indicated that the DNA damage in the cells exposed to only the highest concentration (1000 µg/mL) of TiO2 NPs (21 nm) is statistically significant in comparison to the control cells, while all concentrations of TiO2 NPs (50 nm) are stat [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

cultured human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells to study the possible genotoxic potential of different nanosized silicium dioxide or silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs), namely, 6, 15, 30 and 55 nm, and ions with a modified alkaline comet assays with and without the formamidopyrimidine- DNA N glycosylase (Fpg) and endonuclease III (Endo III) enzymes. Modifications to the comet assay by using lesion- specific endonucleases, such as Fpg and Endo III, can detect DNA bases with oxidative damage. SiO2 NPs were supplied to human cells treated in vitro at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 μg/ml. Our results show a statistically significant induction in the DNA damage was observed by the comet assay with and without the Fpg and Endo III enzymes in human cells exposed to the highest concentration (100 μg/ml) of different nanosized SiO2 NPs. As well as, a dose-dependent relationship increase in the DNA damage from the treated cells was observed. Fpg treatment detected more oxidative DNA damage (specifically purine damage) in the different nanosized SiO2 NPs and ions exposed to both human cell cultures compared to no enzyme treatment (enzyme buffer only). This is the first study reporting genotoxicity data in these human cells for the different nanosized SiO2 NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous anthropogenic contaminants, and their abundance in the entire ecosystem raises the question of how far is the impact of these MPs on the biota, humans, and the environment. Recent research has overemphasized the occurrence, characterization, and direct toxicity of MPs; however, determining and understanding their genotoxic effect is still limited. Thus, the present review addresses the genotoxic potential of these emerging contaminants in aquatic organisms and in human peripheral lymphocytes and identified the research gaps in this area. Several genotoxic endpoints were implicated, including the frequency of micronuclei (MN), nucleoplasmic bridge (NPB), nuclear buds (NBUD), DNA strand breaks, and the percentage of DNA in the tail (%Tail DNA). In addition, the mechanism of MPs-induced genotoxicity seems to be closely associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, inflammatory responses, and DNA repair interference. However, the gathered information urges the need for more studies that present environmentally relevant conditions. Taken into consideration, the lifestyle changes within the COVID-19 pandemic, we discussed the impact of the pandemic on enhancing the genotoxic potential of MPs whether through increasing human exposure to MPs via inappropriate disposal and overconsumption of plastic-based products or by disrupting the defense system owing to unhealthy food and sleep deprivation as well as stress. Overall, this review provided a reference for the genotoxic effect of MPs, their mechanism of action, as well as the contribution of COVID-19 to increase the genotoxic risk of MPs. [Display omitted] • The genotoxic effects of MPs are determined in somatic cells of aquatic organisms and human peripheral lymphocytes. • The mechanism of MPs-induced genotoxicity is associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA repair disruption. • The COVID-19 pandemic contributes to the genotoxic potential of MPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanogenotoxicology is an emergent area of research, relevant for estimating the potential carcinogenic risk of nanomaterials. Since most of the approaches use in vitro studies, and neglecting the whole organism limits the accuracy of the obtained results, we have used Drosophila melanogaster to study the possible genotoxic potential of cobalt nanoparticles (Co NPs). The wing somatic mutation and recombination test has been the test of choice. This test is based on the principle that the loss of heterozygosis and the corresponding expression of the suitable recessive markers, multiple wing hairs and flare-3 can lead to the formation of mutant clone cells in growing up larvae, which are expressed as mutant spots on the wings of adult flies. Co NPs, as well as the ionic form cobalt chloride, were given to third instar larvae through the food, at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 mM. The results obtained indicate that both cobalt forms are able to induce significant increases in the frequency of mutant clones. Although at low concentrations only Co NPs were genotoxic, the level of genetic damage obtained at the highest dose tested of cobalt chloride (10 mM) showed a significant higher increase in the frequency of total spots than those observed after the treatment with cobalt nanoparticles. As conclusion, our results indicate that Co NPs were able to induce genotoxic activity in the wing-spot assay of D. melanogaster, mainly via the induction of somatic recombination. The differences observed in the behaviour of the two selected cobalt forms may result from differences in the uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genotoxic and carcinogenic effects have been attributed to disinfection by-products (DBP5), but few studies on the genotoxicity of hydroxyfuranones (HFs) exist. This limited information gives special relevance to obtaining new data on their potential genotoxic activity, mainly by in vivo test approaches. In this study we present the results obtained with two HIPs, namely mucochloric acid (MCA) and mucobromic acid (MBA), in the in vivo wing somatic mutation and recombination test in Drosophila, which detects both somatic mutation and recombination, two mechanisms of especial relevance in cancer processes. The results showed that none of the three categories of mutant spots recorded (small, large, and twin) increased significantly by the treatments, independently of the concentrations tested. This indicate that the two I-IFs evaluated do not exhibit genotoxic activity in the wing spot assay of D. melanogaster. These in vivo results contribute to increase the scarce genotoxicity database on the DBPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health risk assessment of nanomaterials is an emergent field, genotoxicity being an important endpoint to be tested. Since in vivo studies offer many advantages, such as the study of the bioavailability of nanomaterials to sensitive target cells, we propose Drosophila as a useful model for the study of the toxic and genotoxic risks associated with nanoparticle exposure. In this work we have carried out a genotoxic evaluation of silver nanoparticles in Drosophila by using the wing somatic mutation and recombination test. This test is based on the principle that loss of heterozygosis and the corresponding expression of the suitable recessive markers, multiple wing hairs and flare-3, can lead to the formation of mutant clones in larval cells, which are expressed as mutant spots on the wings of adult flies. Silver nanoparticles were supplied to third instar larvae at concentrations ranging from 0.1-10 mM. The results showed that small but significant increases in the frequency of total spots were observed, thus indicating that silver nanoparticles were able to induce genotoxic activity in the wing spot assay of D. melanogaster, mainly via the induction of somatic recombination. These positive results obtained with silver nanoparticles contrast with the negative findings obtained when silver nitrate was tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The naturally-derived insecticide Spinosad has been used to control thrips in Capsicum annuum L. Our aim was to determine the possible genotoxic effect of Spinosad in leaves C. annuum L. For this purpose, we used the Comet assay to investigate DNA damage in isolated cells from leaves of C. annuum L. in order to assess the potential hazards of Spinosad. For the evaluation of genotoxic effects, the % tail DNA (tail intensity) and the tail moment in the treated Spinosad were compared to the solvent control (distilled water). The alkaline Comet assay showed that both tail intensity and tail moment significantly increased at 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 ppm concentrations of Spinosad, meaning that Spinosad probably has apoptotic effects at a concentration of 10 ppm and higher. These results can contribute to increase the genotoxicity database on Spinosad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the adaptive response induced by low doses of ultraviolet-B (UVB, 290-320 nm) radiation in the Drosophila wing spot test. Materials and methods: The adaptive response of Drosophila larvae to UVB light was studied by using a somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART). The SMART system used was the wing spot test, which uses morphological markers of the wing blade. This in vivo test has shown to be very useful to study the induction of genetic damage in somatic cells, measuring loss of heterozygosity (LOH) resulting from gene mutation, mitotic recombination, chromosomal rearrangements or chromosome loss. Results: To determine the induction of adaptive response, two-day-old Drosophila larvae were first irritated with an adaptive dose (58.3 J/m2), followed by different challenge doses (178, 224, 288, 338, and 386 J/m2). When the results obtained in the different challenge doses were compared with those obtained following the application of adaptive plus challenge doses, significant decreases (74.7-80.8%) in a first experiment, and (65.6-78.4%) in a second experiment, were observed in the frequency of mutant spots on the wing blades. Conclusions: Our results show that in Drosophila the adaptive response can be stimulated in vivo by UVB exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the herbicides bentazone, molinate, thiobencarb and trifluralin were evaluated for mutagenic and recombinagenic effects using the wing spot test of Drosophila melanogaster (somatic mutation and recombination test, SMART). Both standard (ST) and high-bioactivation (HB) fly crosses were used, the latter cross is characterised by a high sensitivity to promutagens and procarcinogens. Three-day-old larvae, transheterozygous for the multiple wing hairs (mwh, 3–0.3) and flare-3 (flr3, 3–38.8) genes, were chronically fed with six different concentrations of each herbicide. Feeding ended with pupation of the surviving larvae and the genetic changes induced in somatic cells of the wing’s imaginal discs lead to the formation of mutant clones on the wing blade. Point mutation, chromosome breakage and mitotic recombination produce single spots; while twin spots are produced only by mitotic recombination. Bentazone, usually considered as a non-mutagen, gave positive results in the wing spot test with the high-bioactivation cross. Molinate, about which information on mutagenic effects is inconclusive, gave positive responses in both the standard and the high-bioactivation crosses, while the other thiocarbamate, thiobencarb, gave positive results only in the standard cross and at the highest concentration tested (10 mM). Finally, trifluralin, one of the most widely studied herbicides for genotoxic effects, gave positive results in the wing spot test with both crosses. Apart from the interest of the results found in the genotoxic evaluation of the four selected herbicides, our results also contribute to extend the existing database on the Drosophila wing spot test, and corroborate the utility of the use of high-bioactivation strains for the genotoxic evaluation of xenobiotics. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Genotoxicity of ZnO NPs has been shown in mammalian cells. [•] ZnO NPs has been able to induce cell transformation. [•] An antagonist interaction between ZnO NPs and UVB-light has been demonstrated. [•] Genotoxic/carcinogenic effects differ between ZnO NPs and the ionic forms. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have useful properties, such as strong magnetism and compatibility with living organisms which is preferable for medical applications such as drug delivery and imaging. However, increasing use of these materials, especially in medicine, has raised concerns regarding potential risks to human health. In this study, IONPs were coated with silicon dioxide (SiO 2), citric acid (CA), and polyethylenimine (PEI) to enhance their dispersion and biocompatibility. Both coated and uncoated IONPs were assessed for genotoxic effects on Drosophila melanogaster. Results showed that uncoated IONPs induced genotoxic effects, including mutations and recombinations, while the coated IONPs demonstrated reduced or negligible genotoxicity. Additionally, bioinformatic analyses highlighted potential implications of induced recombination in various cancer types, underscoring the importance of understanding nanoparticle-induced genomic instability. This study highlights the importance of nanoparticle coatings in reducing potential genotoxic effects and emphasizes the necessity for comprehensive toxicity assessments in nanomaterial research. • Uncoated IONPs have both mutagenic and recombinogenic activity. • The IONPs were separately coated with three different coating materials. • SiO 2 , PEI and CA coatings reduced IONP genotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are commonly used as disinfectants for industrial, medical, and residential applications. However, adverse health outcomes have been reported. Therefore, biocompatible disinfectants must be developed to reduce these adverse effects. In this context, QACs with various alkyl chain lengths (C12–C18) were synthesized by reacting QACs with the counterion silane. The antimicrobial activities of the novel compounds against four strains of microorganisms were assessed. Several in vivo assays were conducted on Drosophila melanogaster to determine the toxicological outcomes of Si-QACs, followed by computational analyses (molecular docking, simulation, and prediction of skin sensitization). The in vivo results were combined using a cheminformatics approach to understand the descriptors responsible for the safety of Si-QAC. Si-QAC-2 was active against all tested bacteria, with minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 13.65 to 436.74 ppm. Drosophila exposed to Si-QAC-2 have moderate-to-low toxicological outcomes. The molecular weight, hydrophobicity/lipophilicity, and electron diffraction properties were identified as crucial descriptors for ensuring the safety of the Si-QACs. Furthermore, Si-QAC-2 exhibited good stability and notable antiviral potential with no signs of skin sensitization. Overall, Si-QAC-2 (C14) has the potential to be a novel disinfectant. [Display omitted] • New silane quaternary ammonium disinfectants were synthesized. • The antimicrobial effect depends on alkyl chain length and the presence of silane. • Mutagenicity/genotoxicity were observed on low alkyl chain compounds. • From in vivo / in silico data one compound (Si-QAC2) was selected as a promising disinfectant. • In silico data detect crucial descriptors to guarantee the safety of Si-QAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many new pesticides are produced for use every year. Fungicides, one of the important subgroups of pesticides, are used to protect agricultural products from fungal infections. However, studies on the genotoxic potential of fungicides are still very limited. In this study, the genotoxic potentials of four commonly used fungicides (metiram, kresoxim-methyl, propamocarb and hymexazol) were investigated using the Drosophila Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) and the Drosophila Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis Test (Drosophila Comet Test). Drosophila, which has been widely used in genetic studies in recent years, provides a powerful system in the use of genetic and molecular approaches in human genetic diseases research. As a model organism, Drosophila is in many ways similar to human systems. According to the results obtained from the study, it was determined that 4 fungicides whose genotoxic effects were investigated by SMART method did not induce genotoxicity. In the KOMET experiment, it was determined that the studied fungicides caused DNA single strand breakage. This study provides new data on the potential effects of pesticides on human health and possible genetic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Sunflower and soybean oils were tested for genotoxicity in the Drosophila wing somatic mutation and recombination assay. Results indicate that both oils produce genotoxic effects when tested without any previous frying or boiling processes. Boiling sunflower oil during fifteen, thirty and sixty minutes significantly increased its genotoxic response; nevertheless, after frying potatoes this oil showed a significant decrease in the genotoxic activity. On the other hand, boiling and frying soybean oil in the same conditions results in a decrease of its genotoxic potential. We have also detected that the amount of total polar materials increases significantly in oils submitted to frying or boiling process. Nevertheless, in oils obtained after frying potatoes, the amount of TPM was higher than after boiling. It is suggested that this effect is probably due to the amount of non-volatile TPM, the fatty acid composition of the oils, the types of frying oil, the high frying temperature and time, and the number of boiling and frying. This is the first study reporting genotoxicity data in Drosophila for the boiling and frying of both sunflower and soybean oils. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this study, different concentrations of four benzyl derivatives (benzyl alcohol, benzyl acetate, benzoic acid and benzaldehyde) used as flavour ingredients were investigated for genotoxicity in in vitro. By taking blood from two healthy people comet assay was carried on to investigate the potential health damages of benzyl derivatives. For the evaluation of genotoxic effects, the tail moment and % tail DNA in the treated chemicals were compared to the solvent control, which is distilled water. The alkaline comet assay showed significantly increased tail moment and % tail DNA at 25 and 50mM concentrations of benzyl alcohol. Benzyl acetate increased both % tail DNA and tail moment at 50mM concentrations. While % tail DNA was statistically increased at 10mM and higher concentrations, tail moment has significant difference at 10 and 25mM concentrations of benzaldehyde. Benzoic acid has apoptotic effects at the concentrations higher than 5mM, for this reason we tested concentrations less than 5mM (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 5mM). Only the highest concentration of benzoic acid increased both tail moment and % tail DNA. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Although the use of synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) is steady increasing, scarce information exists on its potential health risk. In particular few and conflictive data exist on its genotoxicity. To fill in this gap we have used Drosophila melanogaster as in vivo model test organism to detect the genotoxic activity of different SAS with different primary sizes (6, 15, 30 and 55 nm). The wing-spot assay and the comet assay in larvae haemocytes were used, and the obtained results were compared with those obtained with the microparticulated form (silicon dioxide). All compounds were administered to third instar larvae at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 mM. No significant increases in the frequencies of mutant spots were observed in the wing-spot assay with any of the tested compounds. On the other hand, significant dose-dependent increases in the levels of primary DNA damage, measured by the comet assay, were observed for all the SAS evaluated but mainly when high doses (5 and 10 mM) were used. These in vivo results contribute to increase the database dealing with the potential genotoxic risk associated to SAS nanoparticles exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Drosophila was used to determine the genotoxic risk of several nanomaterials. [•] Titanium, zirconium and aluminium nanoparticles, and their ions were tested. [•] Mutation/recombination effects in wing somatic cells were determined. [•] No increases in genetic damage levels were observed in any treatment. [•] Our results contribute to increase the genotoxicity database on nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]