28 results
Search Results
2. The Unintended Consequences of US-led Sanctions on Iranian Industries.
- Author
-
Majidpour, Mehdi
- Subjects
- *
AMERICAN economic sanctions , *INTERNATIONAL sanctions , *NUCLEAR power plants , *PETROLEUM industry ,ECONOMIC conditions in Iran, 1997- ,IRANIAN politics & government, 1997- ,IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 ,ECONOMIC conditions in Iran, 1979-1997 - Abstract
This paper aims to understand the consequences of US-led sanctions on two important industries in Iran: the oil and gas industry and power plant construction. Using qualitative methods and providing empirical evidence, this paper demonstrates the shortcomings of the pro-sanctions argument in the Iranian context. This paper argues that pro-sanctions literature is more inclined towards American politics; it ignores socially recurring effects such as empowering self-reliance in the target country. In the Iranian context, while sanctions regimes are beyond the control or power of industry managers, they have acted as a double-edged sword. On one hand, the sanctions have imposed extra costs on domestic companies in acquiring technological knowledge. On the other hand, they have stimulated policy-makers' determination and empowered a self-reliance doctrine amongst them. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Post-Khomeini Iran: A Case Study of Pragmatic Foreign Policy.
- Author
-
Razavi, Sam
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *REALPOLITIK , *POSTCOMMUNISM ,IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 - Abstract
Since Ayatollah Khomeini's death in 1989, Iran has taken a pragmatic and realist foreign policy. We will therefore demonstrate that Iran is a calculating State when it comes to relations with its neighbors. By taking a "Realpolitik" approach, the mullahs have always estimated the cost-benefits of their actions. First, we will discuss Iran's relations with the States of Central Asia in the post-communist era. Then, about Iran's position in the Armenia-Azerbaijan war about the Nagorno-Karabakh region. Third, We will demonstrate the Islamic Republic's accommodating attitude with Russia's war in Chechnya. The fourth case study will be Iran's interactions with Afghanistan, during and after the Taliban's rule. To conclude, our symposium's main point is that Iran, obsessed with bolstering its security, is fully prepared to subordinate the interest of "Muslim Liberation" to those of the Iranian state in the same manner that Stalin placed the safekeeping of the USSR before the needs of world communism. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
4. Continuity and Hiatus: Structural Patterns of Iran's Policy in Afghanistan.
- Author
-
Wilde, Andreas
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations research ,IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 ,AFGHAN politics & government, 1973-1989 ,POLITICAL planning - Abstract
In some respects, the Western perspective on Iran and Afghanistan is a Euro-centric one, emphasizing the restrictive character of the Iranian regime and the threat caused by the hotly debated nuclear program, in the current discourse on the situation in Afghanistan, Iran does not play any role and its position is largely unknown. The following essay focuses on the history of Afghan-Iranian relations and highlights Iran's position and self-image in the wider region. As the title suggests, bilateral relations between the two countries are characterized by continuity and shifts. In addition, the paper sheds light on Iran's skillful handling of international affairs and politics, though the strategic maneuverings of Iranian policy makers have not always helped to reach the envisaged targets. Regarding Afghanistan, the Iranians have been sophisticated players, but the essay argues that Iran's relations with its eastern neighbor are shaped by both domestic factors and circumstances on the global level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
5. Supreme leader cracks down on newspaper.
- Author
-
Macleod, Scott
- Subjects
FREEDOM of speech ,IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 - Abstract
Discusses issues surrounding the shutdown of the Iranian newspaper called `Tous' by President Mohammed Khatami's conservative opponents in the judiciary in September 1998. Mention of Khatami's pledge of greater freedom; Suggestion that Khatami's visit to the United Nations in New York City should provide another example of how the moderate former philosophy professor is trying to open Iran to the world.
- Published
- 1998
6. Editorials.
- Subjects
EDITORIALS ,IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 ,DICTATORS - Abstract
Presents several editorials which discuss different subjects. "Executions in Iran," which discussed political conditions in Iran; "Amin's Last Act," which discussed Idi Amen, a military dictator in Uganda; "George & Martha," which discussed the conflict between Washington D.C. and Boston, Massachusetts; "Living Together," which discussed unmarried people living together in the U.S.
- Published
- 1979
7. Editorials.
- Author
-
Birnbaum, Norman
- Subjects
EDITORIALS ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,PRESIDENTS of the United States ,IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 - Abstract
Presents several editorials which discuss different subjects. "Vance, Brzezinski and Kojak," which discussed the foreign policies of the U.S. government; "Budget Blues," which discussed the policies of U.S. President Jimmy Carter regarding the budget for 1980; "He Might Have Read the Nation," which discussed the political conditions of Iran.
- Published
- 1979
8. A Fever Bordering on Hysteria.
- Author
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Iyer, Pico
- Subjects
REVOLUTIONS -- Social aspects ,IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 - Published
- 1984
9. THE DAY OF THE MULLAHS.
- Author
-
Bakhash, Shaul
- Subjects
IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 ,PRESIDENTS ,HIGHER education ,ECONOMIC conditions in Iran, 1979-1997 ,RELIGIOUS leaders ,EXECUTIONS & executioners ,RESISTANCE to government - Abstract
Focuses on the political condition in Iran after the dismissal of President Abolhassan Bani-Sadr. Information on the execution of dissidents in Iran since the dismissal of President Abolhassan Bani-Sadr; Discussion on the influence of clerics of the new regime on Iranian establishments; Deliberation on the poor economic conditions in Iran; View that the leaders of the Islamic Republic seem increasingly uncertain about their goals in regards to economy; Effort to Islamize the higher education; History of the conflict between the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, religious leader of Iran, and Bani-Sadr; View that there is a scope for a coalescing of various opposition groups to present cleric regime; Chances for the opposition coming into power.
- Published
- 1981
10. The Turning Point.
- Author
-
Menges, Constantine Christopher
- Subjects
EMBASSY takeovers ,IRANIAN Revolution, 1979 ,IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 ,POLITICAL crimes & offenses ,ISLAMIC fundamentalism - Abstract
Focuses on the Palestine Liberation Organization terrorists' seizure of the American embassy during the Islamic revolution in Iran, under the leadership of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Factors that contributed to the collapse of the government of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi; Visibility of radical Islamic fundamentalism in Iran; Use of nationalist and Islamic symbolism to counter the influence of Khomeini in Iran.
- Published
- 1979
11. Khomeini in Najaf: The Religious and Political Leadership of an Exiled Ayatollah.
- Author
-
Corboz, Elvire
- Subjects
IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 ,POLITICAL leadership ,TWENTIETH century ,SOCIAL history ,SOCIAL dynamics - Abstract
The thirteen years Khomeini spent in exile in the Iraqi shrine city of Najaf is still a littleknown page of his life. Based on a collection of published interviews with Iranian clerics, this article explores the social mechanisms of his growing authority, both as a religious scholar and a revolutionary figure. His leadership practices were, the article argues, a mirror of his position of in-betweenness characterized by his physical presence in Najaf and his continued attachment to the home country. The social dynamics at work inside the Iraqi seminaries are explored first to situate Khomeini in his place of exile. While he was kept at a distance by Najaf's most influential clerical groups, he also had access to a social base of his own, a group of supporters composed mainly of Iranian students and low-ranking scholars. The local and transnational development of Khomeini's religio-political leadership is addressed next. His scholarly and social activities among Najaf's community of learning allowed him to consolidate and spread his religious influence. His political activities were less overt than generally assumed; he kept a low profile in Najaf's public sphere yet maintained a political presence transnationally through his network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. The Islamic Cultural Politics on Iranian Women in the Aftermath of the Islamic Revolution.
- Author
-
Masjedi, Fatemeh
- Subjects
- *
POLITICAL parties , *WOMEN in politics ,IRANIAN Revolution, 1979 ,IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 - Abstract
This presentation examines three political parties of women configured since Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
13. Iranian student activism between authoritarianism and democratization: patterns of conflict and cooperation between the Office for the Strengthening of Unity and the regime.
- Author
-
Rivetti, Paola and Cavatorta, Francesco
- Subjects
DEMOCRATIZATION ,POLITICAL science research ,STUDENT activism ,AUTHORITARIANISM ,POWER (Social sciences) ,IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 ,IRANIAN politics & government, 1997- ,STUDENT political activity ,COLLEGE students ,STUDENT organizations ,SOCIETIES ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article examines the role of student activism in enhancing or weakening democratization in authoritarian contexts, focusing on the case of the Islamic Republic of Iran. It contends that while numerous studies indicate that student activism has been crucial in processes of regime change, insufficient attention has been paid to the circumstances under which it contributes to strengthening authoritarian rule. The case of Iran demonstrates that there are two different ways in which this occurs. First, much like many other civil society actors, student activism can be co-opted and at times willingly so because of a coincidence of material and/or ideological interests. Second, even when student activism genuinely pushes for democratization and becomes independent and autonomous from political power, the authoritarian constraints in place can contribute to marginalize it and defeat it. The Iranian case highlights the problems student activism faces when it attempts to disengage from the dominant structures of authoritarian politics, and in line with Jamal's findings, demonstrates how authoritarian structural constraints can undermine the democratic aspirations of well-organised groups. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. The Triple Exclusion of the Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization – Their Activities for Human Rights in Iran as a Voice in the Wilderness.
- Author
-
Cohen, Ronen A.
- Subjects
IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 ,HUMAN rights ,HISTORY of executions & executioners ,RESISTANCE to government ,POLITICAL prisoners ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
While dealing with the human rights issue, the Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization (MKO), which used to be the main opposition group that fought the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), did not realize that this sensitive struggle would cost it a ‘triple exclusion’. The MKO wished to use international agencies and diplomatic bodies, such as the European Union, the European Parliament, the UN and others, in order to raise the issue of human rights violations in Iran. In general, the aim was to topple the IRI by putting pressure on it through international sanctions and by gathering diplomatic support to replace the IRI with a democratic MKO government. The use of the human rights issue as a tool to gain support resulted in the opposite of what they wished. They became discriminated against by the IRI and excluded from the Iranian and international political spheres. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Failed Regional Hegemons: the Case of the Middle East's Regional Powers.
- Author
-
Hinnebusch, Raymond
- Subjects
MIDDLE powers ,MIDDLE Eastern politics & government, 1945- ,EGYPTIAN politics & government, 1952-1970 ,EGYPTIAN politics & government, 1970- ,IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 ,IRAQI politics & government, 1958- ,TURKISH politics & government, 1980- ,TWENTIETH century ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
The article discusses the attempts of nations in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region to become middle powers in international relations. Topics include geopolitical aspects of regional powers, Pan-Arab and Islamic political ideologies, and the impact of Western powers on the region. The histories of Egypt, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey are discussed in relation to politics and international relations since the middle of the 20th century.
- Published
- 2013
16. Sacralising Bodies On Martyrdom, Government and Accident in Iran.
- Author
-
KAUR, RAVINDER
- Subjects
ISLAM & politics ,MARTYRDOM in Islam ,SHI'AH ,IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 ,IRANIAN politics & government, 1997- ,IRANIAN religions - Abstract
In post-revolution Iran, the sacred notion of martyrdom has been transformed into a routine act of government - a moral sign of order and state sovereignty. Moving beyond the debates of the secularisation of the sacred and the making sacred of the secular, this article argues that the moment of sacralisation is realised through co-production within a social setting when the object of sacralisation is recognised as such by others. In contemporary Iran, however, the moment of sacralising bodies by the state is also the moment of its own subversion as the political-theological field of martyrdom is contested and challenged from within. This article traces the genealogy of martyrdom in contemporary Iran in order to explore its institutionalised forms and governmental practices. During the revolution, the Shi'a tradition of martyrdom and its dramatic performances of ritual mourning and self-sacrifice became central to the mass mobilisation against the monarchy. Once the revolutionary government came into existence, this sacred tradition was regulated to create 'martyrs' as a fixed category, in order to consolidate the legacy of the revolution. In this political theatre, the dead body is a site of transformation and performance upon which the original narrative of martyrdom takes place even as it displaces it and gives new meanings to the act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. The Road to Party Politics in Iran (1979-2009).
- Author
-
Razavi, Reza
- Subjects
IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 ,ELITE (Social sciences) ,FACTIONALISM (Politics) ,SOCIAL segmentation ,POLARIZATION (Social sciences) ,SECTARIANISM ,KINGS & rulers - Abstract
The primary aim of this article is to examine the policies of the elite in Iran in relation to political parties and organizations that have emerged between 1979 and 2009. It also attempts to argue that the politics of factionalism has proven to be incapable of creating a viable political system. On the other hand, it has been difficult to anticipate the emergence of a system based on party politics in Iran more than three decades after the revolution. The findings of this article demonstrate how determined the elite were in shaping politics in Iran, and will also show that the move away from factionalism to a system based on party politics between 1997 and 2009 faced stiff opposition from the conservative elite. The situation polarized politics in Iran and further increased intra-elite factionalism. This article relies mostly on Iranian primary sources, accessing opinions that have not yet been published or discussed. The focus is on examining the relationship between high-ranking members of the elite and organizations representing different interests within the system that came to existence either before or immediately after the revolution in 1979. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Revolutionary Power and Socialization: Explaining the Persistence of Revolutionary Zeal in Iran's Foreign Policy.
- Author
-
Terhalle, Maximilian
- Subjects
POLITICAL science research ,POLITICAL sociology ,DECISION making in international relations ,INTERNATIONAL relations -- Psychological aspects ,REVOLUTIONARY social movements ,IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 ,IRANIAN foreign relations ,IRANIAN history, 1979-1997 - Abstract
Why do states stay revolutionary for so long? The question of why and how some political players of a country successfully pursue a revisionist strife against the status quo has neither theoretically nor empirically received systematic attention. I use a current policy issue, the crisis regarding Iran, as a single-case study to examine the issue. This article argues that answers are found in the interconnected realms of domestic politics and revolutionary ideas. In Iranian politics specifically, it is both the ideological conservative faction's occupation of key constitutional positions and pursuit of revolutionary ideas, which have caused the recurring and large degree of revolutionary zeal. In turn, this has had a significant effect on the extent of the Islamic Republic's socialization to regional and international politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Reproductive health in Iran: pragmatic achievements, unmet needs, and ethical challenges in a theocratic system.
- Author
-
Mehryar, Amir H., Ahmad-Nia, Shirin, and Kazemipour, Shahla
- Subjects
REPRODUCTIVE health ,BIRTH control policy ,CONTRACEPTION ,HEALTH policy ,IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 ,GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
Since its revival in 1989, the reproductive health and family planning program of Iran has made great strides in raising the contraceptive prevalence rate and reducing fertility. The majority of couples are using modern methods promoted and provided by the national program, although a sizable proportion of couples continue to depend on the traditional method of withdrawal. The longstanding urban-rural gap in contraceptive prevalence rates has been reduced to about 10 percent, which is mainly the result of better-educated urban couples' continued practice of withdrawal. Despite its enormous success in meeting the needs of married couples, in narrowing the urban-rural gap in access to and use of modern contraceptives, and in reducing fertility, the Iranian family planning program is open to criticism for confining its target audience to married couples and failing to address the issue of abortion. The restrictive aspects of the program are often justified on the grounds of religious values and fear of encouraging sexual promiscuity. Because of the theocratic nature of the political system and the immense power enjoyed by Shiite ulama (religious leaders), no step can be taken to address these restrictions without their implicit support and approval. This study describes some of the ethical issues facing the reproductive health program of Iran and indicates how pragmatic approaches adopted by the ruling Shiite ulama to solve some of the social and medical challenges of a rapidly modernizing society may be extended to overcome ethical hurdles faced by the reproductive health program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Iran: The Centrifugal Phase.
- Subjects
IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 ,HISTORY of the Persian Gulf Region ,REFERENDUM - Abstract
The article reflects on the political problems faced by Iran as of March 1979. It states the persistent leitmotif of Persian history. It describes the social conditions in Iran. It stresses the outcome of Ayatollah Khomeini's referendum on an Islamic Republic. It addresses the trend toward secular government.
- Published
- 1979
21. The new Iran: A myth or a reality?
- Author
-
Bahgat, Gawdat
- Subjects
IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 - Abstract
Provides insight into the potential direction that Muhammad Khatami's administration might take in the areas of economic system, political structure, and foreign policy in Iran. Reference to the assassination of the Ayatollah Khomeini, a revolutionary leader; Factors which have played a crucial role in shaping the Islamic Republic economic policy; Information on United States President Bill Clinton's policy towards Iran.
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. CAN IRAN CHANGE?
- Author
-
Anderson, Jon Lee
- Subjects
IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 ,IRAN-United States relations - Abstract
The article discusses politics in Iran, particularly the election of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and the work of his adviser Javad Shamaqdari. Shamaqdari's job is to make films promoting Ahmadinejad, whom he met when both men were in college. Ahmadinejad's relationship with his people and his lifestyle are discussed as is relations between Iran and the U.S. since President Barack Obama took office.
- Published
- 2009
23. No More Mr. Nice Guy: Khomeini gets tough with the rising forces of opposition.
- Subjects
IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 ,POLITICAL opposition ,IRAN-United States relations ,MILITARY assistance ,DISSENTERS ,MINORITIES - Abstract
The article reports on political and civil conflicts in Iran brought by the refusal of Kurdish minority and leftist groups to comply with the government of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in 1979. Khomeini stressed that his government had committed a mistake when it expressed tolerance over the activities of dissident groups in Iran. He also criticized the ineffectiveness of the government in controlling the situation. It tells that the government has closed the office of the political opposition People's Mujahedin and outlawed the Kurdish Democratic Party. On the other hand, it says that the government purchased 1.5 billion barrels of oil from the U.S. and had requested military assistance. U.S. President Jimmy Carter defended his decision as he claimed that Iran is in great need of oil.
- Published
- 1979
24. The Kurdish wedge that could splinter Iran.
- Author
-
Sanders, Sol W.
- Subjects
KURDS ,INSURGENCY ,IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 - Abstract
The article examines the long-term problems faced by Iran caused by the insurgency of the Kurds in the northwest, aimed at establishing a separate regime or at least gaining autonomy for the group of 8 to 10 million living in the border areas of Iran, Iraq, Turkey and the Soviet Union.
- Published
- 1979
25. Turning a Corner in Iran.
- Subjects
IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 ,IRANIAN Revolution, 1979 ,RETRIBUTION ,SOCIAL exchange ,PRACTICAL politics - Abstract
This article emphasizes that the forces of political moderation and religious dedication in Iran should establish a broad entente that will enable them to meet the challenge of building a stable government. The government has publicly admitted the error of failure to prevent the retribution by religious forces of former government leaders and officials. The leading officials of Iran are acting to ensure that no extreme groups will be able to impose its will on the entire nation.
- Published
- 1979
26. FOR THE RECORD.
- Subjects
UNITED States politics & government, 1993-2001 ,INTERNATIONAL relations, 1989- ,PETROLEUM product sales & prices ,WHITEWATER Inquiry, 1993-2000 ,IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 ,FOREIGN aid (American) - Abstract
The article offers news briefs on U.S. and world politics as of April 18, 1994. The personalities who capitalized from the Whitewater Inquiry in 1993 include Republican Jim Leach of Iowa and "Wall Street Journal" editor Bob Bartley. There has been a reported 25 percent decline in oil prices worldwide. The religious and political conflict in Iran is speculated to result to revolution. Bipartisan support is expected for legislation being debated in the U.S. Congress which would offer economic aid to Cuba one Cuban leader Fidel Castro is removed from power.
- Published
- 1994
27. THE GREAT DIVIDE.
- Author
-
Horsburgh, Susan
- Subjects
- *
ART exhibitions , *PHOTOGRAPHIC film , *IRANIAN art , *ISLAM , *EXHIBITIONS ,IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 - Abstract
Reviews the art exhibition 'Fervor,' by Iranian-born artist Shirin Neshat, showing at London, England's Serpentine Gallery until September 3, 2000. Biographical information; Views on the radical changes undergone in her homeland of Iran, following a 1979 revolution; Thoughts on her artwork, which is filled with variety and contradictions.
- Published
- 2000
28. Dynamics of Power in Contemporary Iran.
- Author
-
Ehteshami, Anoushiravan
- Subjects
IRANIAN politics & government, 1979-1997 ,IRANIAN Revolution, 1979 ,MONARCHY ,BALANCE of power ,SECULARIZATION ,CAPITALISM & politics - Abstract
The journal "Dynamics of Power in Contemporary Iran" is presented. It explores the relations of the state and society under the monarchy, the consolidation of the dependent-capitalism under the Shah, and the rise of the revolutionary state. It highlights the 1979 middle class revolution of Iran, the power politics in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and an a discussion on the reform Cul de Sac and secularization of Iranian politics.
- Published
- 2011
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