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This paper seeks to explore the experiences of migrant men in the global care chain framework in order to move away from the female-dominated paradigm, towards one that acknowledges masculinities as a constitute element in the reconfiguration of gender relations throughout the migratory process between Global South and North. Specifically, it addresses the construction of masculinities in the process of the globalization of reproductive labour, including domestic work, transnational parenting and family reunification. Drawing on mixed and multi-local methods, this research examines how the provision of paid and unpaid domestic work and caring leads to new forms of inequality in the working and family lives of migrant men in Spain and in Ecuador. Exploring the link between migration, masculinities and care, this study highlights that while exerting masculine privilege in the construction of the transnational family and in the country of origin, migrant men nevertheless experience marginality in the Spanish labour market. In this sense, this paper offers to bring immigrant men back into the frame, not as androcentric agents, but as actors with gendered experiences marked by both masculine privilege and social marginality. One of the central contributions of this article is to show how hierarchical structures within masculinity intersect to build uneven gendered global workers and families across nation states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exclusion processes are shaped through the accumulation of social disadvantages in seven life dimensions: income, employment, education, health, housing, social and family relationships and participation. This paper conducts a factor analysis to build seven partial indices that synthesise the relevant information of each of the dimensions under consideration, providing the explanatory factors underlying social exclusion risk. A multidimensional social exclusion index is constructed from the explanatory factors to account for the social and territorial inequalities existing in Spain during the crisis, 2009–2014. At the same time, an indicator of the regional socioeconomic context is built to contrast its influence over the social cohesion outcomes obtained. This work includes all Spanish territories with a regional government, that is, seventeen autonomous communities and two autonomous cities, and considers a wide set of both demographic and economic social indicators. Results show broad gaps across regions in both the social scenario and socioeconomic context conditions. Additionally, the influence of the socioeconomic context over the social wellbeing levels found in each territory is confirmed, as the analysis reveals a high correlation between the social exclusion index and the indicator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Quaderns de Psicologia is the property of Quaderns de Psicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to analyse the causes leading to social exclusion dynamics. In particular, we wish to understand why an individual experiencing social exclusion today is much more likely to experience it again. In fact, there are two distinct processes that may generate a persistence of social exclusion: Heterogeneity (individuals are heterogeneous with respect to some observed and/or unobserved adverse characteristics that are relevant to experiencing social exclusion and persist over time) and true state dependence (experiencing social exclusion in a specific time period, in itself, increases the probability of undergoing social exclusion in subsequent periods). Distinguishing between the two processes is crucial since the policy implications are very different. The results suggest that both individual heterogeneity and true state dependence are related to the probability of experiencing social exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of EMPIRIA: Revista de Metodología de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EMPIRIA: Revista de Metodología de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EMPIRIA: Revista de Metodología de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Since the 2007/08 financial crisis and during the ensuing period of austerity, government agencies and 'conventional' markets have shown little interest in meeting low-income housing demand. Land and housing are increasingly commodified and financialised, and 'formal' access to housing has become unaffordable to ever larger sectors of the population. Those excluded from formal systems continue to provide themselves with land and housing via alternative means, as has been documented for over five decades. This phenomenon has intensified in some places and reappeared in others. Despite international agreements and exhortations to recognise the urban poor's efforts to house themselves, which now also promote the notion of urban and community resilience, government agencies continue to criminalise and quash such initiatives, thus contributing to inequality. This paper aims to examine and illustrate the type of bottom-up housing process and official response that is taking place around the wold, with a focus on the role of two key actors: state and community. It adopts a transformative interpretation of urban resilience based on making the concept of resistance central to this, in order to reflect the realities and priorities of low-income and vulnerable settlements. This 'resistance as resilience' is explored in three self-built settlements by examining Giddens's structuring types of relation: allocative structures, authoritative structures and systems of meaning. These case studies are located in national contexts with different income levels: Las Sabinas in Spain (recent settlement in a high-income country); Guinaw Rails Nord in Senegal (medium-term settlement in a low-income country), Villa 31 in Argentina (long-standing settlement in a middle-income country). The case studies show how communities in all three cases have been the most active and effective in creating settlements that meet their needs in an integrated way, while government agencies have implemented policies of exclusion and abandonment. The case studies highlight that communities do not operate on a level playing field, but their actions can bring about changes in the types of relation identified by Giddens. So-called 'informality' thus becomes a political question, related to the position of low-income communities within their political economy and social structure, and their relationship with power structures. Highlights • In the last decade, commodified and financialised housing has become unaffordable to larger sectors of the population. • A transformative interpretation of urban resilience is adopted based on making the concept of resistance central to this. • Giddens's structuration theory is applied three self-built settlements around the world (Spain, Senegal and Argentina). • We show that 'informality' is a political issue, related to the relationship of low-income communities with power structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Papers: Revista de Sociologia is the property of Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Guaranteeing success to all students appears to be against educational practices developed in most Spanish educational centres. The present paper gathers the conclusions of a research undertaken following "case study" method. Its main aim is identifying the differentiating elements which increase -in a considerable manner- the results and expectations of students at risk of educational exclusion in Secondary Education; aspects which may serve as reflection for those who manage and develop educational policies in Spain on the necessity of introducing certain modifications which promote and guarantee quality education for all students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study carried out in Spain that followed up 260 young people, the majority of them adults, who had been in residential care for significant periods. The follow-up takes place between 1 and 9 years after participants had left residential care, and assesses their level of social and work integration, as well as considering the incidence of problems related to marginalization and social exclusion. Furthermore, it analyses the reasons for the child being taken into care, the socio-family context, length of stay, changes in placement and other features or incidents in relation to the residential care. The data show that close to 15% have serious problems (drug dependence, delinquency, etc.), 25% receive help from the social services and the rest manage independently to a greater or lesser extent. We discuss the significance of these data, especially the relationship between the final result and the initial and process variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is part of a wider investigation within an Equal program, which focuses on different dimensions of social exclusion within the city of Granada. In our research, we started from the very concern of the social exclusion coming from school failure among working class students. It reminds us the long history within sociology that links education and social class; moreover, how school failure is more common within the working class. According to the data that manifests this fact, we wanted to go deeper the statistics in order to know these students' experience of school, as well as their experiences beyond the institution. As far as we can see it, we need to approach all the social agents involved within the educational process if we really want to understand what is happening in contemporary society in terms of school failure. Then, we have interviewed students, families and teachers. In this particular paper, we focus on school and non-school experiences of working class students. In linking both inner and outer school experience, we aspire to draw a general picture of how and why school failure takes place, given the fact that these students belong to the working class, and also taking into account both gender and ethnic dimensions of their experiences. On the other hand, we consider it is very important to try to understand how class, gender and ethnicity are interwoven in the manifestation of this researched social and educational phenomena. In relation to our theoretical approach, we draw on both the theories of social reproduction, especially Bourdieu's frame, as well as the microsocial theories which focus on social interaction and experience, particularly Willis' thought. Then, we move to the interrelation between both macro and micro sociological explanations in order to give account of how the social system is both reproduced and challenged/changed through social action. This latter proposal is approached from the theory of practice. In our work, we have attempted to offer a wide account of the three of our theoretical approaches through literal quotations taken from our students' interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the socioeconomic performance of work-integration social enterprises. One sphere of activity in which social enterprises are active is job training and placement. Work-integration social enterprises seek to help poorly qualified unemployed people who are at risk of permanent exclusion from the labor market return to work and to society in general through a productive activity. This paper refers to the second report of the Spanish case of work integration enterprises belonging to the Socio-economic Performance of Social Enterprises in the Field of Work-Integration, a network project of the Emergence of Social Enterprise financed by the Research Programme of DG XII at the European Commission.

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Aim. This ethnographic study explores the impact of the digital divide within the collective of Peruvian migrant women employed in a highly precarious sector, such as domestic services. Methods. This has become evident in this multisite and virtual ethnography, with the following objectives: to analyse the variables that affect digital exclusion, in addition to identifying and deepening the different digital competencies and uses of Information and communication technologies (ICT) in the migratory projects of Peruvian migrant women. In order to achieve these objectives, we undertook fieldwork during the COVID-19 pandemic in two contexts, Italy and Spain, using semistructured interviews and virtual observation, during which we employed online social networks as research tools. Results. Although digital inequality was a reality prior to COVID-19, it has been worsened by the pandemic, at which time we began our fieldwork. Inequalities between men and women in the different areas of society are reproduced within the context of new technologies. This is termed the gender digital divide and is considered a form of social exclusion, which intensifies and feeds back into itself. Gender inequality in terms of the use of ICT and digital skills intensifies in communities that are even more vulnerable, such as migrant women, whose plenary incorporation into information society is limited. Conclusion. The use of ICT can aid in social inclusion of migrants in digitally advanced societies. However, Peruvian migrant women face new forms of social exclusion due to limited digital access, economic difficulties, and individual digital skills, leading to a gender and generational digital gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact particularly on the most vulnerable populations, including immigrants, asylum seekers and refugees in the EU. The article depicts the results of the comparative research project "Local Alliance for Integration (LION/GSRI/University of West Attica/81018): Migrant and Refugee integration into local societies in times of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain and Greece" implementing a qualitative methodology. This article analyses via 32 in-depth interviews the experiences of immigrants, asylum seekers and refugees in Greece, the increased barriers towards integration due to racial and ethnic inequalities, precarity and health disparities during this period which function as a means of perpetuating exclusion in five sectors: (a) formal employment, (b) healthcare, (c) formal education and language training, (d) housing and social care/protection, and (e) intercultural coexistence as well as the new rise of a hostile rhetoric and anti-migrant attitudes under a COVID-19 pandemic populism. The unravelling of the narratives revealed perceptions and practices of inequality and uncertainty as well as of hope. The socioeconomic impact of the pandemic on immigrants, asylum seekers and refugees, similarities and differences that occurred and evidence of the ongoing obstacles they encountered during the pandemic are presented. Policy and practice implications include the implementation of prevention measures by the institutions that are tasked with the responsibility to remove hindrances, address unequal treatment, racial/ethnic and social inequalities and raise awareness on multiple ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic has intensified vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Prisma Social is the property of Revista Prisma Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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With the crisis in Spain, the youth face a situation of multi-dimensional disadvantage. In this paper we analyse the perspectives of different stakeholders on this situation, as well as how these perspectives inform the design and implementation of public policies. We carried out a qualitative study with an innovative theoretical approach, the capability approach. We reviewed secondary sources and undertook 21 in-depth interviews with 21 key stakeholders. Evidences show that current policies affecting the youth have a narrow focus on job creation, overlooking the multiple disadvantages that today's young face. This situation is aggravated by the lack of participation in definition and implementation of policies, and by partisan interests and short-term strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1970s and 1980s, the social and professional imaginaries of education, sociopolitical conceptions of it, and educational practices in Spain, began to be influenced by certain elements specific to critical popular education, which had developed in Latin America during the long 1960s. Paulo Freire's work was particularly prominent among such influences, either directly or indirectly inspiring social and fundamental educational movements in contexts of poverty, marginalisation and social exclusion -for example, street educators. One of the most significant examples of these Freirean practices was Enrique de Castro- a working-class priest who worked in the south of Madrid (Spain) with young people in such a position, from the early 1970s. At the same time, he laboured to bring about social transformation and development; the project managed to Garner the involvement of practically the entire community. This article analyses Paulo Freire's influence in the educational and community principles expressed by Enrique de Castro in his works ¿Hay que colgarlos, and Dios es ateo. Particular attention is paid to the notions of awareness-raising, education, social action, community development, social and critical leadership of institutions, which de Castro championed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Vulnerable women and women at risk of social exclusion make up a very large collective. This group includes quite a broad range of personal situations, but all its members share one particular characteristic: gender linked to social vulnerability (poverty). The general objective of this research is to learn what difficulties these women experience, based on discourse analysis applied to their life experiences. Four discussion groups and nine interviews were held. The women interviewed referred explicitly to three areas of discrimination: family discrimination, social discrimination and economic discrimination. In this sense, cognitive, family and economic aspects intertwine in the women's discourses and define the lines of analysis. The women's opinions and rationales, their ways of expressing themselves and their attitudes towards jobs all reflect the influence of society and each woman's own culture. Their arguments vary widely, but they generally lead to the same conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Azarbe is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main objective of the article is twofold. On the one hand, it aims to offer a critical analysis of the different operationalizations of the concept of social exclusion at the international level, including reflection on widely used methods such as the "At risk of poverty or social exclusion" rate. On the other hand, it offers an empirically tested proposal of indicator aggregation for the measurement of social exclusion. The debate regarding the measurement of social exclusion has been widely addressed, but there are hardly any proposals that test different systems of indicator aggregation. The multiple correspondence analysis allows the implementation of a new approach for measuring the weights of the indicators, based on the distance to the integration point, which is understood as the absence of problems. The proposed new system shows an important potential to be extrapolated to the comparative measurement of social exclusion, also allowing the comparison of different social groups. The empirical reference used for the analysis is the Survey on Social Needs and Social Integration of the FOESSA Foundation for Spain 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Kinship care represents 46% of all out-of-home care placements in Spain and 80% of all foster care placements. Therefore, the role of fostering relatives, most of whom (about 70%) are grandparents, is particularly relevant in the Spanish child care system. In 1998 we carried out a descriptive study on profiles of kinship care in Spain, including children, birth parents, fostering relatives and patterns of process and intervention, with a sample of 568 cases. This paper presents a follow-up study of a part of this group who were adults in 2006, aimed at assessing their transition to adulthood. A subset of 143 young adults was eligible for this follow-up study, which consists of a personal interview and questionnaires. We were able to assess a sample of 67 young adults in this way, and collect some relevant information on another 56 cases. The results show that only a small part of the sample present serious problems of social exclusion (9%), whilst 70% have found employment or are in higher education and with a relatively stable life, even though, in general, their jobs are of a low-skilled nature. We also discuss other important aspects, such as the frequent loss (through death) of grandparent foster carers and the lack of help and support from the authorities for their kinship carers perceived by the young people themselves. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Income poverty rates are often used as indicators of the level of deprivation of populations and as measures of the relative position of sub-groups within populations. In this paper, we examine the links between monetary and non-monetary indicators of deprivation and social exclusion. We focus on children since they constitute one of the most vulnerable demographic groups in many countries. Understanding the poverty level and social exclusion of children is important not only in its own right but also because there is concern that the deprivation condition is transmitted from one generation to the next. Italy and Spain are two European countries that stand out for the high social risks faced by households with children. The welfare states of these two countries have put minimal effort in protecting these population groups. Our results strongly confirm the view that the use of non-monetary indicators enriches the analysis of well-being. It is indeed the case that the two countries, which perform very similarly in many aspects, show very diverse levels of deprivation and social exclusion once non-monetary indicators are used. In particular, Italy and Spain are characterized by substantial disparities in all the domains analyzed except for the domain of income poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In areas of social exclusion, there are greater risks of facing discrimination at school. The teaching-learning processes may contribute toward the perpetuation of this inequality. This research analyzes a literacy event that takes place in a low-income school in Southern Spain. The new literacy studies have come to examine how power relationships and affective bonds work in such literacy practices. An ethnographic method was followed to facilitate a deeper understanding of multimodal literacy. Further, a social semiotics multimodal approach was adopted to analyze the meaning-making social process that takes place in the classroom. The participants comprised two teachers and 17 children, whose ages range from 5 to 7 years. Data were collected in the form of reports, audio recordings, video recordings, and photographs over a two-years period. The results obtained have revealed that the children have been taught writing and reading through a dominant orthodox model that fails to consider the community's and families' cultural capitals. They also show that the literacy process does not grant any affective quality. Neither is there an authentic dialogic space created between the school and the community. This lack of dialogue generates an inequality in the actual acquisition of comprehensive reading and writing skills at school, with instances of groups exclusion, owing to the anti-hegemonic practices of knowledge acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loneliness among the elderly has become a pressing issue in Western societies. In the Spanish context, the problem of the so-called "empty" Spain disproportionately affects this population group—elderly individuals living in rural areas with low population density, and therefore at higher risk of social exclusion and isolation. We introduce here a mixed-method, quantitative-qualitative research protocol, triangulated with technological tools, designed to improve both data acquisition and subsequent data analysis and interpretation. This study will take place in a rural locality in the Extremadura region (Spain), chosen according to a particular socio-demographic profile. The De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale will be used on a cohort of 80 people over 65 years old. Within this cohort, a smaller sample of 20–30 individuals will be selected for semi-structured interviews about their beliefs and experiences of loneliness. Finally, data gathered from technological tools (smartbands, Bluetooth sensors) will allow us to monitor social interactions and to map daily loneliness/interaction patterns. Data will be triangulated by analyzing and comparing the empirical material gathered through these different methods and tools. Strict adherence to ethical standards for data protection and handling will be essential through data collection and analysis. As well as providing insights into the phenomenon of loneliness in old age, the use of different methods and tools for data collection will provide the basis for an epistemological reflection on the scope and limits of each one of these methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Global Social Work / Trabajo Social Global is the property of Trabajo Social Global - Global Social Work and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The consequences of poverty have been shown in many studies. Growing up in poor families supposes higher social exclusion risk, the effects of which persist over time and suppose adulthood disadvantages, including but not limited to a higher risk of poverty in adult life. The main goals of the study are to establish which elements affect child poverty in Spain and Portugal and to check AROPE indicators (At Risk of Poverty or Social Exclusion) for accuracy and adequacy in comparing European poverty. The study was carried out through AROPE comparative secondary data analysis, a multidimensional poverty measure that allows comparison among European countries in the aftermath of the economic crisis (2005-2013). Principal data were taken from Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC, EUROSTAT) and European System of integrated Social Protection Statistics (ESSPROS, EUROSTAT). On one side, AROPE and components (poverty rate, severe material deprivation and households with very low work intensity) are analysed in two populations (younger than 16 years old and dependent children households) in Portugal and in Spain to identify differences. On the other, convergences and divergences between the two countries are analysed, finding different child poverty conditional factors as well as different impacts. In Spain, the main predictor is unemployment, while in Portugal, it is the level of poverty in the population. Additionally, we show that the investment and efficacy of social protection polices, through expenditure and social transfers, have a deep impact upon child poverty rate reduction across Europe. Potential mismatches in country comparison subsequent to AROPE construction components are also discussed. Our analysis finds that income structure variation has a bigger influence on AROPE than generalized structural poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista de Estudios Sociales is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article shows the influence of regulatory traditions and history in shaping trade union responses to temporary labour migration. The case study of Spain is presented to illustrate this. Drawing on qualitative research which is part of a three-country study of trade union, migration and social exclusion/inclusion, the article highlights the importance of understanding established regulatory practices, parallel forms of regulation and historical legacies of previous practices in framing current responses. This subsequently furthers understanding of the politics and tensions that arise in debating inclusionary versus exclusionary responses. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article seeks to illustrate how a research study that claims to be inclusive should incorporate into its development, decisions of methodological flexibility that enable voice to be given to all participants regardless of their personal conditions. The changes carried out in the techniques, procedures or in the kind of questions used in the research, illustrate how young persons can be involved in the building of scientific and academic knowledge that is being generated about them. This work forms part of a more extensive line of inquiry that started a number of years ago by two Spanish universities (Cantabria and Seville). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are experiencing a time during which there is a clear crisis of values, meaning a distancing with regard to the problems of socially disadvantaged groups. This article’s main purpose is to discuss whether this situation has had any impact on solidarity discourse towards immigrants. To fulfill our objective, we will analyse the written messages in a visitors’ book used for a sit-in that took place in Murcia, Spain, in 2001. We selected 100 of these messages to determine the degree of involvement that visitors show towards immigrants. In this regard, we have proposed four processes of involvement, from low to high: proximity, accompaniment, support and identification. We will analyse these processes from a critical and constructive viewpoint in an attempt to determine which is the most common and which combinations of processes are preferred by the authors of the messages. In addition, we will focus on the use of key expressions, terms of intensification, and argumentative structures as basic elements for the interpretation of these processes of involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An exploratory qualitative research was carried out in Madrid, Spain, focusing on early adolescents and adolescents from low-income families, most of them with a migration background. The main subject was to describe their perceptions about risk and harm in the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). Focus groups and creative workshops were conducted in order to identify risk perceptions, conflicts, solutions and the main agents involved in each case. Despite their lack of financial resources, these adolescents intensively use media and modern technologies with the support of formal and informal institutions outside the family. In this context, they use technology as a set of different resources coordinated in a network in order to achieve specific goals of early adolescence and adolescence. Risks emerge as this network affects their family rules, the social construction of age, and the status inside the family and among peers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of EMPIRIA: Revista de Metodología de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Large-scale immigration has tested the progressive agendas of both socialist parties and unions across Europe. Spain, during the first Zapatero government, was no exception. While the Socialist government's discourse and strategy on immigration were more progressive than those of its conservative predecessor, it did not curb the concentration of immigrant workers in the least desirable and most precarious occupations. The unions, meanwhile, are potential agents of integration but have few incentives to affiliate new members and their presence amongst the immigrant workforce remains minimal. Consequently, the marginalisation of immigrants in the labour market remains entrenched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article argues that the question of home in the films "Urte ilunak" and "Yoyes" is addressed in various ways. It mentions that the films suggest the significance of gender in debates regarding Basque cinema in Spain and show that neither nation nor gender can be used as theoretical framework. It notes that the film's focus on female protagonists reminds the need to integrate the multiple and complex forms of exclusion and marginalisation.

The article focuses on the need to create social policies intended to provide and protect the marginalized group from social and racial differences. It says that government leaders need a clear sense of direction from the international community about the significance of creating a society in which everyone has a sense that they belong. It adds that such action is an essential responsibility of government to all of its people, and at the same time it benefits government and economies by creating a state at peace with itself. The authors also provide an overview how the Club de Madrid in Spain built shared societies for their local communities.

As a first step towards the exploration of the particularities urban social exclusion in Spain, the research presented here evaluates the significance of the urban territorial factor at neighbourhood level in order to develop relevant conclusions for the design of urban policies. After comparing the structure and dynamics of socio-spatial inequalities in five large Spanish cities (Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao, Seville and Murcia), we analyse how different disadvantaged neighbourhoods - inner city districts and peripheral housing estates - affect the life trajectories of different vulnerable social groups: long-term unemployed males, undocumented immigrants, single mothers, old people living alone and young people with a low education level and job problems. We identify the existence of significant differences between inner city districts and peripheral housing estates regarding the way they affect the life chances of their inhabitants. Furthermore, we show how different social groups are unequally affected by the characteristics of the neighbourhood in which they live. This all leads us to stress the importance of urban public policies being sensitive to the diversity of socio-spatial conditions of cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a study of the special education placement process in a large city in the United States and two studies in different regions of Spain, the authors offer a comparative analysis of the relationship between professional beliefs and practices and the achievement of culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students. The data focus on African American and Hispanic students in the United States and on Gitano (Gypsy) and Moroccan students in Spain. Although professional attitudes in both countries revealed deficit views of CLD students, a key concern in Spain was professionals' assumption that students' cultural assimilation was a requirement for success. In the United States, deficit views, entwined with the entrenched categorical approach to school-based disabilities, contributed to ethnic disproportionality in special education. The studies illustrate how the hegemony of mainstream culture and language in schooling contributes to inappropriate academic and social exclusion for students from historically oppressed minority groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In much of rural Spain, historically inequitable land ownership patterns and more recent processes of economic restructuring have led to the impoverishment of many rural communities. As a result, social welfare policies have been designed to sustain the livelihoods of the most vulnerable social groups. Public expenditure has shown some success in combating most visible forms of poverty and deprivation. Rural areas have seen a significant rise in unemployment over the past two decades without associated mass poverty, welfare assistance being the basis of agricultural workers' household subsistence. However, government payments have also generated other pervasive impacts in rural areas. Welfare assistance, far from guaranteeing the social and economic integration of the most disadvantaged, has caused an increase in social exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]