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Internet‐of‐things is an enabling technology in the fourth‐generation industrial revolution. The freshness of the data sent by a sensor node (SN) is an important parameter in the Internet‐of‐things, unlike the throughput in cellular communications. A relatively new performance metric named age of information (AoI) is used in this paper to quantify the freshness of the data. The SN, located in the transport infrastructure, harvests energy from radio frequency signals transmitted by the FD‐UAV. This is used to transmit real‐time sensor observations to the data sink via FD‐UAV. The SN generates an update after replenishing the battery and transmits it by using the harvested energy. A closed‐form expression for average AoI is derived as a function of time allocated for energy harvesting. The optimal time allocation for energy harvesting that maximizes the freshness of data update is identified. A deep learning technique namely long‐short term memory is used to predict the average AoI. Simulation results demonstrate the usefulness of the performance bounds in terms of the freshness of data updates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract SWIPT techniques combined with wireless cooperative communication provides a sustainable solution to extend the lifetime of the communication networks. It prolongs the battery life of wireless low-powered devices and enables additional efficiency in terms of power in wireless communications. This paper explores performance difference of two simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) protocols named Time-Switching (TS) and Power-Splitting (PS). Two identical decode-and-forward relaying communication networks with multiple relays are considered, where energy constrained relay nodes harvest energy from the received Radio Frequency (RF) and use harvested energy to assist information transmission between the source and the destination. All relay nodes in one network use TS protocol while the relay nodes in the other network use PS protocol. In particular, we evaluate throughput and outage probability of maximal ratio combiner (MRC) output at the destination node of both systems. In order to evaluate throughput, outage probability is derived for delay-limited transmission mode. The numerical results provide practical insight into the performance difference in various system parameters for both TS and PS protocols. Simulation results obtained depict that the TS protocol is superior to PS protocol in performance parameters, BER, Outage probability and throughput in low transmission rate. However, in higher transmission rates PS becomes superior to TS protocol, though overall performance reduce compare to lower transmission rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract An increment in the number of User Equipment (UE) demands network replanning or introducing incipient devices which can provide dynamic support to the subsisting networks. One of these devices can be the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). However, being prodigiously dynamic and autonomous in some scenarios, these vehicles require an efficient mechanism for their deployment in currently operating wireless networks. In this paper, an efficient approach is proposed which utilizes the properties of the self-healing neural model and the concept of matrix-coloring in order to maximize the UAVs positioning likelihood for optimized throughput coverage and maximum UE to UAV mapping. The efficacy of the proposed approach is demonstrated in terms of amelioration in the throughput coverage and mapping of the UAV to subdivisions at low consumption of energy and memory by using numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paradigm of previous 4G cellular technology has led to an increase in requirements for high data rate demands of mobile users in 5G. In order to meet this demand, constant densification of communication networks was required. Ultra Dense Networks (UDNs) have been proposed as a promising 5G technology to fulfill these requirements by the efficient and dynamic distribution of the radio resources. However, for implementation of UDN, mobile operators have to face many challenges such as severe interference resulting in a limited capacity due to the dense deployment of small cells, site location and acquisition for the deployment of base stations, backhauling issues, energy consumption, etc. In this article, in order to alleviate these limitations, we propose a novel idea of Ultra Dense Cloud-Drone Network (UDCDN) architecture. This scheme is featured with "on-demand" quality and substantial flexibility in terms of deployment. This anchors the challenges of traditional UDN settings and offers numerous benefits. Through simulation results of cell coverage, we verify the genuineness of implementing the proposed scheme and offer a new paradigm shift for UDN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work explores small cell densification as a key technique for next generation wireless network (NGWN). Small cell densification comprises space (i.e, dense deployment of femtocells) and spectrum (i.e., utilization of frequency band at large). The usage of femtocells not only improves the spectral efficiency (SE) of the Heterogeneous two-tier networks against conventional approach, but also it alleviates outage probability and enhances the achievable capacity. We yield an analytical framework to establish the density of the femto base station (FBS) to a monotonically increasing or decreasing function of distance or radius, respectively. This ensures the enhanced performance in spectrum sharing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) femtocell network models. We also illustrate the influence of active Femto users (i.e., users in femtocells, and they are usually low mobility and located closer to the cell center with less fading), cluster size (i.e., a group of adjacent macrocells which use all of the systems frequency assignments) via simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet the explosive growth of mobile data traffic, ultra-dense networks have emerged to enhance spatial and spectral efficiency. Densely deployed small cell architecture faces several major challenges, including low infrastructure utilization ratio, severe inter-cell interference, and so on. In this article, we aim to develop a novel super base station (SupBS) network architecture to tackle these issues. The proposed SupBS architecture consists of two layers, namely, an infrastructure layer and a virtualized network layer. In the infrastructure layer, there are three key physical components: the hybrid heterogeneous radio unit pool, line interface switch unit, and computing resources pool. In the virtualized network layer, there are two logical modules designed on top of the three physical components, namely, the virtualized base station and virtualized software defined core network. The two logical modules are designed to facilitate the use of the underlying three physical components by reducing the energy consumption and processing delay. We present the functionalities of the two virtualized modules and explain how they are utilized to create virtual networks. Moreover, we demonstrate a recently developed SupBS prototype, and provide an application scenario for this prototype in an Internet information broadcast-storage system to show the advantages of our architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a novel technique of spatially coupled low-density parity-check (SC-LDPC) code-based soft forwarding relaying scheme for a two-way relay system. We introduce an array-based optimized SC-LDPC codes in relay channels. A more precise model is proposed to characterize the residual noise on the soft symbols, using a pre-calculated look-up table at the destination. This requires less signaling overhead compared to previous soft noise modeling techniques. We also introduce a variance correction factor to provide a rectification to the equivalent total noise variance at the destination. Finally, we propose an appropriate log likelihood ratio (LLR) former at the destination which is tailored to the proposed soft parity generation technique. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed relay protocol yields an improved bit error rate (BER) performance compared to competing schemes proposed in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technological breakthrough in the form of Internet of Things (IoT), Big data and connected world is increasing the demand of better spectrum utilization. Half-Duplex (HD) transmission is mostly used in the earlier communication systems. The high transmission demand requires the better utilization of the existing spectrum. There are several possible ways to overcome the problem of better spectrum usage. In-Band Full Duplex (IBFD) is one of the techniques that can double the Spectral Efficiency (SE) in a Beyond 5G (B5G) communication system. In this paper, our aim is to use the spectral efficient IBFD scheme to improve the security of the system with minimum interference. The interference can be reduced by the addition of orthogonality between the transmitted and received signal of a relay. A component-forward scheme is proposed in this paper to create such orthogonality. For achieving the desired aim, IBFD is used with Device-to-Device (D2D), Artificial Noise (AN), Modulation based orthogonalization, Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting (RFEH) and proposed Full-Duplex Component Forward (FD-CF) algorithm for multiple relays. We also use non-linear harvested power as one of the sources to reuse the exiting power for evaluating the system performance. The derivation of Secrecy Outage Probability (SOP) and throughput is derived in this paper for the FD-CF cooperative communication and is explored with and without non-linear RFEH. The simulation results show the comparison between the component-forward and decode-and-forward communication with one or more relays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a few novel simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) schemes that can be effectively used in various 5G wireless network implementations. First, we study the possibility of integrating distributed energy beamforming with the data rate fairness beamforming in a cooperative communication system with multiple cooperative relays and multiple destination users communicating simultaneously. We show that the system exploits significant performance gain using such a joint energy and data rate fairness beamforming scheme. Further, we propose an enhanced version of the SWIPT scheme, the energy-efficient modulation-based non-orthogonal multiple access (M-NOMA) SWIPT scheme, and observe its system efficiency in terms of more harvested energy. Finally, we consider an energy-harvesting SWIPT scheme where the channel response is estimated using the energy-harvesting signal as pilots superimposed on the information signal. For such a scheme, we compute the optimum transmit power ratio between the pilot and information signals under varying SNR conditions and improve the accuracy of the decoding process at the reception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]