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This study extensively investigates the modelling of the bipolar plates, flow field plates and fuel cell stacks of a Direct Alcohol Fuel cell. The crucial component of a fuel cell is the bipolar plates which supply fuel to anode and oxidant to cathode and also maintains electrical conduction between cells. Given that flow field plates plays an important role in distributing reactant gases to the reaction sites, modelling of flow field plates has thus proved to be quite challenging owing to the fact that the flow field plates has to be durable and conductive both thermally and electrically. Electrochemical losses are also observed in cases which occurs due to the diffusion of hydrogen ions and electrons and also sometimes due to the material’s natural resistance. These loses can only be minimised using thinner electrolyte membrane and operating the fuel cell at low temperatures. This study therefore aims at the extensive examination of various parameters including electrochemical and thermal parameters by computational modelling using MATLAB and PYTHON which plays a pivotal role in influencing the flow of reactants and amount of current generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Статтю присвячено аналізу основних понять семіотики та їхнього застосування в мультимодальних рекламних текстах товарів широкого вжитку. Метою статті є розвідка рекламного дискурсу як модельно-семіотичної діяльності в англомовному рекламному дискурсі, а також окреслення основних семіотичних стратегій та лінгвістичних засобів у формуванні англомовних рекламних повідомлень. Основні завдання – розглянути роботи українських та закордонних дослідників із проблеми, виокремити й описати ключові семіотичні стратегії та лінгвістичні засоби англомовних рекламних текстів, а також визначити роль семіотичних стратегій у взаємодії з аудиторією та їхнє відтворення культурних концепцій через рекламну комунікацію. У статті подано всебічний огляд деяких ключових принципів і концепцій семіотики та їхнього значення для сфери реклами, висвітлено конструювання денотативних повідомлень про продукт, та бажаних конотативних асоціацій. Також пояснюється роль дотримання відомих кодів та залучення інтертекстуальних посилань у рекламних оголошеннях як прийомів створення зв'язку з аудиторією. Дана стаття значною мірою спирається на фундаментальні семіотичні теорії, такі як тріадна модель знаку Пірса, відмінність між денотатом і конотацією, роль кодів і культурних конвенцій, а також феномен інтертекстуальності. Стаття показує, як рекламодавці використовують знаки, символи та пов'язані з ними значення для створення переконливих кампаній, що мають культурний резонанс. Актуальність дослідження полягає в тому, щоб розуміти, як реклама формує погляди та стереотипи, а також як сучасні технології змінюють способи взаємодії з аудиторією через мовні та семіотичні стратегії.

Мета. Особливості сучасності, що відповідають ознакам світу, у якому панують мінливість (англ. Volatility), невизначеність (Uncertainty), складність (Complexity) й неоднозначність (Ambiguity), загрози використання таких особливостей як засобів геополітичного впливу, умови повномасштабної російсько-української війни, необхідність відновлення на усій території України безпекового середовища вимагають від вітчизняної психологї дієвих пропозицій для забезпечення життєдіяльності людини у наведених умовах. Обґрунтованою системоутворюючою позицією для цього усе більше постає гра, як універсальне соціокультурне явище та інтегральний фактор самореалізації людини та ігрове моделювання як спосіб і метод життєдіяльності людини у невизначеності. Мета статті полягає в теоретичному дослідженні психологічних закономірностей репрезентації гри в аспектах моделювання життєдіяльності людини, обґрунтуванні психологічного змісту, функціональної сутності, класифікації репрезентацій як атрибутивного чинника ігрового моделювання життєдіяльності людини в умовах невизначеності. Методи. У дослідженні застосовано методи аналізу і систематизації психологічних та міждисциплінарних підходів у вивченні явища репрезентації і моделювання життєдіяльності людини, теоретичну реконструкцію і уточнення психологічного змісту та функціональної сутності репрезентації ігрового моделювання життєдіяльності людини в актуальних умовах прожиття. Результати. За результатами дослідження конкретизовано категоріально-понятійний зміст та функціональну сутність ігрового моделювання життєдіяльності людини в умовах невизначеності. Актуалізовано та обгрунтовано атрибутивність явища репрезентації в аспектах ігрового моделювання. Запропоновано визначення дефініції “репрезентація ігрового моделювання життєдіяльності суб’єкта в умовах невизначеності” та відповідну класифікацію проявів цього явища. Поглиблено наукові уявлення про репрезентацію, гру та ігрове моделювання. Встановлено, що репрезентація ігрового моделювання життєдіяльності суб’єкта в умовах невизначеності є універсальним, прагматичним, атрибутивним явищем неспецифічним психічним утворенням; способом життєдіяльності людини і соціальної групи, що відбувається одночасно у двох комплементарних вимірах: а) внутрішньо-суб’єктному просторі людини як інтеріоризована ментальна репрезентація та б) у зовнішньо-діяльнісному вимірі як вчинкова, діяльнісна репрезентація екстеріоризації. Висновки. Результати дослідження дозволяють висновки про актуальність наведеної проблематики і доцільності продовження психологічних розвідок феномену репрезентації ігрового моделювання життєдіяльності суб’єкта в умовах невизначеності. Перспективними вважаються завдання уточнення закономірностей впливу репрезентацій на психологічне благополуччя людини та продуктивність індивідуальної та групової діяльності.

Визначено проблему відсутності ґрунтовних досліджень та наукових обґрунтувань методик корекційної роботи з дітьми, що мають захворювання на дислексію. Зазначено, що наявні програми для діагностики дислексії побудовані на відповідях дорослих. Сформульовано задачу створення спеціалізованої системи підтримки прийняття рішень для попередньої діагностики дислексії у дітей. Розглянуто п’ять типів дислексії у дітей: фонематична (діти плутають літери подібні за звучанням, пропускають склади та слова), семантична (техніка читання на достатньому рівні, але дитина не запам’ятовує сенс прочитаного, не може переказати); оптична (слабкість зорового сприйняття, діти плутають літери через низький рівень зорової пам’яті); аграматична (проблеми узгодження слів за відмінками, родами, числами); мнестична (недостатньо засвоєно зв'язок між буквами та звуками, що вони позначають). Розглянуто методи діагностики дислексії, описано певні групи цих методів. Зазначено, що тестування на виявлення цієї хвороби проводиться двома шляхами: зі спеціалістом та за допомогою інтернет-тестів. Наведено перелік недоліків обох підходів. Сформульовано, що у новому додатку буде текст, який повинна прочитати дитина. Дорослий має ввести текст саме так, як прочитала дитина, з усіма наявними помилками. Програма проаналізує помилки та видасть один або декілька уточнювальних текстів, з якими потрібно повторити ті самі дії. Крім цього, дорослий має перевірити, чи зрозуміла дитина прочитане та обрати один з запропонованих варіантів (повністю розуміє, розуміє частково, розуміє деякі слова, взагалі не розуміє). На підставі помилок буде проводиться аналіз та розраховуватися ймовірність наявності кожного з видів дислексії, а також рекомендації про звернення до спеціалістів для уточнення діагностики. Наведено структуру проєктованого додатка у вигляді діаграми класів. Виконано реалізацію моделі за допомогою середовища візуального програмування Lazarus. Розроблено та протестовано додаток, наведено приклад його роботи. Зроблено висновки, що розроблене програмне забезпечення можна використовувати як тест для попередньої діагностики дислексії у дітей у початкових класах школи. Воно дозволить швидко виявити дітей, яким потрібна діагностика у логопеда та психоневролога з подальшою корекційною роботою для подолання або послаблення симптомів дислексії.

Purpose. To review and classify currently existing glow discharge models by the method of mathematical description of processes, pressure, gas type and electrode geometry. The article is aimed at creating a generalized model of the discharge, which will determine the influence of each parameter on the characteristics of the discharge. Methodology. To achieve the goals of the research, methods of theoretical analysis of scientific sources were used, as well as a mathematical method for describing a generalized discharge model based on an orthonormal basis, in particular a trigonometric basis. Findings. An overview of the glow discharge was conducted, a classification of models based on analytical methods in their basis was proposed. The vector of parameters common to all models is isolated. Also, during the analysis, a comparison of the characteristics of the models was carried out in the form of a table. A generalized model for the study of gas discharges by the method of modeling using orthonormal bases was proposed. As an example, the formation of a vector of variable parameters in the trigonometric basis is given. Originality. The article offers a generalized discharge model that demonstrates how a change in a specific parameter affects the discharge characteristics. Such a model allows you to simultaneously change the parameters of the model, accumulate reactions to changes in parameters in each test, and upon completion, based on the results of the analysis, isolate the effect of each parameter with a cumulative change in the parameters of the model. Practical value: The model allows analyzing the influence of various parameters on the discharge regardless of the specific conditions of the experiment. The use of an orthonormal basis for the representation of parameters makes it possible to identify which parameters have the greatest influence on the stability and efficiency of the discharge both individually and in combination with other parameters. This makes it possible to optimize these parameters to achieve the best results in specific conditions, making it a universal tool for researchers and engineers, which facilitates the analysis of the relationships between parameters and allows you to get a more complete picture of the system's behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the work was to investigate the possibilities of obtaining activated carbon materials (AC) with controlled nanoporosity dependent on the raw materials used by involving an innovative method of its production and confirming the effect of reducing the density of the liquid under the action of the adsorption potential of the pore walls by means of modeling by the Boltzmann lattice method within the framework of a two-dimensional model. The results of the study showed that depending on the raw material used (chips of various hardwood species) and the method of its primary processing (involving an innovative method of its production, shear deformation, in particular), it is possible to obtain AB with a different ratio of micro- and mesopores, from almost completely microporous samples to samples with developed mesoporosity. It is shown that during carbonization, the organic matter that blocked the pores of the tubular structure is removed, forming open holes. Data infrared (IR) Fourier spectroscopy confirm that the formed surface of the micro-mesoporous sorbent must actively interact with polar and non-polar adsorbates with the help of surface functional groups, which corresponds to the results obtained in the work on the structural and sorption parameters of AB. The liquid density distribution along the pore axis of the mesoporous matrix was calculated by modeling using the Boltzmann lattice method, dependent on the initial wetting angle and capillary size. It is shown that in nanopores of small size (10 nm) the density of the liquid phase gradually decreases and at a certain depth of the pore its jump-like drop occurs, which reflects the presence of a phase transition to intense vaporization. So, the mechanism of purification of aqueous solutions from harmful impurities by nano-sized pores due to the effect of reducing the density of the liquid under the action of the adsorption potential of the pore walls has been confirmed. The micro-mesoporous AB obtained in the work can be used for the production of a wide range of matrix and composite materials with controlled nanoporosity. They are promising sorption materials, as they are characterized by lower diffusion complications during adsorption. And the effect of reducing the density of the liquid under the influence of the adsorption potential of the pore walls well explains the possible mechanism of cleaning contaminated aqueous liquids with the help of a mesoporous matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes a continuous monitoring system based on multiple drones, which operate according to a specific algorithm: while some drones remain airborne for surveillance, others recharge on the ground and replace those that need recharging. This system is equipped with a combined power supply system based on primary and auxiliary systems. The primary power supply system relies on electricity generated from a photovoltaic system and an energy storage system (battery). In its turn, the auxiliary system is powered by alternating current and uses electricity from industrial power grids. The article examines the temporal and energy characteristics of the drone charging station. Monitoring model is substantiated, taking into account the placement order of the drones, the parameters of their target equipment, and the monitoring area. Mathematical model for determining the system’s power consumption during continuous monitoring has been created. Modeling has been conducted, the results of which determine the number of solar panels in the photovoltaic system, depending on different groups of monitoring perimeters, ensuring the versatility of the continuous monitoring system for various terrains. The modeling results show that for perimeters from 7297 m² to 17140 m², the optimal number of solar panels is from 55 to 75, for perimeters from 24155 m² to 33206 m², the optimal number of solar panels is from 206 to 450, in turn, for perimeters from 36260 m² to 40758 m², the optimal number of solar panels is from 424 to 1182. The characteristics of the energy storage system for use during periods of low generation from the photovoltaic system have been determined. An additional result of the modeling determines that reducing the total number of solar panels leads to the need to compensate for the electricity deficit from the grid by a maximum of 18% of the total required electricity consumed by the continuous monitoring system. To supply the system with electricity during periods of insufficient generation from the solar panels and grid power, an energy storage system is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is aimed at developing a methodological approach to improving the efficiency of assessing the financial results of implementing Ukrainian and European business projects. In this context, the object of study is a specific individual partnership and cooperation project. The research has established that one of the key informational aspects of such a partnership is the assessment and forecasting of the financial result. The goal of the research is to present the methodological approach to assessing financial performance for an individual project in the most detailed form possible. The article presents an approach based on modern simulation modelling methods, systems analysis methodology, and the method of composite seasonal indices. All modelling processes were conducted using MATLAB software. MATLAB is a high-level programming language and interactive environment for numerical computation, visualization, and programming. This program is widely used for modelling and data processing in fields such as engineering, scientific research, and mathematics. The research result is presented as an approach to the mathematical modelling of assessing the financial performance of partnership projects of Ukraine with representatives of EU business. It is necessary to emphasize that the presented research has limitations related to changes in Ukraine's hyperdynamic external environment provoked by war. Forecasts may vary depending on the development of military actions. Therefore, the prospects for further research should be directed towards improving the informational provision in the system of partnership and cooperation with EU countries to increase their own investment security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to present an approach to assessing the most significant negative factors that have arisen as a result of the introduction of martial law on the decision-making system and the implementation of managerial decisions in the context of ensuring the financial security of a modern enterprise. For this purpose, the object of research is the financial security of machine-building enterprises. A review of the literature has shown that a significant number of scientific papers today aim to present ways to increase the level of financial security, but not all of them understand that the most significant need of the subjects of financial support of machine-building enterprises is the assessment and consideration of negative factors in decision-making. Thus, the scientific task was to present a theoretical and methodological approach to assessing the negative factors of martial law on the management of financial security of a modern Ukrainian enterprise in the field of mechanical engineering. The problem was solved using the methods of system and hierarchical analysis, graph theory and on the basis of expert assessments. As a result, we presented step-by-step instructions on how to assess the negative factors and identified the most significant of them, the consideration of which is critically important in the process of managing the financial security of a modern Ukrainian machine-building enterprise. Prospects for further research will be based on expanding this list and narrowing the focus on the internal processes of machine-building enterprises [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this study is the operational model of a reconnaissance-fire system. The problem that was solved is the lack of an approach to building a model of the functioning of a combat system, in particular a reconnaissance-fire system, which would take into account the influence of all subsystems and include the necessary number of system states. An improved procedure for building an adapted operational model of the reconnaissance-fire system has been proposed. The essence of the improved methodology is the formalization of processes through the definition of system states and intensities of transitions from state to state. The improved procedure is based on the Kolmogorov-Chapman equations and the goal tree construction method. A feature of the improved methodology is the breakdown of the states of the reconnaissance-fire system by hierarchy levels, which allows taking into account more necessary states of the system. The field of practical use of the improved methodology is planning and management processes during the development of action algorithms during combat operations. An adapted operational model of the reconnaissance-fire system has been built. The essence of the model is to determine the probability of the reconnaissance-fire system being in a certain state based on the Chapman-Kolmogorov equations, taking into account the necessary level of detail in the process of its operation. Special feature of the proposed model is that it makes it possible to model by taking into account 39 states of the system with the necessary accuracy both for the system as a whole and separately for subsystems. This is explained by the fact that the test of the adequacy of the model showed that the discrepancy of the results is within the statistical error from 2 to 9 %. The field of application of the adapted operational model of the reconnaissance-fire system is the processes of making a decision on the application of the operation of the intelligence-fire system during hostilities and their management during combat operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the impact of environmental factors on the business process reengineering of transportation companies. The focus is specifically on the activities and business processes of Ukrainian transportation enterprises. Following a review of scientific and practical sources, a scientific task was set: to determine the impact of factors on the reengineering process through a proposed methodological approach to economic-mathematical modelling. The article utilizes correlation regression analysis and analysis-synthesis methods to evaluate the dynamics of key financial indicators of transportation enterprises. It emphasizes that reengineering should be based on the influence of various factors, not necessarily related exclusively to either the external or internal environment. The approach proposed in the work involves using regression models to analyze the impact of factors on the reengineering process. The study notes that innovation is revealed through the proposed model, which considers a range of key factors and indicators of the activity of Ukrainian transportation enterprises. Meanwhile, the authors stress that using this approach allows for identifying key factors in developing an effective reengineering strategy for transportation companies to optimize their operations. The research examines how different analysis methods can be used to detect changes in the impact of various types of factors, both external and internal, on the decision-making process regarding reengineering. The scientific novelty lies in a comprehensive approach to regression modelling of factor impacts on a relevant variable to identify the most significant factors for decision-making regarding reengineering. Alongside this, the research has limitations due to the focus on the specifics of the activity of only Ukrainian transportation enterprises. The goal is set for further research to conduct a similar study for other types of enterprises, particularly the food industry, which requires changes under wartime conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the article is to justify the most optimal strategy for improving product quality for agroindustrial enterprises in Ukraine. The object of study is the production of the agroindustrial complex of Ukraine. The scientific task involves forming a modern scientific approach to assessing the options for strategies to improve the quality of production of agroindustrial enterprises in Ukraine. The research methodology involves the application of the BOCR method, which consists of modelling with the establishment of expected positive outcomes, additional costs, new opportunities, and potential risks in the context of improving the financial performance of agroindustrial enterprises. Within the framework of the BOCR method, the expert analysis method was used to compare the objects of study through the auxiliary Delphi method. As a result of the conducted research, an information basis was created for the development and implementation of the most optimal strategy for improving product quality for agroindustrial enterprises in Ukraine. The innovation of the obtained results lies in the fact that, through a series of criteria, two potential strategies for improving product quality for agroindustrial enterprises in Ukraine were compared and the most optimal was chosen in the context of improving the financial condition. The prospects for further research should focus on applying the formed approach to comparing and selecting the optimal mechanisms for implementing these strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper conducts an information-analytical study of correlations between the number of crimes committed on the territory of Ukraine and the total number of students of higher education institutions (HEIs). A detailed analysis of the corresponding correlation field, in the section of separate time periods, made it possible to identify three areas of points with a fairly close linear relationship between the specified indicators. In the first period (1990—1994), the rapid growth of the level of criminogenicity in the country with minor changes in the contingent of students of higher education institutions was due to the socio-economic crisis caused by the collapse of the USSR. In the second time period (1995—2015), a characteristic reverse cause-and-effect relationship is observed for the studied indicators. The constructed regression model proved to be adequate, with all its parameters being statistically significant at a confidence level of p = 0.95. Specifically, it was established that an average 1 % increase in the number of HEI students during this period is accompanied by a 0.43 % decrease in the total number of committed crimes. Similar statistical estimates were obtained considering a one-year lag in the values of the endogenous variable. In the third time period (2015—2021), there is a change in the direction of the correlation between the studied indicators. Namely, it was established that an average 1 % decrease in the number of HEI students is accompanied by a 2.23 % decrease in the number of committed crimes. This atypical behavior and violation of their cause and-effect relationship are explained by the systemic influence of several factors, among which the key ones are the hybrid military actions of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine and the corresponding increase in migration processes due to the introduction of a visa-free regime with EU countries. The article attempts to combine the separate time periods (1995—2015 and 2015—2021) into one regression equation by introducing additional indicator variables. The generalized criminological model built as a result of the proposed approach has high accuracy (MAPE = 4.51 %), significant correlation indicators (R = –0.937), is adequate, and all its parameters are statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Проблематика моделювання бойових (спеціальних) дій військових формувань є однією з ключових у теорії і практиці управління органами (підрозділами) Державної прикордонної служби України. Важливість цієї проблематики обумовлена тим, що в основі будьякого рішення на застосування сил і засобів перебуває певне уявлення командира (начальника) про можливі напрями розвитку подій у тій чи інший обстановці, тобто модель дій військових формувань. Чим чіткішим є це уявлення, тим більш правильним буде рішення командира (начальника). Зростання кола завдань, що вирішуються прикордонниками під час участі у відбитті збройної агресії росії на територію нашої держави, свідчить про зростання їх ролі та ваги і про те, що військові формування Державної прикордонної служби України мають широкі спроможності для виконання своєї місії у сучасній війні. Метод бойових потенціалів, що використовується органами управління на етапі планування застосування військових формувань Державної прикордонної служби України у бойових (спеціальних) діях тактичного рівня має певні недоліки, які можна усунути за рахунок математичного моделювання. Відповідно до зазначеного, з огляду на результати наявних досліджень у статті здійснено опис теоретико-ігрової моделі, що може використовуватись на етапі підготовки та прийняття рішення на застосування військових формувань Державної прикордонної служби України. Основним змістом моделі є дослідження “функції перемоги” у бойових (спеціальних) діях на підставі параметрів бойової (моральної і технологічної) переваги першої сторони над другою, співвідношення сил сторін та масштабу бойових (спеціальних) дій. Крім того, маючи “функцію перемоги”, модель дозволяє розв’язати обернену задачу – за заданою ймовірністю перемоги (ступенем виконання поставленого завдання) знайти потрібне співвідношення сил (перевага над противником). Представлена теоретико-ігрова модель є базовою. За її допомогою можна обґрунтувати окремі елементи замислу на бій (спеціальні дії), а також спрогнозувати їх перебіг і результат.

Наукову статтю присвячено розробці та застосуванню Моделі прогнозу ефективності та вибору оптимального варіанта застосування прикордонного підрозділу для ефективного виконання завдань щодо протидії нелегальній міграції. У статті використано сучасні методи аналізу даних та моделювання, спрямовані на максимізацію результативності й оптимізацію ресурсів. Установлення взаємозв’язку часткових моделей дозволило сформувати загальну модель та досягнути системного ефекту – забезпечення розрахункових співвідношень для пошуку характеристик раціонального варіанта. Запропоновано систему постійного моніторингу обстановки в зоні відповідальності прикордонного загону. Методологія включає оцінку достовірності інформації про оперативно активні напрямки та формування матриць спостережень. Ці матриці надають можливість прогнозувати рівень загострення обстановки, що впливає на ефективність прийняття рішень та виконання завдань прикордонними підрозділами. Стаття розкриває формульну схему моделі, включаючи розрахунок ймовірності виконання завдань та параметрів варіанта застосування прикордонного підрозділу. Запропонована модель дозволяє обґрунтовано вибирати оптимальні параметри для ефективної протидії сценарію розвитку загрози нелегальної міграції. Розроблено модель, яка враховує різноманітні чинники, такі як територіальні особливості, інтенсивність міграційних потоків та технічну оснащеність, апробацію проведено на ділянці 105 прикордонного загону. Проведені експерименти та аналіз даних підтверджують ефективність запропонованої моделі у виборі раціональних сценаріїв застосування прикордонного підрозділу, що сприяє збільшенню результативності та ефективності в ході здійснення оперативно-службової діяльності. Отримані результати не лише є важливими для оптимізації прикордонного служби, але й можуть бути використані як підстава для подальших досліджень і вдосконалення прикордонної служби, зокрема протидії нелегальній міграції.

This article discusses a methodology for determining the thermophysical characteristics of composite materials at high temperatures. The primary focus is on improving methods for determining the thermal conductivity of materials used in the aviation and space industries. The proposed methodology accounts for material loss from the surface during heating, which increases the accuracy of thermal conductivity calculations. The thermal conductivity was determined by solving the inverse heat conduction problem using a computer model of heat transfer in a flat sample in a one-dimensional formulation. The model was built using the COMSOL Multiphysics® software, which is designed for finite element calculations for various multiphysics problems. The model consists of the following components: 1) initial conditions (ambient temperature); 2) boundary conditions; 3) material properties (density, temperature dependencies of specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity). The boundary conditions are the experimental time dependencies of the temperature of the heated surface and the heat flux from the back (cold) surface due to radiative cooling. The inverse heat conduction problem in the model was solved by iteratively calculating the temperature of the sample’s back surface while simultaneously adjusting the sought temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity coefficient. The iteration procedure terminated when the calculated back surface temperature matched the experimental one. The model includes a Prescribed Normal Velocity node to account for the effect of linear wear, which specifies the time-dependent wear rate. An industrial propane-oxygen welding torch serves as the source of one-sided heating of samples, allowing the study of materials at temperatures above 2000 °C. Temperature measurements on the opposite surfaces of the samples were performed using pyrometers with PC registration. The unique feature of the proposed methodology is the simultaneous determination of temperature fields in the samples, thermoerosive wear, and the emissivity coefficient at selected temperature values based on experimental results. For each subsequent sample temperature, the values of the listed model parameters are calculated based on previously determined values. The developed methodology was used to determine the thermophysical characteristics of the carbon-carbon composite material CCCM-88, which is a layered composite made of twill-weave carbon fabric with a density of 1.57 g/cm² and a porosity of 20%. The thermal conductivity coefficient of CCCM-88 in the temperature range up to 2000 °C varies from 3 to 8.2 W/m/K, and the linear wear rate at 2000 °C reaches 55 μm/s. The obtained values allow the experimental curve of the back surface temperature to be described with an error of approximately 2.2% and an absolute deviation of 35° at the end of the test when the hot surface temperature is 2000 °C.

The global trend of innovative development of society positions virtual reality (VR) technologies as an integral tool in the management process. The study aims to analyse the potential of using immersive technologies in the system of forest fire prevention and management. The research was conducted using special scientific methods -- experimentation and statistical methods descriptive and inferential statistics. The study determined that immersive technologies are now rapidly developing from the position of innovation to a practical range of tools. The study established that their implementation in the paradigm of environmental management policy is positioned as a prospective necessity and a factor in intensifying the quality of preventive environmental protection. The essence of the phenomenon of immersive technologies is specified, and their components, in particular, objective, virtual and augmented reality, are described. The potential of immersive technologies in the concept of expanding the toolkit of a modern industry specialist is investigated. The study proved that the use of VR applications has a significant potential for a positive impact on reducing the number of forest fires and improving the state of forest ecosystems. The specifics of the use of immersive technologies in the concept of forest fire prevention and management were analysed in the study. An example of the use of virtual reality technologies in the process of modelling the situation of fire prevention in a certain forest area using a VR application in the educational environment is presented. In the process of studying the features of virtual reality technologies in environmental modelling, the advantages and risks of their integration are highlighted. The results of the study can be effectively used in the practical process of implementing the concept of ensuring a sustainable environment in terms of forest fire prevention [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contact wetting is one of the effective methods of studying the adsorption capacity of sorbents. The purpose of the work was to compare the experimentally obtained data on the adsorption capacity of shungite, obtained by the sessile drop method, and the results of modeling the behavior of liquid droplets on heterogeneous surfaces using the Boltzmann lattice method, and to show the suitability of the simplified version of the LBM method that we applied within the framework of a two-dimensional model for modeling complex cases of contact interaction between liquids and sorbent, when it cannot be carried out by the method of contact wetting. The adsorption properties of shungite with regard to the extraction of various impurities from water-alcohol solutions and the capability of the sorbent to recover were investigated by the method of contact wetting and analyzed by involving the data obtained by the methods of nitrogen adsorption, thermogravimetry and IR spectroscopy. It is shown that the adsorption properties of shungite are due to the presence on its surface of hydroxyl functional groups attached to carbon atoms in phenol or enol form, which give the surface hydrophilic characteristics. These groups play a key role in the adsorption of components from the liquid (aqueous) phase due to the formation of a hydrogen bond during the sorption of components from the liquid phase, and are restored after heating in the temperature range of 80–180 °C with the formation of carbon-containing gases and water. It has been found that silanol groups present in shungite do not participate in sorption. Compared to the original shungite sample, the sample after five cycles of adsorption is characterized by a noticeable effect of mass loss (1.8 %) in the temperature range of 80–180 °С. At the same time, the loss of mass is not significant at temperatures below 100°С. This suggests that the sorbed substances are in the pores and not on the surface of shungite, and they begin to be removed only after heating above 100°C. The LBM method was used to study fast-moving processes at the meso-level. A comparative analysis of the experimental data obtained by the method of contact wetting with the results of simulation by the Boltzmann lattice method within the framework of the two-dimensional model was carried out. 2D modeling by the LBM method turned out to be an effective means of studying capillary condensation in mesopores, anticipatory wetting of the solid phase, liquid penetration into a porous medium with different topologies, and the formation of anisotropic droplets and anisotropic bridges. The role of mesopores in the sorption process was analyzed by modeling the behavior of liquid droplets on heterogeneous surfaces and using data on the course of adsorption and capillary processes on the surface of a solid phase with different levels of porosity, roughness, and functional composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates theoretical and methodological approaches to developing a marketing strategy for public procurement management in the context of European integration processes and reform of the public procurement system in Ukraine. The necessity of implementing a marketing strategy as an effective tool to increase the efficiency and transparency of public procurement activities is substantiated under modern economic conditions. The conceptual foundations for the formation of a marketing strategy for public procurement management are defined. Its main goal is to build successful and long-term partnerships between public customers and supplier companies based on the rational use of budget funds and the development of effective competition. Priority functions of the marketing strategy are outlined: comprehensive marketing analysis of public customers' needs; market research to find the most competitive suppliers; ensuring effective communication between all participants; and the implementation of effective marketing measures to increase transparency and the openness of procurement procedures. A universal step-by-step algorithm for the formation of a public procurement marketing strategy is developed, including the following: analysis of the current state and identification of deficiencies in the existing system; clear definition of targets, objectives and priority areas for reform; selection of optimal marketing tools; directly implement the strategy and continuously monitor the results. A comprehensive classification of the types of marketing strategies in public procurement by their target orientation is presented. To increase the validity and minimize risks in decision-making regarding supplier selection, an original mathematical model for the formation of competitive prices based on nonlinear programming methods is proposed. This model allows considering the interests of all participants in the procurement process: determining the optimal vector of prices for goods/services based on the utility functions and preferences of customers, their budget constraints, and the technological capabilities of potential suppliers. The versatility of the model lies in the possibility of its application for any number of participants and product groups. The implementation of an effective marketing strategy for public procurement management will contribute to the formation of a highly efficient, transparent and competitive public procurement system focused on the rational use of budget funds, the development of fair competition among suppliers, and the minimization of corruption risks in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorption of the C60 fullerene molecule has been studied in various configurations on a reconstructed Si(100) silicon surface. Among fullerenes, fullerene C60 is of particular importance, since it has the most stable form and consists of 60 carbon atoms. Monocrystalline silicon has the diamond structure, the size of its crystal lattice is 5.43 Å. The MD-simulation calculations have been performed using the open source LAMMPS MD-simulator software package and the Nanotube Modeler computer program. The Tersoff interatomic potential has been used to determine the interactions between the Si-Si, C-C and Si-C atoms. The adsorption energy of the C60 molecule on the reconstructed Si(100) surface, the bond lengths and the number of bonds formed depend on the adsorption geometry, i.e. at what point on the substrate the molecule is adsorbed and in what configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. Analysis of data uncertainties in modeling and forecasting of actuarial processes is very important issue because it allows actuaries to efficiently construct mathematical models and minimize insurance risks considering different situations. Objective. The goal of the following research is to develop an approach that allows for predicting future insurance payments with prior minimization of possible statistical data uncertainty. Method. The proposed method allows for the implementation of algorithms for estimating the parameters of generalized linear models with the preliminary application to data of the optimal Kalman filter. The results demonstrated better forecast results and more adequate model structures. This approach was applied successfully to the simulation procedure of insurance data. For generating insurance dataset the next features of clients were used: age; sex; body mass index (applying normal distribution); number of children (between 0 and 5); smoker status; region (north, east, south, west, center); charges. For creating the last feature normal distribution with known variance and a logarithmic function, exponential distribution with the identity link function and Pareto distribution with a known scale parameter and a negative linear function were used. Results. The proposed approach was implemented in the form of information processing system for solving the problem of predicting insurance payments based on insurance data and with taking into account the noise of the data. Conclusions. The conducted experiments confirmed that the proposed approach allows for more adequate model constructing and accurate forecasting of insurance payments, which is important point in the analysis of actuarial risks. The prospects for further research may include the use of this approach proposed in other fields of insurance related to availability of actuarial risk. A specialized intellectual decision support system should be designed and implemented to solve the problem by using actual insurance data from real world in online mode as well as modern information technologies and intellectual data analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the consideration of blockchain technology as a means of automating inter-organizational business processes. It is noted that the digitalization and automation of internal business processes bring significant benefits in terms of increasing productivity and reducing costs. However, organizations face difficulties when trying to obtain such benefits for inter-organizational processes, partly due to a lack of trust. This paper considers a blockchain approach to address this problem. Bitcoin has demonstrated how blockchain can provide a distributed system without the need for trust through cryptography and decentralization. LTO extends this approach with a decentralized workflow engine for ad-hoc collaboration. Information is exchanged between participants through private event chains for each process and hashed on a public blockchain. This hybrid approach allows organizations to comply with data protection requirements and avoid scalability issues typical of blockchain projects. The advantages of LTO live contracts over Ethereum smart contracts are discussed. Live contracts do not contain values directly, but describe the interaction between the parties, unlike the cryptographic "boxes" of smart contracts. Modeling live contracts as finite state machines allows visualizing them in the form of a flowchart. Alternative modeling techniques such as Petri nets and BPMN are discussed. The article describes a scenario-based approach to defining a workflow containing states, actions, participants, assets, and embedded data objects. The features of data objects, participant identifiers, process execution and its adaptability are detailed. The author explains the operation of a private event chain as an ad-hoc private blockchain that ensures the consistency of the process state between nodes. Methods of ensuring data privacy are discussed. The second part of the article is devoted to the global public blockchain LTO to confirm information from private event chains. The consensus algorithm is explained based on the importance of token ownership and its use to prevent abuse. Optimizations, such as the NG protocol and aggregation blocks, are discussed to scale with a large number of transactions. The last part describes the architecture of the platform and its components: microservices, application layers, container orchestration. The platform makes it easy to digitalize and automate inter-organizational interactions using live contracts on the blockchain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article determines that digitalization as a trend in the development of the global economy manifests itself to different degrees, although the place of each country in the world community depends on the degree of impact of digitalization on the national economic and social environment. Studies of the impact of digitalization on the development of countries’ economies are extremely relevant, as digital technologies are becoming a central element of modern economic development, affecting the productivity, efficiency and competitiveness of countries at the global level. The aim of the article is to build a model of the impact of digitalization factors on the economic development of the countries of the world using the cognitive approach. For this purpose, an appropriate methodical approach has been proposed and its approbation has been carried out. The world ranking indices for assessing the level of digitalization were used as indicators of digitalization, and the indicators of the development of the economies of the world countries were used the indicators characterizing GDP, gross value added, employment, production and trade in goods and services of ICT and computer communications. The World Bank’s World Development Indicators were used as a statistical information base. On the basis of the developed methodical approach, a cognitive model of the impact of digitalization factors on the economic development of the world countries has been built, the ties between the factors have been analyzed and conclusions have been drawn about the interdependencies between them. It is determined that an effective strategy for managing digitalization processes to increase the development of the country’s economy should include the development of innovative potential through the support of research and innovative start-ups, the expansion of digital infrastructure, especially in the field of telecommunications and mobile connectivity, increasing readiness for the introduction of new technologies through educational programs and training of qualified personnel, and the development of e-governance to ensure broad access to digital public services. Such measures will contribute to increasing productivity and growth of added value in production and services, which will lead to GDP growth, ensuring sustainable economic growth and quality of life of the country’s population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is aimed at analyzing and highlighting the importance of using forecasting models in the study of the competitive environment of enterprise. Approaches to forecasting and modeling of the competitive environment of enterprise, which ensure the implementation of strategic planning and management, are studied. Various methods of forecasting are analyzed, which allow predicting future trends on the basis of available data. The key factors influencing the competitiveness of enterprise have been identified and their use for building a competitive model has been proposed. Forecasting requires a large amount of data and taking into account the versatility of the competitive environment. The use of several forecasting methods ensures high accuracy of predictions. No less important is the analysis of the impact of external factors on the activities of the enterprise, which allows you to quickly respond to changes. Forecasting is a dynamic process that requires constant updating and revision of results to maintain their relevance. Modeling of the competitive environment is based on the results of forecasting. The initial stage is to analyze the data and identify the key factors. Based on this, a model is built that reflects the interaction between these factors and allows you to evaluate the efficiency of different strategies. Models are subject to continuous evaluation and adjustment based on new data and changes in the environment, ensuring their adequacy and relevance. Particular attention is paid to the Irwin method, which is used to detect anomalies in data. This allows you to ensure high accuracy of the analysis and avoid the impact of random errors. On the basis of the carried out analysis, a table has been composed to systematize the directions of application of forecast models and methods in assessing the competitive environment of enterprise. It contains a brief description of forecasting methods and their characteristics, which contributes to a better understanding of the process and the choice of optimal approaches for specific situations. The importance of integrating forecasting and modeling to achieve effective enterprise management in a competitive environment is emphasized. The use of different methods and constant updating of models allow you to quickly adapt to changes, which is a key factor for success in today’s business environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The research aims to determine the parameters for the overlying stratum caving zones above the mined-out space during repeated mining of pillars at the Zhomart Mine of the Zhaman-Aybat field for the purpose of predicting hazardous zones of influence of mining operations. Methods. Research includes an analysis of the results of previous in-situ studies conducted using seismic surveys, as well as modeling with the Examine2D software to determine the stress-strain state of the overlying stratum mass. The elastic and strength characteristics of an anisotropic mass are used for modeling, taking into account the generalized Hoek-Brown criterion with the Geological Strength Index (GSI) based on a geomechanical description of the mass quality. Comparative analysis of modeling results with seismic survey results is conducted to confirm the effectiveness of the developed methodology. Findings. The research provides an opportunity to determine the overlying stratum caving parameters, such as the caving arch height and the condition for complete undermining of the overlying stratum at the Zhaman-Aybat field at different spans of the mined-out space (from 50 to 350 with a step of 50 m, reaching the maximum span of 370 m). Originality. It has been determined that the caving arch height depends on the outcrop span and increases exponentially (hcav = 16.473 e0008Le). In addition, the condition of the earth's surface complete undermining has been identified depending on the depth of the site to be gotten. Practical implications. The research results can be used to develop a normative document for calculating the earth's surface shear during the repeated mining of pillars at the Zhomart Mine of the Zhaman-Aybat field. The data obtained will also be useful in planning repeated mining and predicting the earth' s surface shear to avoid negative impacts of mining operations on surface structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Research is aimed at integrating multi-stage hydraulic fracturing in horizontal wells with hydrodynamic simulation as a mandatory part of planning the mining of any shale oil or gas reservoir. Methods. Geological and hydrodynamic reservoir modeling is part of the research. The properties and geometries of the hydraulic fracture network and its representation in the dynamic reservoir model were assessed. The comparative characterization was carried out based on the two methods of fracture modeling: cell dimension reduction for explicit fracture modeling (LGR - local grid refinement) and implicit fracture modeling method, presented in this paper, with additional pseudo-connections between well and reservoir. Findings. A hydrodynamic model for low-permeable reservoir, produced by horizontal well, hydraulically fractured with 5 stages, has been generated. This model is calibrated to the production history and flowing bottom hole pressure by applying two methods of fracture modeling. Modeling results show that it is possible to replicate historical well production by using both methods. However, the proposed method with pseudo connections has several advantages compared to the generally accepted, local grid refinement (LGR) method. Originality. For the first time, a system of pseudo connections between well and reservoir was constructed to model a multi-stage hydraulic fracturing for a hydrodynamic model of tight reservoir. Hydrodynamic simulation results were refined and calibrated to the history of hydrocarbon production and flowing bottom hole pressure data using the pseudo-connections and LGR methods. The similarity of the results by applying LGR and pseudo-connections methods was revealed. Practical implications. The use of pseudo connections for hydraulic fracturing modeling can reduce simulation run time for cases where multi-stage hydraulic fracturing has already been carried out or is planned in the future. Additionally, the use of this method allows testing a larger number of realizations and scenarios, including hydraulic fracturing design (number of stages, size and conductivity of resulted fracture systems, fracture orientation, etc.), well placement and fracture growth relative to well trajectory. Also, there is no need to rebuild a model every time for each realization, as is the case with the LGR method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model of a three-phase electric furnace is considered, for which the distribution of temperature and electric field over the volume is calculated. Areas of the furnace are shown, in which extreme values of current density and temperature occur. The simulation results are compared with the real data of the 12 MVA furnace operation in factory conditions, and the features of the furnace operation in various modes are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the article is to develop a theoretical and methodological approach to determining the influence of criminal crime factors in the country on the level of financial security of the state. For this purpose, the key object of study is the Jordanian financial security system. The scientific task is to establish possible relationships between the level of criminalization of the economy in the country and the security of the financial sector. The research methodology involves the use of the method of correlation and regression analysis, the use of special software for working with data analysis, the F-criterion modeling method, the Hoerl model, and an abstract logical method for summarizing the research results. Conclusions about the state and trends of the Corruption Perception Index in Jordan were analyzed and made. A calculation of the level of financial security of Jordan over the past five years is presented. Based on the results of the study, it was proven that the influence of economic crime and criminal offenses in the economy as a whole have a direct significant impact on the level of quality of life of the population of Jordan and financial security in general. The urgent need for shadowization of the Jordanian economy has been proven in the context of increasing the level of its financial security, which is aimed at reducing such criminal offenses as corruption and deep shadowing due to criminal activity. It was established based on the results of calculations that an increase in the level of financial security in Jordan has a direct impact on changes in the level of quality of life of the population in the country. The study is limited by taking into account the specifics of only one country - Jordan. Future research prospects aim to address this limitation and include more Middle Eastern countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transformers are an indispensable component of various types of electrical circuits. Various restrictions are imposed on the transformer switching operation, which are caused by the functional purpose of the systems, their configuration, parameters and characteristics of existing or available switching components or devices and associated transient processes. When the power transformer is switched on asynchronously, current surges in its primary winding, including in modes close to the minimum load, may exceed its nominal current by several times. Such processes are undesirable from the point of view of energy efficiency, electromagnetic compatibility, transformer reliability and the functioning of protection systems. Proper analysis of electromagnetic processes was performed by numerical calculation methods followed by computer modeling using the MATLAB/Simulink software package. The purpose of the study is to highlight the extreme nature of switching current surges of the primary transformer and their dependence on the relative value of the no-load current of the winding. This current, in turn, depends on the slope of the main functional segment of the magnetization curve of the transformer core corresponding to its stationary mode of operation. The research shows that the increase in the idle speed of the transformer causes a directly proportional decrease in the switching current surges of the primary winding of the transformer. At the same time, the difference between the amplitude values of adjacent semi-periodic current surges decreases. It is noted that an increase in the value of the transformer's no-load current is often aimed at stabilizing the burning of the alternating current arc in electric welding installations. They are characterized by a repeated short-term mode of switching, and therefore the determination of the magnitude of switching current surges is relevant here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a publication of scientific and methodical character. The article is devoted to the preparation of a virtual experiment of milling processing of a complex profile part, which is installed in a fractal vice. It was determined that fractal vices are presented on the technological equipment market in a very limited range. At the same time, the cost of fractal vices is unreasonably high. The cost is commensurate with the cost of the milling machine itself. However, modeling the processing of a part mounted in a fractal vise is of considerable academic interest. Fractal vices use Pascal's law on the plane (with some assumptions). The mathematical model proposed earlier was further developed. The model is flat and consists of a system of three differential equations of the second order. The equations describe plane-parallel and torsional movements of the part. Selected main parameters and their recommended values for the mathematical model of the processing process. At this stage, the main goal of the virtual experiment is to compare the set and real trajectories of the milling cutter. Also, the goal is to analyze the influence of parameters of elastic-damping elements, clamping force, etc. on the result. A matrix of options for conducting a virtual experiment is proposed. The matrix provides a large number of possible movements of the cutter relative to the part (simple, complex, locked, unlocked). It was determined that the matrix of options allows for a large number of possible processing options. From this set, several options are selected, the most suitable for further modeling and comparison with the results of a natural experiment. It is believed that the technological system "machine – vice – tool – workpiece" is a closed dynamic system with negative feedback. However, it is necessary to investigate the behavior of the system without feedback and compare it with the rest of the experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of the study of CFD model of TPP-210A type boiler, built according to the working drawings of TPP-210a. st.n. 3 of Trypillya thermal power plant are presented in the paper. The scientific novelty of the work consists in determining the perspective of using non-design types of fuel, such as gas coal of domestic production and solid biomass, as the raw material base of the TPP-210a boiler, which is part of the energy equipment of the Trypillya TPP of Ukraine. Modeling of solid fuel combustion was carried out using finite-element CFD models of the boiler unit in the ANSYS-Fluent Student software complex with the determination of the relevant characteristics of the boiler. The verification was performed for the case of burning anthracite wood. In the presented work, visualization of the fields of velocities and temperatures of reacting flows in the middle of the furnace was used to analyze the results of CFD modeling. The analysis of the visualization of the interaction between fuel and oxidizer, the release of volatile compounds and the degree of carbon burning in the central section of the fuel boiler unit was also performed. It was determined that the presence of a narrowing of the section of the fuel above the burners leads to uneven energy release on the walls of the boiler unit. It is shown that the deviation of the temperature values in the middle of the CFD model of the fuel from the data taken from the available literature does not exceed 8 %, which allows using a developed computer model for simulating the combustion of domestically produced solid fuel, which differs from the design model in terms of general and specific properties. The verified computer model of the TPP-210a boiler, art. no. 3 of the Trypillya TPP will make it possible to draw up a mode map of boiler operation during solid fuel burning and obtain data for further adjustment of indicators of normative characteristics of boiler operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The railway Traction Power Supply System (TPSS) encounters a common challenge related to high-frequency harmonic resonance, especially when employing AC-DC-AC traction drive systems in high-speed trains. This resonance issue arises when the harmonic elements introduced by the traction AC-DC converter on the grid side of trains align with the innate resonance frequency of the TPSS. The novelty the proposed work focuses on the challenges associated with resonance elevation and high-frequency harmonics in high-speed trains, while simultaneously enhancing energy quality. This is achieved by integrating a pulse-width-modulated converter on the grid side with a single-phase configuration and incorporating an LCL filter. Methodology. In order to optimize the system’s efficiency, a robust control system is employed, taking advantage of the capabilities of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC). The choice of the FLC is justified by its straightforward design and reliability, emphasizing the dedication to precise control, as fuzzy logic excels in handling complex, nonlinear systems. Through the use of linguistic variables and heuristic reasoning, the FLC adjusts to dynamic changes in the system, demonstrating its efficacy in enhancing both transient and steady-state responses. Practical value. A grid-side LCL filter-based converter was meticulously designed and rigorously simulated using the MATLAB/Simulink platform. The inclusion of an advanced FLC in the system introduced a novel approach to control strategies, surpassing the traditional PI controller. Through a comprehensive comparative analysis, the simulation results showcased the remarkable efficacy of the proposed solution in an effectively mitigating high-frequency resonance within the TPSS. This outcome underscores the potential of FLC as a sophisticated control mechanism for enhancing the performance systems in railway applications, showcasing its superiority over conventional control methods. The study contributes in shedding light on innovative approaches for optimizing the control and efficiency of grid-side LCL filter-based converters in high-speed train systems. References 33, table 2, figures 16. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modes of breakage of one line of network sections with parallel lines in electrical distribution networks of power supply to consumers of direct current electric transport have been studied. An analysis of the experimental data was carried out, the results of which indicate the presence of a dependence of the value of the variable component in the rectified current on the distance to the damaged area. Mathematical modeling of the breakage mode of one of the line sections in the network with a serial connection of three sections, each of which has parallel lines, has been carried out. The obtained results of mathematical modeling of the modes of operation of a direct current network with heterogeneity of different sections also indicate the possibility of using the sixth harmonic of the current to determine the occurrence of heterogeneity and the section with this heterogeneity. To reduce the influence of load changes when determining an inhomogeneous section, it is proposed to control the input impedance of the network at a frequency of 300 Hz. It has been established that in these regimes the resistance angle changes the most. A method for determining the occurrence of local damage to a direct current line and the distance to this damage location is proposed, which is based on monitoring the value of the line current and the input resistance of the line at a frequency of 300 Hz. References 7, Figures 4, Tables 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses MATLAB/Simulink and Proteus so as to emulate solar photovoltaic (PV) for a model Jarrett 60 W – 17.2 V. Our objectives are to identify the nonlinear characteristics of the current-versusvoltage (I-V) and power-versus-voltage (P-V), then compare the results with the manufacturer’s data sheet, therefore using all data obtained from Matlab/Simulink on Proteus Simulation. The Proteus used a SPICE model for a PV cell that depends on mathematical equations and is explained using an equivalent circuit that includes a current source Iph, a diode D, and two resistors Rs and Rsh. The Proteus is utilized to simulate a PV module/Array under varying conditions, such as irradiation, temperature, series and shunt resistances effects, and shading effects. To reach the greatest power output, it is required to understand the location of the maximum power point (MPP). Using Arduino, an algorithm is applied to determine the voltage Vmp and current Imp of PV cells. The paper is highly useful for describing the basis and characteristics of a PV module and Array in straightforward terms. This research can also be applied as an instructional methodology for teaching PV panels at different levels of study, which demonstrates how to use the prototyping and modeling/simulation software at a reduced cost (Proteus and Matlab/Simulink) to be able to approximately achieve the formation objective for students. This is especially helpful for schools that have difficulty with a lack of materials or don't have the resources to buy them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Стаття присвячена розгляду питань управління витрат в умовах невизначеності та побудуванню оптимальної моделі управління витрат. В умовах ринкової економіки основною метою діяльності підприємств є максимізація прибутку. Цій головній задачі підпорядковані всі інші цілі, оскільки прибуток є основою і джерелом фінансових ресурсів для подальшого розвитку. Саме управління витратами є засобом досягнення підприємствами високих економічних вигод. Запропоновано описову модель «управління витратами» та визначено основні методи управління ними. Сьогодні управління витратами підприємства – це процес цілеспрямованого впливу на склад, структуру, поведінку та їх облік, планування, аналіз і контроль з метою прийняття оптимальних управлінських рішень. Одночасний вибір найбільш відповідної конфігурації елементів системи управління витратами допомагає створити та забезпечити найкращий економічний підхід до виробництва та продажу продукції. Системи управління витратами мають як функціональний, так і організаційний аспекти. Вона включає в себе наступні функціональні підсистеми: пошук і визначення ресурсозбереження, планування витрат ресурсів, облік і аналіз ресурсозбереження і зниження витрат. Результати свідчать про те, що функціональний підхід до розподілу витрат за видами діяльності допоможе вирішити вищезазначені проблеми.

Мета роботи. Розробка мехатронної системи на прикладі моделі літального апарата типу «Планер» для вивчення та дослідження процесів керування ним. Методи дослідження. Фізичний експеримент на розробленому лабораторному стенді, комп’ютерне моделювання, розрахунково-аналітичний. Отримані результати. В ході дослідження було розглянуто та проаналізовано основні процеси керування планером: взаємодію органів керування пілота та діючих механізмів крила. Проведено аналіз недоліків та переваг існуючих розробок за досліджуваною тематикою з урахуванням питань мобільності, економічності, простоти і надійності виконання, а також можливості використання в якості навчального стенду. Розроблено лабораторний стенд у вигляді мехатронної системи на прикладі моделі літального апарата типу «Планер» для вивчення та дослідження процесів взаємодії органів керування та виконавчих механізмів польоту. Підключення програмно-апаратного комплексу здійснюється за допомогою інтерфейсу USB. Для обробки команд процесору та конвертації їх у рухи елеронів використано SOC платформу з мікроконтролером ArduinoUno. В якості інтерфейсу керування обрано джойстик Logitech Extreme 3D. З метою підвищення подібності до реальних систем передбачено певну затримку (інерцію) між моментом впливу оператора на джойстик та реакцією планера. Як матеріал моделі планера використано пінополістирол. Сервоприводи MG-90S та DS-37 використовуються для керування положенням рухомих частин моделі планера. Обертання планера здійснюється за допомогою двигуна 28BYJ-48. Розроблено програмне забезпечення, особливістю якого є легке налаштування та швидкий запуск лабораторного стенду. Передбачити можливість ведення журналу, який дозволить проводити аналіз дій оператора стенду. В результаті проведеного дослідження було визначено особливості керування планером та структуру механізмів, що забезпечують процес керування. Наукова новизна. Запропоновано та розроблено мехатронну систему моделі літального апарату типу «Планер» на основі програмно-апаратного комплексу на базі ArduinoUno, який відрізняється від існуючих наявністю програми, яка забезпечує легке налаштування та швидкий запуск літального апарату, що дозволяє досліджувати взаємодію органів керування та виконавчих механізмів польоту. Практична цінність. Розроблений лабораторний стенд на основі літального апарату типу «Планер» розширює можливості вивчення та дослідження електромеханічних процесів систем автоматичного керування складними мехатронними об’єктами.

Стаття присвячена актуальним питанням аналізу процесів формування інвестиційного клімату регіону. Проаналізовано вітчизняний досвід проведення досліджень інвестиційного потенціалу та інвестиційного клімату на регіональному рівні. Проведено аналіз існуючих підходів до трактування поняття «інвестиційний потенціал регіону», а також запропоноване власне тлумачення даного поняття. Систематизовано чинники, котрі мають визначальний вплив на процеси формування інвестиційного потенціалу регіону. В статті знайшли подальший розвиток питання кількісного оцінювання інвестиційного потенціалу регіону а також ідентифікації характеру та напрямів взаємозв'язків між чинниками, котрі визначають особливості формування інвестиційного потенціалу регіону. Проведено якісну оцінку та запропоновано можливий підхід до кількісного оцінювання інвестиційного потенціалу на прикладі окремих регіонів західної частини України. Наведено результати дослідження причинності між показниками субіндексів інвестиційного потенціалу та інтегральним показником інвестиційного потенціалу окремих регіонів західної частини України. Проаналізовано тенденції зміни значень інтегральних показників інвестиційного потенціалу в досліджуваних регіонах.

Розроблено модель декомпонованої ізоляційної домінації чинників впливу на об'єкти підтримки – програмні комплекси чи процеси їх підтримки. Модель забезпечує можливість подальшого розрахунку ймовірностей належності нейронів прихованих шарів інкапсульованої мережі багатошарового перцептрона в моделі суб'єктивного сприйняття об'єкта підтримки відповідними суб'єктами взаємодії з ним. Отже, модель сприяє вирішенню науково-прикладної задачі відновлення меж чинників впливу підтримки програмних комплексів з подальшою можливістю аналізу цих чинників, що входить до комплексу задач науково-прикладної проблеми автоматизації підтримки програмних комплексів. Розроблено відповідний алгоритм забезпечення реалізації механізму трикомпонентної зв'язки моделей декомпонованої ізоляційної домінації чинників впливу. Наведено візуалізацію структурного подання процесів декомпонованої ізоляційної домінації. Розроблено модель декомпонованої ізоляційної домінації чинників впливу на базі кольорових мереж Петрі, побудовано дерево досяжності станів розробленої моделі, що демонструє досяжність та наповненість кожного із станів розробленої моделі, а також дає змогу досліджувати динаміку відповідних процесів моделювання. За допомогою розробленої моделі розв'язано низку прикладних практичних задач, серед яких: відновлення чинників впливу на автоматизацію підтримки програмних комплексів; пошуку та виявлення членів-антагоністів команди підтримки програмного комплексу; а також дослідження динаміки процесів моделювання з допомогою розроблених моделей декомпонованої ізоляційної домінації чинників впливу. Вирішено прикладне практичне завдання пошуку та виявлення членів-антагоністів команди підтримки програмного комплексу забезпечує виявлення членів однієї спільної команди підтримки, бачення яких на об'єкт підтримки (підтримуваний програмний комплекс, чи процеси його підтримки) максимально відмінні серед усіх членів команди. Встановлено, що отримані результати застосування розробленої моделі декомпонованої ізоляційної домінації є актуальними та вагомими під час розв'язання задач аналізу чинників впливу на суб'єктивізацію сприйняття об'єктів підтримки у дослідженнях в напрямі проблематики автоматизації підтримки програмних комплексів.

The article, based on an analysis of the practice of higher military educational institutions, proves the relevance of the problem of forming professional-applied physical training. It establishes that the existing physical training programs have sufficient content, but the components of this training do not function effectively, which does not ensure the real functional readiness of graduates to perform official tasks in combat conditions. The key determinants of professionalapplied physical training of future military specialists are determined. The principles of the educational process for physical education in military educational institutions are substantiated: strengthening the individual health of applicants; achieving a high level of special physical fitness taking into account the specifics of the future profession; increasing mental efficiency; acquiring knowledge in philosophical and practical aspects of physical culture, sports, and health preservation. It is proved that when developing a program of professional-applied physical training in military educational institutions, it is necessary to use the principles of integral spatial-temporal integration, specialized, multidirectional rhythmicity and feedback. Based on the analysis of a number of medical and biological studies, it was found that participation in hostilities leads to significant changes in the functional state of servicemen: an increase in reaction time, a decrease in static and general muscle endurance, a violation of hearing sensitivity, a decrease in maximum oxygen consumption, a violation of regulation of the cardio-respiratory system, and a general decrease in military-professional performance. Based on the study of the conditions of combat situations, a complex of professional-applied skills and abilities of physical training of a military specialist was revealed. In order to optimize the technology of modeling combat conditions in the process of optimizing professional-applied physical training of future officers, the following new concepts were introduced into the educational process of military educational institutions: combat orientation, combat density, combat reality, combat effectiveness. It is proved that the model of combat operations of future officers includes disorienting factors, a set of combat tasks, and extreme conditions for conducting training and combat operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers economic and mathematical models in the context of monetary stimulation of financial and economic development of the smart industry. The article analyses AD-AS, DSGE, VAR, CAP, RBC, Phillips Curve and Cobb-Douglas models. The advantages and disadvantages of the models in the context of monetary stimulation of smart industry development are identified. The analysis has revealed that all the considered models have certain disadvantages, such as complexity of use and lack of clarity in interpreting the results, as well as limited consideration of factors that are important in monetary stimulation of the smart industry. The reviewed VAR model is limited in taking into account all factors affecting economic variables and is sensitive to specification, which leads to significant changes in the final results depending on the included variables and their specification. The CAP model is based on assumptions about market efficiency that do not always correspond to reality, while the RBC model is characterised by the absence of instability and unrealistic assumptions about market behaviour. The Phillips Curve model shows instability when inflation and unemployment respond to economic shocks in different ways, which is unacceptable in the context of monetary stimulation for the development of the smart industry. The analysis identified the advantages and disadvantages of all models, which allowed us to objectively assess the actual conditions of the models. The analysis has shown that, given the above shortcomings and the specifics of the current economic environment, the Cobb-Douglas model is the most effective for analysing and forecasting the development of the smart industry in Ukraine. The other models considered may also be useful for stimulating the development of the smart industry, but they do not provide the same flexibility and ease of use as the Cobb-Douglas model. Thus, given the specifics of monetary policy, the Cobb-Douglas model seems to be the most appropriate tool for analysing and forecasting monetary stimulus for the development of the smart industry in Ukraine. It allows for a wide range of production factors and is simple to analyse and interpret the final results, making it the most suitable for addressing complex issues of monetary stimulation in the context of smart industry development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to improve the application effectiveness of discrete hydraulic actuators. The desired result is achieved by increasing the motion speed of the working body under limited technical conditions. One of the significant factors that limit the motion speed is the dynamic nature of the working body during the braking process. The braking process depends on the parameters of the actuator, the working speed and the inertial loads. The working speed and inertial loads may change during the operation process of the actuator, so they need to be adjusted accordingly. The braking process can also significantly affect the pressure in the hydraulic system of the actuator, therefore, it also needs to be considered during the design. The characteristics prediction of the braking process contributes to maximizing the working speed of the actuator under specific operating conditions, and it also lays the foundation for designing the new actuator scheme according to the specified requirements. The conducted study is based on the developed mathematical model of the discrete hydraulic actuator. The model is characterized by considering the nonlinear friction based on the LuGre model, the bidirectional motion of the asymmetric hydraulic cylinder, and the elastic properties of the fluid. A series of simulation experiments on the braking process of the hydraulic actuator in the discrete control mode were carried out. The quantitative relationship between the rod braking time, the maximum peak pressure in the hydraulic cylinder chambers, the value of the initial rod velocity and the inertial mass of the moving parts are determined. Based on the research results it is possible to predict the braking time of the rod and the maximum peak pressure in the hydraulic cylinder chambers under various operating conditions and inertial loads. These predictions can be used in the settings and design process of hydraulic actuators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory centrifuges are used in various industries. During operation, vibrations occur that lead to resonant frequencies, which in turn impair functionality. This paper presents an overview of the computational model of the HERMLE Z306 laboratory centrifuge used in medical laboratories to separate mixtures of different fractions to determine the dynamic characteristics. The zones of stable operation of the centrifuge and the influence of the rotation speed on the natural frequencies are analytically determined. Experimental results are presented with the influence of imbalances on the dynamic characteristics of the HERMLE Z306 centrifuge. As a result of the modeling, the amplitude-frequency characteristics are determined and a Campbell diagram is constructed. Modeling of dynamic processes in laboratory centrifuges by studying the influence of imbalances on the quality of mixture separation. Determination of zones of stable operation of the centrifuge. Construction of amplitude-frequency characteristics of the centrifuge, determination of zones of stable operation of the laboratory centrifuge during separation and Campbell diagram showing the dependence of natural frequencies on the rotation speed of the HERMLE Z306 centrifuge. This diagram makes it possible to determine the resonance zones. Based on the use of the Lagrange equation of the second kind, a model is obtained that makes it possible to determine the zones of stable operation of the centrifuge. Using experimental equipment, determine the frequency response of the centrifuge and analyze the Campbell diagram to determine the resonance zones. The zones of stable operation of a laboratory centrifuge were analytically determined. The amplitude-frequency characteristics of the HERMLE Z306 centrifuge were constructed, the trajectories of the free end of the shaft were built taking into account the corresponding imbalances, and the resonance zones were experimentally determined. Experimental studies have shown that the free end of a laboratory centrifuge shaft moves along a surface whose shape and, accordingly, the path of movement depend on both the angles of rotation and translational movement that arise as a result of deformations of elastic supports. The analytical and experimental studies made it possible to identify unstable modes and thereby determine the areas of the centrifuge’s operating modes. The separation process will be stable if the roots of the equation have a negative real part, and moreover, the motion will be asymptotically stable in the presence of resistance forces. An experimental technique for determining the dynamic parameters of the centrifuge has been developed. On its basis, the effect of the rotation speed on the natural frequencies was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the development and implementation of a financial model of exports in the context of strategic planning of foreign economic activity of enterprises. The model described in this paper aims to measure, analyse, evaluate and propose improvements to administrative processes by identifying various variables involved in strategic foreign trade planning. This paper is a survey that is being developed for export activities in Ukraine. Exports in Ukraine were analysed to test the methodology and to build an additive model. The model empirically shows the links that exist between the internal functions of a company and its ability to generate performance management indicators and business dynamics as a way to improve processes in strategic foreign trade planning. Some relevant findings from the first two stages of the empirical research conducted to date are presented. Validation has proven that the use of the methodology of strategic planning of foreign economic activity allows you to compensate for investments in new resources by increasing the number of operations carried out eliminating delays and attracting new customers as a result of improving the client's perception of the quality of service. During the audit, it was possible to determine that the delays created in the activities of support systems increase their negative impact on the process, consuming the slack of many actions of the central system and delaying their implementation, negatively affecting foreign economic activity. The model will be useful for enterprises engaged in foreign trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose is to study safe life of industrial (metal) structures under long-time operation in the corrosive-active media of oil and gas wells with the help of neural network analysis. Methods. The MATLAB system (MATrix LABoratory) was selected as the tool environment for interface modelling; the system is developed by Math Works Inc. and is a high-level programming language for technical computations. Of the three existing learning paradigms, we used the "with teacher" learning process, as we believed that a neural network had correct answers (network outputs) for each input example. The coefficients were adjusted so that the network gave answers being as close as possible to the known correct answers. Findings. An artificial neural network has helped obtain a generalized diagram of the expected areas of high viscoplastic characteristics of carbon steels used to manufacture metal structures in the oil and gas industry. While applying the trained neural networks, generalized dependences of the corrosion rates of structural steels on the parameters of media with different concentrations of chlorine ions, sulphate ions, hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen ions were obtained; they were the basis to predict corrosion behaviour of steels. Originality. For the first time, the possibility of applying neural network modelling to predict local corrosion damage of structural pipe steels has been shown in terms of the "steel 20 - oxygen and chloride-containing medium" system. For the first time, the technological possibility has been demonstrated to use neural network analysis for engineering predictive assessment of corrosion activity of binary systems of simulated solutions, which are most often found under industrial conditions of the oil and gas sector of the economy. Practical implications. The proposed technology of using the neural network analysis will make it possible to expand a range of predicted values beyond experimental data, i.e. to predict the value of Vcor in very dilute or concentrated salt solutions within the acidified and neutral pH ranges. It should be noted that the error of the prediction results shown by the neural network will increase along with distancing from the scope of experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of mass digitalization of all existing spheres of human activity, the amount of data is constantly growing and it is crucial to be able to work with such volume of data for the solution of various problems. One of the most common data structures is a time series — a sequence of data points, collected over some period of time, usually in chronological order. The time series comprise various financial indicators, environmental monitoring data, medical information, etc. Wide range of application areas makes the problem of time series analysis important and relevant. The quality of the time series forecast greatly depends on the quality of the performed analysis, which may include data standardization, detection of significant indicators, correlation analysis, etc. Anomaly detection occupies very important place among these steps. Anomalies are data points that differ in some way from other values in the dataset or violate certain data behavior patterns. The presence of similar records greatly affects the ability of machine learning models make accurate predictions, is why it is necessary to have the possibility for the identification of these anomalies. New method of local anomalies identification of the environment state indices using half-wave decomposition has been developed. Main idea of the method is to decompose the time series into half-waves, using trend points where the fall changes growth or vice versa and split the series into fragments. Each fragment is analyzed separately and is checked for anomalies by combining numerous methods. The accuracy of the methods is verified, applying the expert method. Main steps of the proposed method are described and the example of the method usage on real air quality monitoring data obtained from one of the stations of the EcoCity public monitoring network within the international program “Clean Air for Ukraine” is given. The proposed method was implemented and tested on the Kaggle platform’s notebook. The result of the anomaly detection was used for the construction of the Facebook Prophet model and the accuracy of the time series approximation was compared with the results of the Prophet model operation with the default parameters. Tests have shown 11 % decrease of approximation error of time series for RMSE metric and 8 % decrease for MAE metric. This result confirms the effectiveness of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented work was carried out by means of CFD modeling in order to validate the methods of numerical modeling of heat transfer from jets of red-hot gas to water moving in a thick-walled pipe. Such tasks are relevant, because to ensure smooth and efficient operation of boiler units, it is important to correctly determine the local heat flows from the flame torch to the screen pipes. The scientific novelty of the work consists in determining the correct methodology for building computer models of combustion and gas transport, which in the future will significantly expand the range of factors that can be involved in predicting the behavior of energy equipment. The simulation of combustion of the methane-air mixture was performed in the environment of the ANSYS Student software complex using the Species Transport model. The finite-element mesh is hydridic. It was determined that the results of simulation of heat transfer from jets of incandescent gas to moving water through the wall of a thick-walled pipe separating them in SolidWorks Simulation and ANSYS-Fluent and ANSYS-CFX completely coincide. When the flow model is replaced by the combustion model, it is shown that the ignition of the mixture will occur in the calculated volume, and not immediately after the cut of the flame stabilizer. Differences in the temperature fields of the calculated volume, which were calculated by means of Fluent and CFX, were also determined. This is due to the fact that during the development of the model it was not possible for objective reasons to identically configure the Species Transport model used in Fluent and the RIF library of CFX combustion kinetics. In addition, it was determined that in the case of modeling the transport and combustion of gases, the temperature field of the pipe wall does not have sharply expressed overheated zones, as in the case of washing with a jet of red-hot gas. This indirectly indicates that thermal loads on the pipe wall will be less and the risk of the pipe burning out is reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient functioning of the labour market is impossible without ensuring equal opportunities for all agents involved in the system of labour and economic relations. It is especially important to study the role of the state in this process as the main regulator of social relations. The purpose of this study was to analyse the possibilities of preventing inequality in the labour market with the help of legal instruments, in particular legislation. The main research methods used were analysis, modelling and forecasting. The study examined the dynamics and global trends of labour market inequality, emphasising the changes resulting from globalisation and liberalisation. It also assessed the impact of migration on employment, particularly in view of the movement of people from war-torn regions. To describe the current trends, supply and demand in the current labour market were studied. The legislation of North Macedonia was assessed in the context of combating inequality and discrimination in the labour market. It is concluded that, despite the existence of a certain set of laws and acts, there are still problems related primarily to gender discrimination. Certain recommendations are offered to improve the situation both in the legal framework and in some other areas: economic, social, and cultural. It was concluded that the use of a comprehensive policy, the key approaches to which were proposed in this study, would achieve significantly better results in terms of ensuring equality in the labour market in North Macedonia. The findings can be used to improve public policies and legislation to combat labour market inequality in North Macedonia. In addition, the information described can also be used by entrepreneurs to create long-term development strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern computer modeling is an important stage in the design of control systems for the distribution of information flows in computer networks and in modern control systems for complex technological processes. The core of any computer model is a source of randomness, which should generate a uniformly distributed stream of random integers or real numbers. In addition to the uniformity of distribution, such a source must meet the requirements of economic use of computing system resources. An analysis of simple arithmetic generators is given and, based on it, it is shown that generators such as the Fibonacci sequence generator with a delay and the Xorshift generator proposed by J. Marsaglia are suitable as a generator for the needs of modeling stochastic processes, which are an alternative to the random number generators built into existing programming environment. On the basis of the conducted research, it was concluded that any unevenness of the numbers at the output of the generator chosen as a source of randomness significantly affects the quality of the process to be modeled, and because of this, the numerical flows from such generators should be additionally processed by methods extraction of that part of them that provides maximum randomness. The method of performing such extraction by "slicing" the input stream, the criteria used in this, and the results of its experimental research for the Xorshift128 generator are presented. A conclusion is made about the advantages of using simple and economical generators in a heap with post-processing procedures performed at the level of integers or real numbers. The results of the evaluation of the Xorshift generator, taking into account the methods described in the work, are given, and a conclusion is made about the feasibility of its use for the needs of modeling stochastic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we consider a class of centred kernel quadratic stochastic operators. We prove that in this class a centred kernel quadratic stochastic operator convergences almost surely and in L² with an exponential L²-rate to its limit distribution. We propose an approximation scheme for this class of quadratic stochastic operators and describe three algorithms for simulating them. We consider in detail an example where the kernel is a Guassian one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of studies of the initial structures of high temperature resistant sealing coatings with yttrium content of 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% in the composition of KNA-82 ligatures, which were previously formed by gas flame and ion plasma methods on small-sized prototypes, are presented. The changes in the physical state of the samples in terms of mass gain during the simulation of static high-temperature loading by holding them in a confined space of an electric furnace at a temperature of 1100 оC were evaluated. It is determined that the mass gain of samples with increasing yttrium content varies linearly and significantly differs from the nature of the mass gain under the conditions of modelling dynamic loading in a burning iso-octanepropane-butane gas mixture at a temperature of 950-1020 ℃. It is determined that the maximum mass increase for gas-flame coatings under static loading is 30-35% at the yttrium concentration of 0.3-0.5%. However, for ionoplasma coatings with the same yttrium concentration, the mass gain is almost 2 times less than that of gas flame coatings. Comparing the peculiarities of changes in the rate of increase in the mass of coatings under dynamic conditions of high-temperature loading, a graphical model of changes in the physical state of coatings was obtained, according to which the minimum amount of secondary compounds will occur at the gas-flame method of formation with a yttrium concentration of 0.1% to 0.47%, at the ion-plasma method of formation with a concentration of 0.25% to 0.35% (under conditions of a slight increase in oxygen in the interaction medium). It was determined that, without taking into account the time of structural-phase transformations and chemical reactions, the weight gain of coating materials under static loading is much greater than under dynamic loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]