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Recent studies on migration tend to emphasize its 'transnationality' and 'internationality' due to the increasing number1 of international migrants and their1 communities along with the acceleration of globalization. However, irrespective of whether migration takes place in a domestic or international sphere, migration itself causes economic, physical, and mental stress to those who move from one place to another. In this paper, by focusing on migration patterns of Japanese who finally found their way to Kona, the Big Island of Hawai'i, after having experienced both international and domestic migrations, I intend to examine and compare the backgrounds, mechanisms, and processes of these migrations, By incorporating the domestic migration into the discussion of migration studies, I also aim to critically examine the premise that recent migration studies tend to highlight--'settlement' after first migration--and suggest the importance of examination of further migrations, [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] Notes (1) [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (2) [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (3) [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (4) [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] [...]

This paper examines the way considerations of race factored into the colonisation of Hawai'i and its subsequent governance of immigration and different racial groups. Throughout the nineteenth century, the Kingdom of Hawai'i faced unprecedented demographic change due to its rapidly declining native population and inflows of people from abroad. To preserve its sovereignty, the kingdom attempted to forge solidarity with Japan and Samoa governed by nonwhite people under threat of Western colonisation. Although official rule by European and American settlers did not start until the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1893, they steadily expanded their influence over Hawaiian politics and economy by monopolising the sugar industry. Wary of the effects of nineteenth-century geopolitics, the kingdom attempted to resist the establishment of a white-dominated society that pursued its political, economic, and social agenda through the management of sugar plantations and the opening up of immigration. In the process of stabilising and maintaining the kingdom's sovereignty in the late nineteenth century, nonwhiteness became a significant racial foundation to confront the white dominance in the Islands and to establish an ally with nonwhite peoples and nations in the Asia-Pacific basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies on migration tend to emphasize its "transnationality" and "internationality" due to the increasing number of international migrants and their communities along with the acceleration of globalization. However, irrespective of whether migration takes place in a domestic or international sphere, migration itself causes economic, physical, and mental stress to those who move from one place to another. In this paper, by focusing on migration patterns of Japanese who finally found their way to Kona, the Big Island of Hawai'i, after having experienced both international and domestic migrations, I intend to examine and compare the backgrounds, mechanisms, and processes of these migrations. By incorporating the domestic migration into the discussion of migration studies, I also aim to critically examine the premise that recent migration studies tend to highlight--"settlement" after first migration-and suggest the importance of examination of further migrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have previously cloned three distinct isoforms of group IB phospholipase A2 (PLA2), hepatopancreas DE-1 and DE-2 PLA2 and gill G-3 PLA2, from the red sea bream Chrysophrys major and found that they are expressed in a tissue-specific manner in the red sea bream. To understand the function of three group IB PLA2 isoforms, we constructed a bacterial expression system for DE-1, DE-2 and G-3 PLA2. The cDNAs encoding for mature PLA2 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subcloned in-frame with a glutathione S-transferase (GST) encoded by the vector pGEX-4T-1. The resulting plasmids were used to transform Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. Three recombinant PLA2 were expressed as a fusion protein with GST in E. coli cells by induction of Isopropyl-1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside. The bacterial cells were lyzed with strong alkaline solution and the fusion proteins were recovered as a soluble form. The fusion proteins were purified with affinity chromatography and cleaved by trypsin. Then, the recombinant DE-1 and G-3PLA2 were purified to near homogeneity by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the recombinant DE-2 PLA2 by ion exchange chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC. Enzyme properties of purified recombinant DE-1, DE-2 and G-3 PLA2 were found to be essentially the same as those of native PLA2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While microbial biogeochemical activities such as those involving denitrification and sulfate reduction have been considered to play important roles in material cycling in various aquatic ecosystems, our current understanding of the microbial community in groundwater ecosystems is remarkably insufficient. To assess the groundwater in the Ryukyu limestone aquifer of Okinawa Island, which is located in the southernmost region of Japan, we performed metagenomic analysis on the microbial communities at the three sites and screened for functional genes associated with nitrogen metabolism. 16S rRNA amplicon analysis showed that bacteria accounted for 94-98% of the microbial communities, which included archaea at all three sites. The bacterial communities associated with nitrogen metabolism shifted by month at each site, indicating that this metabolism was accomplished by the bacterial community as a whole. Interestingly, site 3 contained much higher levels of the denitrification genes such as narG and napA than the other two sites. This site was thought to have undergone denitrification that was driven by high quantities of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In contrast, site 2 was characterized by a high nitrate-nitrogen (NO 3 -N) content and a low amount of DOC, and this site yielded a moderate amount of denitrification genes. Site 1 showed markedly low amounts of all nitrogen metabolism genes. Overall, nitrogen metabolism in the Ryukyu limestone aquifer was found to change based on environmental factors., (© 2024. The Author(s).)