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Background: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one of the leading causes of mortality in intensive care units. The role of systemic hyperintense inflammation (SHI) in the pathogenesis of critical complications of ICH remains a poorly understood problem. There is a specific variant of severe ICH associated with increased intracranial pressure and occlusion of intracranial vessels, defined as ineffective cerebral blood flow (IECBF). Methods: To evaluate the role of SHI in the pathogenesis of severe (comatose) ICH in a dynamic comparison of patients with IECBF (n-26) and without IECBF (n-52). The SHI integral score criterion (SI scale) was used, including certain values of plasma concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10; TNF-α, PCT, cortisol, myoglobin, troponin I, D-dimer, and, additionally, SOFA scale values. Blood levels of ACTH and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) were also assessed. Results: Twenty-eight-day mortality in severe ICH reached 84.6% (without IECBF) and 96.2% (with IECBF). Clear signs of SHI were detected in 61.5%/87.8% (without IECBF) and 0.0%/8.7% (with IECBF) within 1–3/5–8 days from the onset of ICH manifestation. The lower probability of developing SHI in the IECBF group was associated with low blood NSE concentrations. Conclusions: The development of SHI in ICH is pathogenetically related to the permeability of the blood–brain barrier for tissue breakdown products and other neuroinflammatory factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stock markets are frequently among the most volatile locations to invest in. The choice to buy or sell stocks is heavily influenced by statistical analysis of prior stock performance and external circumstances. All these variables are employed to maximize profitability. Stock value prediction is a hard undertaking that necessitates a solid computational foundation to compute longer-term share values. Stock prices are connected inside the market, making it harder to forecast expenses. Financial data is a category that includes past data from time series that provides a lot of knowledge and is frequently employed in data analysis tasks. This research provides a unique optimisation strategy for stock price prediction based on a Multi-Layer Sequential Long Short Term Memory (MLS LSTM) model and the adam optimizer in this context. Furthermore, to make reliable predictions, the MLS LSTM algorithm uses normalised time series data separated into time steps to assess the relationship between past and future values. Furthermore, it solves the vanishing gradient problem that plagues basic recurrent neural networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate serum NSE's biomarker potential in patients with sepsis-associated encephalopathy and has the possibility of informing future clinical practice. • We will use appropriate methodologies and quality assessment tools that may feed into an evidence-based clinical practice. Brain dysfunction in sepsis is known as sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), which often results in severe cognitive and neurological sequelae and increases the risk of death. Neuron specific enolase (NSE) may serve as an important neurocritical biomarker for detection and longitudinal monitoring in SAE patients. Our systematic review and meta -analysis will aim to explore the diagnostic and prognostic value of serum NSE in SAE patients. Currently, no systematic review and meta -analysis have been assessed that NSE as a biomarker of SAE. We will conduct a systematic review and meta -analysis of serum NSE for the diagnostic and prognostic value of SAE patients. The primary objective is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of serum NSE as an independent biomarker for SAE. The secondary objective is to determine the prognostic strength of serum NSE as an independent biomarker of mortality in septic patients determine. We will perform a systematic search and descriptive review using the MEDLINE database and the PubMed interface. We will assign two independent reviewers to review all collected titles and associated abstracts, review full articles, and extract study data. We will use the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies version 2 (QUADAS-2) assessment tool according to the recommendation by the Cochrane Collaboration to evaluate quality and risk of bias of the selected studies. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses will also be used to assess heterogeneity. Review Manager version 5.4 and Stata16.0. will be used for statistical analysis. The meta -analysis will provide ICU physicians with the most current information to predict which patients are at risk of SAE and take corresponding intervention measures to reduce morbidity and ameliorate neurological outcomes. There is no need for ethics approval for this review. The findings will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal. Trial registration number: CRD42023398736. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is one of the biomarkers used as an indicator of brain disorder, but since it is also found in blood cell components, there is a concern that a spurious increase in NSE may occur after cardiovascular surgery, where cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) causes hemolysis. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between the degree of hemolysis and NSE after cardiovascular surgery and the usefulness of immediate postoperative NSE values in the diagnosis of brain disorder. A retrospective study of 198 patients who underwent surgery with CPB in the period from May 2019 to May 2021 was conducted. Postoperative NSE levels and Free hemoglobin (F-Hb) levels were compared in both groups. In addition, to verify the relationship between hemolysis and NSE, we examined the correlation between F-Hb levels and NSE levels. We also examined whether different surgical procedures could produce an association between hemolysis and NSE. Among 198 patients, 20 had postoperative stroke (Group S) and 178 had no postoperative stroke (Group U). There was no significant difference in postoperative NSE levels and F-Hb levels between Group S and Group U (p = 0.264, p = 0.064 respectively). F-Hb and NSE were weakly correlated (r = 0.29. p < 0.01). In conclusion, NSE level immediately after cardiac surgery with CPB is modified by hemolysis rather than brain injury, therefore it would be unreliable as a biomarker of brain disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Stock Exchange is an economic indicator of sustainability in the global market over an extended period. The Indian economy has observed a downfall in foreign currency in quarter 2 of 2022, as per the reports of the International Monitory Fund. The central banks of many countries have been facing crises because of a piercing decline in their reserves, which is additionally affecting their sustainable performance. The Indian economy is one of the most potentially sound economies emerging as a global leader, and this study is an attempt to understand the economy's vulnerability to foreign factors. Purpose: The research explores the impact of the US Dollar, EURO and Japanese Yen on Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange Index. Methodology: Four variables have been considered for the conduct of the study: Sensex, Nifty, inflation and foreign exchange. Sensex and Nifty have been taken as dependent variables, while foreign exchange and inflation have been taken as independent variables. The regression analysis has been performed using Microsoft Excel: The variables used for the study are monthly values from January 2011 to December 2020. The specific period is selected to avoid the impact of COVID-19 on the stock market, avoiding biases in the results. Findings: All the variables are affecting the performance of each other up to a certain level. Practical Implication: The research chapter will help the investor understand the relationship between many variables and their impact on the stock market, which will assist them in gaining higher profits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the discovery of the neuron-specific protein by Moore and McGregor in 1965, tens of thousands of studies have investigated the basic and applied significance of neuron-specific enolase (NSE). This promising biomarker, according to many researchers, has not found widespread use in clinical practice, particularly in acute cerebrovascular accidents. Moreover, the several studies refuting the usefulness of serum NSE measurement in critically ill patients leads us to consider the reasons for such contradictory conclusions. In this article, we have analyzed the main directions in the study of NSE and expressed our perspective on the reasons for the contradictory results and the difficulties in implementing the results of these studies in clinical practice. In our opinion, the method of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) used in the majority of the studies is inappropriate for the evaluation of NSE as a marker of central nervous system damage, because it does not allow for the differentiation of heterodimers of enolases and the assessment of the enzymatic activity of this group of enzymatic proteins. Therefore, the methodological approach for the evaluation of NSE (γγ-enolase) as a biomarker needs to be elaborated and improved. Furthermore, the specificity of the applied research methods and the appropriateness of the continued use of the term "neuron-specific enolase" must be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstrak Data hidrologi dalam menentukan besaran debit adalah curah hujan dan klimatologi. Salah satu tempat di sungai Cimanuk yang memiliki pos duga air adalah Cimanuk-Bojongloa. Data debit selain dari hasil observasi, juga bisa menggunakan pemodelan. Model yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah model NRECA dan model Sacramento. Data curah hujan untuk kalibrasi dengan empat pos, yaitu Pamegatan, Pangauban, Kapakan, dan Bayongbong dari tahun 2017 sampai 2021. Curah hujan rata-rata dihitung dengan metode Thiessen. Kalibrasi model untuk memperoleh parameter kalibrasi terbaik sehingga debit pemodelan akan mendekati debit observasi. Pemodelan debit menggunakan data harian dari tahun 2012 sampai 2021. Hasil kalibrasi pada model NRECA, yaitu PSUB, GWF, dan Wo adalah masing-masing 0,9; 0,2; 600; dan nilai NSE adalah -1,557. Pada model Sacramento hasil kalibrasi adalah UZTW sebesar 25; UZFW sebesar 400; LZTW sebesar 600; LZFS sebesar 20; dan LZFP sebesar 40. Nilai NSE pada model Sacramento adalah 0,471. Kata kunci: kalibrasi, NRECA, NSE, Sacramento Abstract Hydrological data in determining the amount of discharge is rainfall and climatology. One of the places on the Cimanuk river that has a water observation post is Cimanuk-Bojongloa. Discharge data apart from measurement results, can also use modeling. The models used in this research are the NRECA model and the Sacramento model. Rainfall data for calibration with four station namely Pamegatan, Pangauban, Kapakan, and Bayongbong from 2017 to 2021. Average rainfall is calculated using the Thiessen method. Calibrate the model to obtain the best calibration parameters so that the modeled discharge will be close to the observed discharge. Discharge modeling uses daily data from 2012 to 2021. The calibration results for the NRECA model, namely PSUB, GWF, and Wo are 0.9 each; 0.2; 600; and the NSE value is -1.557. In the Sacramento model the calibration results are UZTW 25; UZFW 400; LZTW 600; LZFS 20; and LZFP 40. The NSE value in the Sacramento model is 0.471. Keywords: calibration, NRECA, NSE, Sacramento

Introduction COVID-19 is a relevant issue for scientists around the world. Considering the development of numerous complications due to COVID-19, the search for diagnostic approaches for the timely detection of probable lesions of the nervous system is urgent. Objectives was to determine the diagnostic and prognostic value of the NSE marker in children with COVID-19 regarding the complicated course and symptoms of nervous system damage. Materials and Methods We conducted a cohort, observational, retrospective study involving 88 children aged 1 month to 18 years with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 by PCR. Blood serum was collected for the study to assess the level of the neurobiomarker NSE by enzyme immunoassay. We divided patients into two cohorts according to the course of the disease - the main one, which included 42 patients with a complicated course of COVID-19, and a control group - 46 patients with an uncomplicated course of the disease. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the hospital. Results: In the patients of the control group, NSE was observed at the level of 12.1±1.2 µg/l, while in the children of the main one, the indicator reached 16.9±1.5 µg/l (p=0.087). Increase in the level of NSE above 15 µg/L associated with a significant increase in the risk of the appearance of clinical symptoms of damage to the nervous system and a complicated course in children with COVID-19 (p<0.05). We noted a tendency towards an increase in NSE with increased ESR indicators >10mm/h (p<0.1), a decrease in PTI <85% (p=0,03) and an increase in D-dimer >2.5mg/l (p<0.1). Conclusions We found the diagnostic and prognostic value of the NSE marker in children with COVID-19 regarding the complicated course and symptoms of nervous system damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate identification of delirium in sepsis patients is crucial for guiding clinical diagnosis and treatment. However, there are no accurate biomarkers and indicators at present. We aimed to identify which combinations of cognitive impairment-related biomarkers and other easily accessible assessments best predict delirium in sepsis patients. One hundred and one sepsis patients were enrolled in a prospective study cohort. S100B, NSE, and BNIP3 L biomarkers were detected in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid and patients' optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD). The optimal biomarkers identified by Logistic regression are combined with other factors such as ONSD to filter out the perfect model to predict delirium in sepsis patients through Logistic regression, Naïve Bayes, decision tree, and neural network models. Among all biomarkers, compared with BNIP3 L (AUC =.706, 95% CI =.597–.815) and NSE (AUC =.711, 95% CI =.609–.813) in cerebrospinal fluid, plasma S100B (AUC =.729, 95% CI =.626–.832) had the best discrimination performance for delirium in sepsis patients. Logistic regression analysis showed that the combination of cerebrospinal fluid BNIP3 L with plasma S100B, ONSD, neutrophils, and age provided the best discrimination to cognitive impairment in sepsis patients (accuracy =.901, specificity =.923, sensitivity =.911), which was better than Naïve Bayes, decision tree, and neural network models. Neutrophils, ONSD, and cerebrospinal fluid BNIP3 L were consistently the major contributors in a few models. The logistic regression showed that the combination model was strongly correlated with cognitive dysfunction in sepsis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the herd behaviour at sector level in the National Stock Exchange of India. The novel objective of the paper is to analyse the presence of herd behaviour during the whole, pre- and post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak period. The popular model proposed by Chang et al. (2000) has been deployed to examine herd formation in each sector. Five major sectors namely auto, bank, fast moving consumer goods, information technology and pharma have been considered along with NIFTY50 consisting daily closing prices of 106 companies comprising 58 from five sectoral indices and 48 from NIFTY50 for the period from 2011 to 2021 considering 1 January 2011–29 January 2020 as before COVID-19 outbreak period and 30 January 2020–31 December 2021 as after COVID-19 outbreak period. Results revealed significant evidence of anti-herd behaviour before COVID19 outbreak. At the same time, significant evidence of the existence of herd behaviour in FMCG, auto and pharma sectors have been detected after the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic which assumes that investors tend to imitate the investment decisions of other market participants during such adverse macro events around the globe. The study tried to enhance the knowledge of investors to develop their trading strategies in the volatile market conditions by investing vigilantly and keeping such phenomenon in concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adrenal glands play a key role in maintaining the physiological balance of birds and helping them to survive environmental changes. The objective of the present work was to give a detailed investigation of the histological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical findings of the adrenal gland in Japanese quail during the prehatching phase. The current study was performed on 45 healthy Japanese quail embryos at different prehatching periods. Our results showed the primordium of the quail's adrenocortical tissue appeared at 3 days of incubation as a thickening of the splanchnic mesoderm. The prospective chromaffin cells appeared at 5 days as clusters of cells migrated from the neural crest cells along the dorsal aorta toward the interrenal tissue. TH immunoreactivity was observed in the neural crest cells during their migration toward the adrenal primordium. Furthermore, these TH immunopositive cells were intermingled with the developing interrenal cell cords that developed from the coelomic epithelium. NSE immunostaining was detected within the cytoplasm of interrenal cells, chromaffin cells, and ganglion cells. Sox10 is expressed in chromaffin and ganglion cells with different staining intensities. On the 13th day of prehatching, both interrenal and chromaffin cells were β‐catenin immunonegative, but on the 17th day, both cells were immunopositively. Our findings show that during prenatal life, the adrenal gland undergoes significant morphological changes. Together, the present data suggest that studying the prenatal development of the adrenal gland in birds is important for advancing our understanding of this critical organ and its functions. Research Highlights: The present study aimed to give a detailed study of the histological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical investigations of the adrenal gland in Japanese quail during the prehatching period.The interrenal primordium was observed on the third embryonic day, on the fifth ED the primordium of the chromaffin tissue appeared as row of migrating neural crest cell.At the ultrastructural level, the interrenal cells take steroid‐secreting cells characters, they have varying amounts of lipid droplets and abundant mitochondria at 15th ED contained moderate number of lysosomes and mitochondria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in lifelong disability. Currently, the literature suggests that biomarkers are helpful in prognosticating SCI, but there is no specific biomarker to date. This is the first study that predicted the prognosis dynamically using biomarkers. Aim: To elucidate the role of biomarkers in prognosticating acute traumatic SCI. Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 35 patients of acute traumatic SCI at presentation, immediate post-op, and at 6 weeks. At 6 months follow-up, patients were divided into two groups, i.e, improved and non-improved based on the improvement in the ASIA grade compared to presentation. A non-parametric test was used for comparing mean NSE, MMP-2, S100-B, and NF serum levels at presentation, immediate post-op, and 6 weeks post-op follow-up between the two groups. Results: There was a significant difference (p = 0.03) in the NF values at presentation between the two groups. The difference of NSE values at 6 weeks was also significant (p = 0.016) between the two groups. S-100B levels were also significantly different between both groups at presentation (p=0.016), and at the immediate post-op stage (p=0.007). MMP-2 levels neither displayed any specific trend nor any significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: Higher NF values at presentation, and higher S-100B levels at presentation and immediate post-operative period correlated with poor outcome. Also, increased NSE values after surgery are indicative of no improvement. These levels can be used at various stages to predict the prognosis. However, further studies are required on this topic extensively to know the exact cut-off values of these markers to predict the prognosis accurately. Clinical trials registry number: REF/2020/01/030616 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To observe the effects of rehabilitation training combined with hyperbaric oxygen on cerebrovascular dynamics, vascular endothelial function and serum neuron specific enolase (NSE), ubiquitin carboxyl terminal hydrolase (UCH-L1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage after operation. Methods: 112 patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage who underwent minimally invasive drilling and drainage surgery at our hospital from March 2021 to December 2022 were divided into a control group (n=56, receiving routine rehabilitation training) and an observation group (n=56, combining hyperbaric oxygen intervention with the control group) according to the random number table method.The scale scores [activities of daily living scale-ｍodified Barthel index(MBI), Fugl-Meyer motor function rating scale (FMA), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)], cerebrovascular dynamics indexes [mean blood flow (Qmean), peripheral resistance (R), mean blood flow velocity (Vmean)], vascular endothelial function [endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitric oxide (NO)], serum NSE, UCH-L1, GFAP levels and adverse reactions were compared between two groups. Results: Compared with control group after intervention, the MBI and FMA scores in observation group were higher, and the NIHSS score was lower (P<0.05). Compared with control group after intervention, the Vmean and Qmean in observation group were higher, and the R was lower (P<0.05). Compared with control group after intervention, NSE, UCH-L1 and GFAP in observation group were lower (P<0.05). Compared with control group after intervention, NO was higher and ET-1 was lower in observation group (P<0.05). There was no difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Rehabilitation training combined with hyperbaric oxygen intervention in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage after operation, which can effectively improve cerebrovascular dynamics, vascular endothelial function and serum NSE, UCH-L1, GFAP levels, reduce neurological damage, and improve self-care ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Concussive and subconcussive head impatcs in sports have drawn more attention in recent years. Thus, the cognitive ability of soccer players and its relationship with circulating levels of irisin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) were studied in this study. Fifteen amateur soccer players and 15 sedentary men volunteered to participate in this study. After evaluating the aerobic and anaerobic capacities of the participants, their cognitive performances were measured. Blood samples were obtained at rest, and the ELISA method was used to measure the concentrations of serum NSE, plasma BDNF, and irisin. There were no differences between groups in terms of cognitive abilities or serum NSE levels (P > 0.05). Plasma irisin (P = 0.019) and BDNF (P < 0.001) levels were higher in the soccer players than the sedentary subjects. There was a positive correlation between irisin and NSE (r = 0.461, P = 0.010) and BDNF (r = 0.405, P = 0.007) concentrations. General cognitive performance is maintained in amateur soccer players. This is accompanied by the unchanged NSE. However, elevated irisin and BDNF levels appear to be independent of cognitive performance.

Simple Summary: Chemotherapy using carboplatin and etoposide (CE) is often proposed to treat metastatic prostate cancer (mPC), both primary small-cell neuroendocrine (PSC-NE) and adenocarcinoma. We aimed to investigate the benefit of CE, especially in patients with heavily pretreated adenocarcinoma. In this retrospective series, we showed that the reports of clinical results of CE indicate that we should not mix PSC-NE and adenocarcinoma. In patients with PSC-NE, 58.8% had a radiological response to CE and median progression-free survival was 7.9 months. In pretreated patients with adenocarcinoma, the benefit/risk ratio of CE seems unfavorable with poor response and high toxicity irrespective of the elevation of neuroendocrine markers. Background: Chemotherapy using carboplatin and etoposide (CE) is frequently pragmatically proposed to treat metastatic prostate cancer (mPC), both primary small-cell neuroendocrine (PSC-NE) carcinoma and adenocarcinoma with or without neuroendocrine (NE) marker elevation. However, the real benefit of CE is poorly reported in the recent therapeutic context. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the efficacy and tolerance of CE chemotherapy in these three different groups of mPC patients. Efficacy endpoints included radiological response, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS), as well as PSA response and PFS2/PFS1 ratio in patients with adenocarcinoma. Results: Sixty-nine patients were included in this single-center study (N = 18 with PSC-NE carcinoma and 51 with adenocarcinoma with (N = 18) or without (N = 33) NE marker elevation). Patients with adenocarcinoma were highly pretreated with next-generation hormonal agents (NHAs) and taxanes. In patients with adenocarcinoma, a PSA response ≥50% was observed in six patients (15.8%), four of whom had NE marker elevation. The radiological response was higher in PSC-NE and tended to be higher in adenocarcinoma when NE marker elevation was present. Comparing patients with adenocarcinoma with vs. without NE marker elevation, the median PFS was 3.7 and 2.1 months and the median OS was 7.7 and 4.7 months, respectively. Overall, 62.3% of patients experienced grade 3–4 adverse events (mainly hematological), and three treatment-related deaths were recorded. Conclusion: Reports of the clinical results of CE suggest that we should not mix PSC-NE and castration-resistant adenocarcinoma of the prostate. In patients with heavily pretreated adenocarcinoma, the benefit/risk ratio of CE chemotherapy seems unfavorable due to poor response and high toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Differential diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) in hospitalized patients is crucial for appropriate treatment choice. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relevance of serum tumor markers (STMs) and their combinations for the differentiation of NSCLC and SCLC subtypes. METHODS: Between 2000 and 2003, 10 established STMs were assessed retrospectively in 311 patients with NSCLC, 128 with SCLC prior systemic first-line therapy and 51 controls with benign lung diseases (BLD), by automatized electrochemiluminescence immunoassay technology. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of both individual and multiple STMs with corresponding sensitivities at 90% specificity. Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD guidelines) were followed. RESULTS: CYFRA 21-1 (cytokeratin-19 fragment), CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) and NSE (neuron specific enolase) were significantly higher in all lung cancers vs BLD, reaching AUCs of 0.81 (95% CI 0.76–0.87), 0.78 (0.73–0.84), and 0.88 (0.84–0.93), respectively. By the three marker combination, the discrimination between benign and all malignant cases was improved resulting in an AUC of 0.93 (95% CI 0.90–0.96). In NSCLC vs. BLD, CYFRA 21-1, CEA and NSE were best discriminative STMs, with AUCs of 0.86 (95% CI 0.81–0.91), 0.80 (0.74–0.85), and 0.85 (0.79–0.91). The three marker combination also improved the AUC: 0.92; 95% CI 0.89–0.96). In SCLC vs. BLD, ProGRP (pro-gastrin-releasing peptide) and NSE were best discriminative STMs, with AUCs of 0.89 (95% CI 0.84–0.94) and 0.96 (0.93–0.98), respectively, and slightly improved AUC of 0.97 (95% CI 0.95–0.99) when in combination. Finally, discrimination between SCLC and NSCLC was possible by ProGRP (AUC 0.86; 95% CI 0.81–0.91), NSE (AUC 0.83; 0.78–0.88) and CYFRA 21-1 (AUC 0.69; 0.64–0.75) and by the combination of the 3 STMs (AUC 0.93; 0.91–0.96), with a sensitivity of 88% at 90% specificity. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm the power of STM combinations for the differential diagnosis of lung cancer from benign lesions and between histological lung cancer subtypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Therapeutic possibilities for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have considerably increased during recent decades. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the prognostic relevance of serum tumor markers (STM) for early and late-stage NSCLC patients treated with classical chemotherapies, novel targeted and immune therapies. METHODS: A PubMed database search was conducted for prognostic studies on carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin-19 fragment (CYFRA 21-1), neuron-specific enolase, squamous-cell carcinoma antigen, progastrin-releasing-peptide, CA125, CA 19-9 and CA 15-3 STMs in NSCLC patients published from 2008 until June 2022. RESULTS: Out of 1069 studies, 141 were identified as meeting the inclusion criteria. A considerable heterogeneity regarding design, patient number, analytical and statistical methods was observed. High pretherapeutic CYFRA 21-1 levels and insufficient decreases indicated unfavorable prognosis in many studies on NSCLC patients treated with chemo-, targeted and immunotherapies or their combinations in early and advanced stages. Similar results were seen for CEA in chemotherapy, however, high pretherapeutic levels were sometimes favorable in targeted therapies. CA125 is a promising prognostic marker in patients treated with immunotherapies. Combinations of STMs further increased the prognostic value over single markers. CONCLUSION: Protein STMs, especially CYFRA 21-1, have prognostic potential in early and advanced stage NSCLC. For future STM investigations, better adherence to comparable study designs, analytical methods, outcome measures and statistical evaluation standards is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Despite successful response to first line therapy, patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) often suffer from early relapses and disease progression. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relevance of serum tumor markers for estimation of prognosis at several time points during the course of disease. METHODS: In a prospective, single-center study, serial assessments of progastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), cytokeratin-19 fragments (CYFRA 21-1) and carcino-embryogenic antigen (CEA) were performed during and after chemotherapy in 232 SCLC patients, and correlated with therapy response and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: ProGRP, NSE and CYFRA 21-1 levels decreased quickly after the first chemotherapy cycle and correlated well with the radiological response. Either as single markers or in combination they provided valuable prognostic information regarding OS at all timepoints investigated: prior to first-line therapy, after two treatment cycles in patients with successful response to first-line therapy, and prior to the start of second-line therapy. Furthermore, they were useful for continuous monitoring during and after therapy and often indicated progressive disease several months ahead of radiological changes. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate the great potential of ProGRP, NSE and CYFRA 21-1 for estimating prognosis and monitoring of SCLC patients throughout the course of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: For lung cancer, circulating tumor markers (TM) are available to guide clinical treatment decisions. To ensure adequate accuracy, pre-analytical instabilities need to be known and addressed in the pre-analytical laboratory protocols. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the pre-analytical stability of CA125, CEA, CYFRA 21.1, HE4 and NSE for the following pre-analytical variables and procedures; i) whole blood stability, ii) serum freeze-thaw cycles, iii) electric vibration mixing and iv) serum storage at different temperatures. METHODS: Left-over patient samples were used and for every investigated variable six patient samples were used and analysed in duplicate. Acceptance criteria were based on analytical performance specifications based on biological variation and significant differences with baseline. RESULTS: Whole blood was stable for at least 6 hours for all TM except for NSE. Two freeze-thaw cycles were acceptable for all TM except CYFRA 21.1. Electric vibration mixing was allowed for all TM except for CYFRA 21.1. Serum stability at 4°C was 7 days for CEA, CA125, CYFRA 21.1 and HE4 and 4 hours for NSE. CONCLUSIONS: Critical pre-analytical processing step conditions were identified that, if not taken into account, will result in reporting of erroneous TM results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effects of different doses of penehyclidine hydrochloride before anesthesia induction on oxidative stress, serum S100β, neuron-specific enolase（NSE） and brain-derived neurotrophic factor（BDNF） in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy（LC). Methods: 150 elderly patients who underwent elective LC in our hospital from January 2019 to December 2022 were divided into high dose group（penehyclidine hydrochloride 0.015 mg/kg), middle dose group（penehyclidine hydrochloride 0.01mg/kg） and low dose group（penehyclidine hydrochloride 0.005 mg/kg） according to the random number table method,with 50 cases in each group.The hemodynamic indexes [heart rate（HR), mean arterial pressure（MAP)], oxidative stress indexes [superoxide dismutase（SOD), malondialdehyde（MDA） and total antioxidant capacity（T-AOC)], serum levels of S100β, NSE and BDNF, incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction（POCD） and incidence of adverse reactions were compared among three groups. Results:HR and MAP in middle dose group were lower than those in low dose group and high dose group from 5 min after laryngeal mask placement（T1） to 10 min after stopping pneumoperitoneum（T4）（P＜0.05). The MDA in middle dose group was lower than that in low dose group and high dose group, and the SOD and T-AOC were higher than those in low dose group and high dose group（P＜0.05). S100β and NSE in middle dose group were lower than those in low dose group and high dose group, and BDNF was higher than that in low dose group and high dose group（P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions among three groups（P＞0.05). The incidence of POCD in middle dose group was lower than that in low dose group and high dose group（P＜0.05). Conclusion: The application of 0.01 mg/kg penehyclidine hydrochloride before anesthesia induction in elderly LC patients, which can effectively maintain hemodynamic stability and reduce the degree of oxidative stress and brain injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of parecoxib on postoperative cognitive dysfunction, and serum levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100β protein (S100β) in elderly patients undergoing surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The retrospective cohort study method was used to collect the clinical data of 94 elderly patients who underwent elective orthopedic and general anesthesia surgery in our hospital from September 2020 to February 2022. 94 patients were divided into the control group (47 cases) and the study group (47 cases), according to different intervention methods. In the study group, 40 mg of parecoxib was injected intravenously into patients 30 min before the induction of anesthesia, and the patients in the control group were given the same dose of normal saline intravenously before the operation. The basic clinical data of the patients were collected. The levels of the indexes before operation and 6 hours after operation were compared between the two groups, including the Montreal Cognitive Scale (MoCA) score, inflammatory factor indicators [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), monocyte chemokine-1 (MCP-1), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)], serum cortisol (CORT), beta-amyloid (β-AP), adiponectin (ADP), NSE, and S100β. RESULTS: No significant differences in the preoperative MoCA score, TNF-α, IL-6, CRP, IL-10, IL-1β, MCP-1, iNOS, CORT, β-AP, ADP, NSE, and S100β levels were observed between the two groups (p>0.05). The postoperative MoCA score in the study group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p<0.05). The postoperative levels of TNF-α, IL-6, CRP and IL-1β in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p<0.05), and the postoperative levels of IL-10, MCP-1 and iNOS in the study group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Parecoxib can notably inhibit the levels of postoperative inflammatory cytokines, improve neurological dysfunction, and reduce the occurrence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in patients. The contents of serum NSE and S100β have potential value in the diagnosis of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The prediction of outcomes following cardiac arrest continues to provide significant difficulties. A preferred strategy involves adopting a multimodal approach, which encompasses the careful evaluation of the biomarker neuron-specific enolase (NSE). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to gather and summarize new and existing evidence on the prediction effect of neuron-specific enolase for survival to hospital discharge among adult patients with cardiac arrest. We searched PubMed Central, Scopus, EMBASE databases, and the Cochrane Library without language restrictions from their inceptions until 30 October 2023 and checked the reference lists of the included studies. Pooled results were reported as standardized mean differences (SMDs) and were presented with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge (SHD). Eighty-six articles with 10,845 participants were included. NSE showed a notable degree of specificity in its ability to predict mortality as well as neurological status among individuals who experienced cardiac arrest (p < 0.05). This study demonstrates the ability to predict fatality rates and neurological outcomes, both during the time of admission and at various time intervals after cardiac arrest. The use of NSE in a multimodal neuroprognostication algorithm has promise in improving the accuracy of prognoses for persons who have undergone cardiac arrest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the predictive value of serum neuron specific enolase (NSE), lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (LP-PLA2) combined with C-reactive protein to albumin ratio (CAR) on postoperative delirium in elderly patients with intertrochanteric fracture of femur after proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA) internal fixation. 209 elderly patients with intertrochanteric fracture of femur who were admitted to The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from April 2020 to February 2023 were selected. All patients were treated with PFNA internal fixation, serum NSE, LP-PLA2 and CAR were detected before operation, patients were divided into delirium group and non-delirium group according to whether delirium occurred after operation. The factors affecting postoperative delirium were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression analysis. The value of NSE, LP-PLA2 and CAR in predicting postoperative delirium were analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Postoperative delirium occurred in 43 cases, with an incidence of 20.57%. Serum NSE, LP-PLA2 and CAR in delirium group were higher than those in non-delirium group (P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that older age, longer operation time, high NSE, high LP-PLA2 and high CAR were risk factors for postoperative delirium in elderly patients with intertrochanteric fracture of femur (P<0.05). The area under the curve(AUC) of NSE, LP-PLA2 and CAR in predicting postoperative delirium in elderly patients with intertrochanteric fracture of femur was 0.784, 0.808 and 0.820 respectively, the AUC of combined prediction was 0.907, which was higher than that of single prediction. The levels of serum NSE, LP-PLA2 and CAR are increase in postoperative delirium in elderly patients with intertrochanteric fracture of femur after PFNA internal fixation, high levels of NSE, LP-PLA2 and CAR are the main risk factors for postoperative delirium. The combination of NSE, LP-PLA2 and CAR has a high predictive value for the risk of postoperative delirium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comorbidity of Internet addiction (IA) with sleep disruptions is common in adolescents. There is evidence that the levels of brain injury markers could be affected by sleep disruptions. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between sleep quality and these biomarkers within the framework of the relationship between IA and sleep disruptions. A total of 65 drug-free adolescents with newly diagnosed IA, aged 12 to 18 years, were included in the study, and they were divided into two groups considering the comorbidities of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and social anxiety. The control group consisted of 30 healthy children. The participants were asked to complete the Young Internet Addiction Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Morningness Eveningness Questionnaire, Beck's Depression Inventory, Beck's Anxiety Inventory, and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11. Blood samples were taken between 8 and 9 am to analyze S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Plasma S100B and NSE levels were found to be statistically significantly higher in the IA with ADHD and the IA with anxiety groups than in healthy controls. NSE and S100B levels were found to be correlated with PSQI scores in both the IA groups. Also, there was a positive correlation between these biomarkers and IA severity. Decreased sleep quality and daily sleep duration in IA might cause brain injury, resulting in an increase in the severity of the addiction. Prospective studies with large samples are needed to better explain the IA-sleep-brain injury relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• S100B, NSE, c-Tau or GFAP within 24hr of mild TBI may not predict PPCS. • This was consistent across outcome definitions and biomarker thresholds. • PPCS may therefore be more dependent on other factors. Approximately 15 % of individuals who sustained a mild Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) develop persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS). We hypothesized that blood biomarkers drawn in the Emergency Department (ED) could help predict PPCS. The main objective of this project was to measure the association between four biomarkers and PPCS at 90 days post mild TBI. We conducted a prospective cohort study in seven Canadian EDs. Patients aged ≥ 14 years presenting to the ED within 24 h of a mild TBI who were discharged were eligible. Clinical data and blood samples were collected in the ED, and a standardized questionnaire was administered 90 days later to assess the presence of symptoms. The following biomarkers were analyzed: S100B protein, Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE), cleaved-Tau (c-Tau) and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP). The primary outcome measure was the presence of PPCS at 90 days after trauma. Relative risks and Areas Under the Curve (AUC) were computed. A total of 595 patients were included, and 13.8 % suffered from PPCS at 90 days. The relative risk of PPCS was 0.9 (95 % CI: 0.5–1.8) for S100B ≥ 20 pg/mL, 1.0 (95 % CI: 0.6–1.5) for NSE ≥ 200 pg/mL, 3.4 (95 % CI: 0.5–23.4) for GFAP ≥ 100 pg/mL, and 1.0 (95 % CI: 0.6–1.8) for C-Tau ≥ 1500 pg/mL. AUC were 0.50, 0.50, 0.51 and 0.54, respectively. Among mild TBI patients, S100B protein, NSE, c-Tau or GFAP do not seem to predict PPCS. Future research testing of other biomarkers is needed to determine their usefulness in predicting PPCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the effects of sevoflurane inhalation maintenance general anesthesia combine with dexmedetomidine on recovery quality, inflammatory mediators and serum neuronspecific enolase (NSE), S-100 β protein in elderly patients with humeral fractures. Methods: 60 elderly patients with humeral fractures who were admitted to Shanghai First People’s Hospital from January 2020 to November 2022 were selected, and they were divided into control group (inhalation of sevoflurane maintenance general anesthesia, n=30) and study group (n=30, combined with dexmedetomidine for anesthesia maintenance on the basis of control group) according to random number table method. The recovery quality, analgesia situation, inflammatory mediators, cognitive function, serum NSE, S-100β protein levels and the incidence of adverse reaction were compared between two groups. Results: Compared with control group, study group had shorter extubation time, recovery time, and resuscitation room stay time (P＜0.05). Compared with control group,study group had lower pain visual analogue scale (VAS) scores 6 h after surgery, 12 h after surgery, and 24 h after surgery (P＜0.05).Compared with control group, study group had lower tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP) 1 d after surgery (P＜0.05). Compared with control group, study group had higher mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scores 1 d after surgery, while had lower NSE and S-100β (P＜0.05). There was no difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between two groups (P＞0.05). Conclusion: Sevoflurane inhalation maintenance general anesthesia combine with dexmedetomidine in the treatment in elderly patients with humeral fractures, which has a good analgesic effect, can reduce inflammatory stimulation, reduce cognitive function impairment, reduce the NSE, S-100β protein levels, and improve recovery quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adrenal glands are paired abdominal endocrine organs vital to the bird's health. The present research aimed to provide a comprehensive examination of the histological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical investigations of the adrenal gland in Japanese quail during the post hatching period. The current study was performed on 21 healthy Japanese quail chicks at different post hatching periods. Our results showed the adrenal gland is surrounded by a connective tissue capsule, which consists of dense collagen fibers containing large blood vessels, chromaffin cells, autonomic ganglia, fibroblasts, and migrating Schwann cells. The zonation of the adrenal gland is composed of a subcapsular layer, a peripheral zone, and a central zone, which gets more pronounced with age. At the ultrastructural level, the interrenal cells take the steroid‐secreting cells characters; they have varying amounts of lipid droplets and abundant mitochondria. Adrenal medullary chromaffin cells showed positive immunoreactivity to the NSE. With increasing age, the chromaffin tissue's Sox10 immunoreactivity increased. β‐catenin is expressed within the plasmalemma and the cytoplasm of the interrenal and chromaffin cells and its reactivity increased with age, especially in the chromaffin cells. Our results indicate the adrenal gland undergoes significant morphological changes during the postnatal life. Overall, the postnatal period is an important time for the development and maturation of the adrenal glands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background In this study, we intend to retrospectively analyze the clinical data of postoperative neuroblastoma children, including the results of follow-up examinations and laboratory tests, to explore the clinical value of combined serum Carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and 24-hour urine vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) levels at baseline for the prediction of recurrence in children with neuroblastoma. Methods 265 children with neuroblastoma were successfully followed up, including 163 cases without recurrence (non-recurrence group) and 102 cases with recurrence (recurrence group). The levels of 24-hour urine VMA were determined using spectrophotometric methods. Additionally, the serum levels of CA125 and NSE were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Results The serum CA125, NSE and 24-hour urine VMA levels were significantly higher in the recurrence group than in the non-recurrence group. It demonstrated a significant positive correlation between the levels of serum CA125, NSE, and 24-hour urine VMA in all children with neuroblastoma. All children in stage IV of neuroblastoma had the highest level of serum CA125, NSE and 24-hour urine VMA and vice versa. The combined CA125, NSE and VMA had significantly better sensitivity and specificity than an individual marker. Conclusions Combined serum CA125, NSE and 24-hour urine VMA had the potential to predict neuroblastoma recurrence more effectively.

Since the discovery of the neuron-specific protein by Moore and McGregor in 1965, tens of thousands of studies have investigated the basic and applied significance of neuron-specific enolase (NSE). This promising biomarker, according to many researchers, has not found widespread use in clinical practice, particularly in acute cerebrovascular accidents. Moreover, the several studies refuting the usefulness of serum NSE measurement in critically ill patients leads us to consider the reasons for such contradictory conclusions. In this article, we have analyzed the main directions in the study of NSE and expressed our perspective on the reasons for the contradictory results and the difficulties in implementing the results of these studies in clinical practice. In our opinion, the method of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) used in the majority of the studies is inappropriate for the evaluation of NSE as a marker of central nervous system damage, because it does not allow for the differentiation of heterodimers of enolases and the assessment of the enzymatic activity of this group of enzymatic proteins. Therefore, the methodological approach for the evaluation of NSE (γγ-enolase) as a biomarker needs to be elaborated and improved. Furthermore, the specificity of the applied research methods and the appropriateness of the continued use of the term “neuron-specific enolase” must be addressed.

Runoff is a crucial hydrological variable that provides vital information for water resource management and planning. In this study, we used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to simulate monthly runoff in the Neyshabur watershed, Khorasan Razavi province, for a ten-year period from 2000 to 2009. We considered all available rain gauges, synoptic, and evapotranspiration stations within and around the watershed. We calibrated the model parameters and coefficients using the SUFI2 algorithm in the SWAT-CUP software package. We found that the parameters related to the infiltration process, such as CH_K2, CN2, SOL_AWC, and REVAPMN, had the most significant impact on the runoff. We evaluated the model's performance during the calibration and validation periods using parameters such as P-factor, R-factor, Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and coefficient of determination (R2). The simulation results showed good agreement with the observed monthly runoff for both the calibration and validation periods. The NSE and R2 values were 0.84 and 0.87, respectively, at the Zarande Andarab station during the calibration period, and 0.74 and 0.78, respectively, during the validation period. The Hosseinabad Jangal station showed even better performance, with NSE and R2 values of 0.93 and 0.93, respectively, during the calibration period, and 0.90 and 0.90, respectively, during the validation period. Comparing our results with previous studies in the same watershed, we found that utilizing a more comprehensive monitoring network and increasing the statistical period of the study can significantly enhance the model's performance and reduce uncertainties in the calibration and validation stages.

Vestibulo-atactic syndrome (VAS), which represents a combination of motor and vestibular disorders, can be manifested as a clinical complication of breast cancer treatment and has a significant impact on patients’ quality of life. The identification of novel potential biomarkers that might help to predict the onset of VAS and its progression could improve the management of this group of patients. In the current study, the levels of intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1), NSE (neuron-specific enolase), and the antibodies recognizing NR-2 subunit of NMDA receptor (NR-2-ab) were measured in the blood serum of BC survivor patients with vestibulo-atactic syndrome (VAS) and associated with the brain connectome data obtained via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. A total of 21 patients were registered in this open, single-center trial and compared to age-matched healthy female volunteers (control group) (n = 17). BC patients with VAS demonstrated higher serum levels of ICAM-1, PECAM-1, and NSE and a lower value of NR-2-ab, with values of 654.7 ± 184.8, 115.3 ± 37.03, 49.9 ± 103.9, and 0.5 ± 0.3 pg/mL, respectively, as compared to the healthy volunteers, with 230.2 ± 44.8, 62.8 ± 15.6, 15.5 ± 6.4, and 1.4 ± 0.7 pg/mL. According to the fMRI data (employing seed-to-voxel and ROI-to-ROI methods), in BC patients with VAS, significant changes were detected in the functional connectivity in the areas involved in the regulation of postural-tonic reflexes, the coordination of movements, and the regulation of balance. In conclusion, the detected elevated levels of serum biomarkers may reveal damage to the CNS neurons and endothelial cells that is, in turn, associated with the change in the brain connectivity in this group of patients.

In this paper, several examples of novel equations and inequalities for various forms of the non-linear term in the Navier–Stokes equations (NSE) are provided. The NSE are formulated from the conservation of linear momentum and mass conservation. However, they are also known to conserve energy, angular momentum, enstrophy in 2D, helicity in 3D, among other important physical quantities (Gresho and Sani, 1998) [1]. Depending on the desired quantity of interest, there are various representations of nonlinear term u⋅∇u(e.g. convective, skew symmetric, rotational etc.) that can be implemented.

Drone flight operations require ensuring the containment of the drone along the desired flight path in the domain of the Total System Error (TSE). The paper proposes a number of Required Navigation Performance (RNP) specifications tailored to drones by assessing the contributing error sources: the definition of the desired flight path, flyability, autopilot envelope, positioning errors, and operational environment (bottom-up approach). Ongoing work with drone operators is collecting their navigation requirements (top-down approach) in order to determine to which extent RNP navigation specifications meet their requirements along the flight profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the risk factors for the acute bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE) occurrence in severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (NHB) and to investigate the predictive value of cranial magnetic resonance pale globule to shell nucleus T1-weighted imaging signal intensity ratio (G/P value) combined with total serum bilirubin (TSB) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE). Methods: 369 children with severe NHB who were admitted to the Tianmen First People's Hospital of Hubei Province from January 2018 to January 2020 were selected, and they were divided into ABE group and non-ABE group according to whether ABE occurred within 1 week after admission. Clinical data of all children were collected, the cranial magnetic resonance G/P value were calculated, and serum TSB and NSE levels were detected. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression were used to analyze the influencing factors of ABE occurrence in severe NHB. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the predictive value of cranial magnetic resonance G/P value combined with serum TSB and NSE for ABE occurrence in severe NHB. Results: The incidence of ABE in 369 children with NHB was 12.47% (46/369). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that lower birth weight, shorter hospital admission days, longer hospital stay, non-breastfeeding, increased hemoglobin and G/P value, increased TSB and NSE were independent risk factors for ABE occurrence with severe NHB (P＜0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the area under curve predicted ABE occurrence of severe NHB by G/P value combined with serum TSB and NSE was larger than that predicted by G/P value combined with serum TSB and NSE alone (P＜0.05). Conclusion: Lower birth weight, shorter hospital admission days, longer hospital stay, non-breastfeeding, increased hemoglobin, increased G/P value, increased TSB and increased NSE are risk factors for ABE occurrence in severe NHB. The value of cranial magnetic resonance G/P value combined with serum TSB and NSE is higher in predicting ABE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autoantibodies against specific lung cancer-associated antigens have been suggested for the performance of lung cancer diagnosis. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the antigen–autoantibody immune complex (AIC) against its free antigens for CYFRA21-1, ProGRP, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In total, 85 patients with NSCLC and 120 healthy controls (HCs) were examined using a 9-guanine DNA chip method. The ratios of AICs to their antigens and the combinations of ratios consisting of two to four markers were calculated. The levels of AICs for CYFRA21-1, ProGRP, NGAL, and NSE were higher than those for their free antigens in all participants. The levels of each free antigens distinguished patients with NSCLC from the HCs. The ratios of the AIC to its antigen and seven combinations of two to four ratios were significantly higher in patients with NSCLC than in the HCs. Excellent diagnostic performance was observed for all combination ratios (C4-1), with 85.9% sensitivity and 86.7% specificity at a 3.51 cut-off. Higher sensitivity was observed in the early stages (0–I) and adenocarcinoma than in stages II–IV and other pathological types. Combining all ratios of AICs and their antigens for all four markers was useful when diagnosing NSCLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the value of video electroencephalogram (VEEG) combined with pediatric early warning score (PEWS), neurospecific enolase (NSE) and CD4+ /CD8+ ratio in evaluating the condition and predicting the prognosis of children with viral encephalitis. Methods: 152 children with viral encephalitis who were admitted to the Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from March 2020 to March 2022 were selected, and they were divided into severe group (67 cases) and mild group (85 cases) according to the severity of the disease, another 72 hospitalized children without nervous system injury were selected as the control group. 2 weeks after treatment, they were divided into good prognosis group (4~5 grades, 89 cases) and poor prognosis group (1~3 grades, 63 cases) according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale for children (CGOS). All subjects received PEWS evaluation and VEEG examination, serum NSE level was detected, and CD4+ /CD8+ ratio was calculated. The factors affecting the prognosis of children with viral encephalitis were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The ROC curve was used to analyze the prognostic value of PEWS, VEEG, serum NSE, CD4+ /CD8+ ratio in children with viral encephalitis. PEWS, the proportion of VEEG severe abnormality and the serum NSE level in the severe group were higher than those in the mild group and control group, and the CD4+ /CD8+ ratio was lower than that in the mild group and control group (P＜0.05). Results: PEWS, the proportion of VEEG severe abnormality and the serum NSE level in the mild group were higher than those in the control group, and the CD4+ /CD8+ ratio was lower than that in the control group (P＜0.05). Conclusion: PEWS, the proportion of VEEG severe abnormality and serum NSE level in the poor prognosis group were higher than those in the good prognosis group, and the CD4+ /CD8+ ratio was lower than that in the good prognosis group (P＜0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that continuous convulsion, high PEWS, VEEG severe abnormality and increased serum NSE level were risk factors for poor prognosis in children with viral encephalitis, and increased CD4+ /CD8+ ratio was protective factor (P＜0.05). Combined with PEWS, VEEG, serum NSE and CD4+ /CD8+ ratio, the prognostic area under curve of viral encephalitis was 0.859, which was higher than that predicted by each indicator alone. High PEWS, VEEG severe abnormality, increased serum NSE level, and decreased CD4+ /CD8+ ratio in children with viral encephalitis are associated with aggravation of the disease and poor prognosis. Combining the above four indicators is of high value to assist in predicting the prognosis of children with viral encephalitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In this study, we intend to retrospectively analyze the clinical data of postoperative neuroblastoma children, including the results of follow-up examinations and laboratory tests, to explore the clinical value of combined serum Carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and 24-hour urine vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) levels at baseline for the prediction of recurrence in children with neuroblastoma. Methods: 265 children with neuroblastoma were successfully followed up, including 163 cases without recurrence (non-recurrence group) and 102 cases with recurrence (recurrence group). The levels of 24-hour urine VMA were determined using spectrophotometric methods. Additionally, the serum levels of CA125 and NSE were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Results: The serum CA125, NSE and 24-hour urine VMA levels were significantly higher in the recurrence group than in the non-recurrence group. It demonstrated a significant positive correlation between the levels of serum CA125, NSE, and 24-hour urine VMA in all children with neuroblastoma. All children in stage IV of neuroblastoma had the highest level of serum CA125, NSE and 24-hour urine VMA and vice versa. The combined CA125, NSE and VMA had significantly better sensitivity and specificity than an individual marker. Conclusions: Combined serum CA125, NSE and 24-hour urine VMA had the potential to predict neuroblastoma recurrence more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]