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Introduction. The article deals with the beginnings of Kalmykia’s public road industry, reveals some features and significance of motorways network construction across the region in the late 1950s. Materials and methods. The paper examines archival documents contained in collections Р-218 (‘Highways Design and Construction Association of the Kalmyk ASSR’) and Р-309 (‘Council of Ministers of the Kalmyk ASSR’) at the National Archive of Kalmykia. The study employs the historical/genetic and historical/comparative methods. Results. The article reveals certain features of Kalmykia’s road network after the restoration of autonomy, identifies key vectors of the then modern highways construction agenda in the Kalmyk ASSR, clarifies some issues pertaining to logistics and financing of the emerging road industry. The leading executives of the republic did understand that motor transport was of utmost importance for Kalmykia’s economic recovery, and invested great efforts to build modern highways. Conclusions. However, despite the mentioned efforts, the share of paved roads remained extremely small, which was caused by insufficient funding, staffing problems, and shortage of road construction equipment.

In Polish legal system, the concept of „road real property” is not defined. It has been assumed in the jurisprudence that road real properties include public roads, internal roads, real properties designated in local zoning plans for road purposes, real properties marked as roads in land register, as well as real properties actually used as roads. It should be underlined that public roads as res publicae extra commercium, which means public properties excluded from civil law transactions, cannot be the subject of usucaption. Considering the discrepancy in the interpretation of the concept of a public road, the matter of dispute constitutes the scope of exclusion from civil law transactions, and therefore the subject of usucaption’s exclusion.The article marks that there is lack of legal definition of the concept of road real property, further it presents the distinction of roads proposed under the Act of 21 March 1985 on the Public Roads (Journal of Laws of 2007, No. 19, item 115, as amended), underlines the principle of the exclusion of public roads from civil law transactions. The article also refers to the rulings that indicate the possibility of road real property’s usucaption, as well as the rulings that underline contrary views.

Forest roads are very important communication routes, ensuring the implementation of all functions of forests and forest management. According to the law, their status can be considered at least as specific. They are included in the category of forest land, but they are not public roads. At the same time, they are linear objects, that is types of buildings, specifically building objects. This fact has significant consequences for the investment and construction process in the field of construction and reconstruction of forest roads. The subject of the study is the analysis of forest roads on a theoretical and practical level. Apart from the dogmatic approach, forest roads should be confronted with the institutions of administrative substantive law, such as public goods (facilities) and special areas.

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Crashes involving farm equipment (FE) are a major safety concern for farmers as well as all other users of the public road system in both rural and urban areas. These crashes often involve passenger vehicle drivers striking the farm equipment from behind or attempting to pass, but little is known about drivers’ perceived norms and self-reported passing behaviors. The objective of this study is to examine factors influencing drivers' farm equipment passing frequencies and their perceptions about the passing behaviors of other drivers. Methods: Data were collected via intercept surveys with adult drivers at local gas stations in two small rural towns in Iowa. The survey asked drivers about their demographic information, frequency of passing farm equipment, and perceptions of other drivers' passing behavior in their community and state when approaching farm equipment (proximal and distal descriptive norms). A multinomial logistic regression model was used to estimate the relationship between descriptive norms and self-reported passing behavior. Results: Survey data from 201 adult drivers showed that only 10% of respondents considered farm equipment crashes to be a top road safety concern. Respondents who perceived others passing farm equipment frequently in their community were more likely to report that they also frequently pass farm equipment. The results also showed interactions between gender and experience operating farm equipment in terms of self-reported passing behavior. Conclusions/implications: Results from this study suggest local and state-level norms and perceptions of those norms may be important targets for intervention to improve individual driving behaviors around farm equipment.

Highways are road communication routes that allow the movement of means of transport in a shorter time, at high speed and under safe conditions. They are extremely important for the economy of any state as they generate extremely important economic and social effects. This article provides an overview of the situation of highways in Romania from a European, national and regional perspective. The analysis of the evolution of the length of highways in Romania is carried out especially for the period after 1989, when the actions regarding the construction of highways began to intensify. At the EU level, Romania ranks 17th in terms of the number of km of highway built. In Romania, there are currently only three completed highways, two in more advanced phases of execution, three in the initial phase and two in the preparation phase. At the regional level, there are only two regions with a length of more than 250 km of highway, one with a length of more than 150 km, four regions with less than 100 km and one region without highways.

The article addresses the topic of road safety in the area of educational units, respectively the effect of road traffic. The aim of the study is to clearly highlight the causality between road accidents involving children as victims and road systematization. To achieve our main objectives, we used as a research method the analysis of documents: Road Accident Database, an application of the Romanian Police in which all traffic incidents registered in Romania are implemented, according to the criteria of Mehedinti County, student quality, road category (national, county, communal), the location of the school unit in the vicinity of the public road and the production of the traffic incident. One of the factors that decisively influences the quality of road traffic, therefore, implicitly the risk in traffic, is the public road network. The specialized studies, as well as the available international statistics, show that the main categories exposed to the risk of road accidents resulting in deaths and serious injuries are: pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists and mopeds, in other words, the category known in specialized practice as "the most vulnerable traffic participants”.

The article describes the life of Jerzy Budzyński, born in 1892 in Warsaw, a student of the gymnasium branch of the Warsaw E. Konopczyński School, a student of the Belgian University of Liège, and a graduate of the Warsaw University of Technology. Fragments of his unpublished diary show how Polish independence organizations were formed in the early 20th century: the Association of Polish Progressive and Independence Youth “Filarecja”, the Union of Active Struggle, the Riflemen’s Association, and the Polish Military Organization. The content of the justifications for the applications for the three time decoration of the Cross of Valor document Jerzy Budzyński’s participation in the capture of the Mokotów Airport in Warsaw in November 1918 and the self-sacrificing fight in defense of Łomża against the Soviet III Cavalry Corps of Gai-Khan (Gai Dmitrievich Bzhishkyan), at the end of July 1920. During the interwar period, Budzyński was the head of the Road Traffic Division of the Road Department in the Ministry of Transport, creating conditions for the development of road transport and the construction of modern roads in Poland. After the war, as the head of the Poviat Road Administration in Grójec, he rebuilt roads and bridges, e.g. using bridge structures donated by the United Nations Relief and Reconstruction Administration (UNRRA). Budzyński ended his professional career working at the Central Research and Development Center for Road Technology (currently the Road and Bridge Research Institute) as the manager of the Center for the Scientifi c, Technical and Economic Information and Documentation, disseminating world achievements in road technology in Poland. Jerzy Budzyński’s personal fi le has been preserved in the archives of the Road and Bridge Research Institute, containing source documents of great value for research on the history of Poland in the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highways are road communication routes that allow the movement of means of transport in a shorter time, at high speed and under safe conditions. They are extremely important for the economy of any state as they generate extremely important economic and social effects. This article provides an overview of the situation of highways in Romania from a European, national and regional perspective. The analysis of the evolution of the length of highways in Romania is carried out especially for the period after 1989, when the actions regarding the construction of highways began to intensify. At the EU level, Romania ranks 17th in terms of the number of km of highway built. In Romania, there are currently only three completed highways, two in more advanced phases of execution, three in the initial phase and two in the preparation phase. At the regional level, there are only two regions with a length of more than 250 km of highway, one with a length of more than 150 km, four regions with less than 100 km and one region without highways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Certified training courses in all-terrain vehicle (ATV) operation are recommended, but little has been published regarding how they affect riding behaviors. Our objectives were to determine adolescents' ATV riding exposures, crashes and injuries, and the association of completing certified ATV training on riding behaviors. Methods: Respondents completed an anonymous paper survey at 30 school districts approximately one year after participating in the Safety Tips for ATV Riders (STARs) program. Survey data were compiled using Qualtrics™. Frequency, chi-square, Fisher's exact test, and logistic regression analyses were performed using SAS, V.9.4. Results: 4,891 students completed the survey from Fall 2012–Fall 2019. Respondents were 10–18 years old, and similar numbers of participants were male and female. Fifty-nine percent lived in town, 18% on a farm, and 22% in the country but not on farm. Forty-two percent reported their families owned an ATV. Seventy-seven percent had ridden an ATV, 40% of whom reported riding at least weekly. The vast majority (94%) used ATVs for recreation and 49% used them for work purposes. In the previous year, 22% of riders reported having been in a crash, with 7% of crash victims requiring medical attention for injuries. Greater crash likelihood was seen in males, recreational riders, more frequent riders, competitive racers and those who had ridden with passengers or on roads. Only 8% of riders had completed certified ATV safety training (note, STARs is not a certification program). Those whose families owned ATVs, more frequent riders, and public park users had greater likelihoods of course completion. Relative to their peers, respondents who completed a certification course had higher proportions that always/almost always wore helmets (39% vs. 20%, p < 0.0001) and lower proportions that never/almost never wore helmets (29% vs 58%, p < 0.0001), had ridden with passengers (63% vs. 96%, p < 0.0001), and had driven on public roads (41% vs 50%, p = 0.0065). Conclusions: ATV safety training certification among Iowa adolescents in the study was infrequent but those that received training reported higher helmet use, less riding with passengers, and less driving on public roads. These data suggest completing safety training certification may promote safer riding behaviors among youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tempo (1413-7704) is the property of Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article offers a detailed interpretation of Art. 98 sec. 1 of the Act of August 21, 1997 on Real Estate Management (r.e.m.) in order to answer the question of what effect in terms of the ownership of the State Treasury is related to the final division decision issued in relation to plots of land designated for public-municipal roads at the request of the perpetual usufructuary of the property. The authors of the article support such an interpretation of Art. 98 sec. 1 r.e.m. that takes into account the broader legal context of this regulation and enables effective equipping of relevant entities – communes in this case – with real estate allowing for the construction of public-communal roads on them. This entails the necessity to transfer ex lege the ownership of the separated plot of land from the State Treasury to the appropriate commune as a result of an application submitted by the perpetual usufructuary. The authors’ conclusions are based on a linguistic, comparative, teleological and historical interpretation, taking into account the 2000 amendment to the provision. For comparison purposes, the content of Art. 105 paragraph. 4 of this Act is taken into account. The article also considers the relation of the institution discussed here to the regulations concerning expropriation. This applies to the prohibition of the expropriation of real estate owned by the State Treasury under Art. 113 sec. 2 r.e.m., in the narrow, formal meaning of this concept resulting from its definition in Art. 112 sec. 2 r.e.m. The discussion also includes expropriation in a broad, material sense resulting from Art. 21 sec. 2 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. In both cases, the analysis leads to the conclusion that depriving the State Treasury of its property for the benefit of the commune in the case in question does not constitute expropriation, but is an example of communalisation, which is an acceptable form of equipping the commune with public property.

The article addresses the topic of road safety in the area of educational units, respectively the effect of road traffic. The aim of the study is to clearly highlight the causality between road accidents involving children as victims and road systematization. To achieve our main objectives, we used as a research method the analysis of documents: Road Accident Database, an application of the Romanian Police in which all traffic incidents registered in Romania are implemented, according to the criteria of Mehedinti County, student quality, road category (national, county, communal), the location of the school unit in the vicinity of the public road and the production of the traffic incident. One of the factors that decisively influences the quality of road traffic, therefore, implicitly the risk in traffic, is the public road network. The specialized studies, as well as the available international statistics, show that the main categories exposed to the risk of road accidents resulting in deaths and serious injuries are: pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists and mopeds, in other words, the category known in specialized practice as "the most vulnerable traffic participants". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The municipal governments, through their Environmental Secretariats, seek to invest in afforestation through public policies, educational campaigns and seedling distribution. However, the actions are inefficient, as studies on afforestation are based on inventories of species planted in public places, few studies seek to understand the population on the subject of afforestation. It is believed that the work of environmental education is of paramount importance. This study aimed to analyze the perception of afforestation of residents from different areas of Manaus, Amazonas state through an interview in the city of Manaus. Most participants were women aged 18-28 years. Most residents have completed primary education. Residents understand what urban afforestation is and the benefits of planting trees can bring, but they are not aware of the most suitable species to be buried in the city.

The article offers a detailed interpretation of Art. 98 sec. 1 of the Act of August 21, 1997 on Real Estate Management (r.e.m.) in order to answer the question of what effect in terms of the ownership of the State Treasury is related to the final division decision issued in relation to plots of land designated for public-municipal roads at the request of the perpetual usufructuary of the property. The authors of the article support such an interpretation of Art. 98 sec. 1 r.e.m. that takes into account the broader legal context of this regulation and enables effective equipping of relevant entities – communes in this case – with real estate allowing for the construction of public-communal roads on them. This entails the necessity to transfer ex lege the ownership of the separated plot of land from the State Treasury to the appropriate commune as a result of an application submitted by the perpetual usufructuary. The authors’ conclusions are based on a linguistic, comparative, teleological and historical interpretation, taking into account the 2000 amendment to the provision. For comparison purposes, the content of Art. 105 paragraph. 4 of this Act is taken into account. The article also considers the relation of the institution discussed here to the regulations concerning expropriation. This applies to the prohibition of the expropriation of real estate owned by the State Treasury under Art. 113 sec. 2 r.e.m., in the narrow, formal meaning of this concept resulting from its definition in Art. 112 sec. 2 r.e.m. The discussion also includes expropriation in a broad, material sense resulting from Art. 21 sec. 2 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. In both cases, the analysis leads to the conclusion that depriving the State Treasury of its property for the benefit of the commune in the case in question does not constitute expropriation, but is an example of communalisation, which is an acceptable form of equipping the commune with public property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rest Areas is part of road equipment that is not directly related whose implementation is the obligation of road organizers, both public roads and toll roads (paid). The main purpose of providing Rest Areas on the road is to reduce the number of accidents, due to driver and vehicle fatigue. The provision of Rest Areas on public roads with the concept of the Road Service Pavilion (APJ) has been developed in addition to being a resting place, it also functions as a road management post, information center, and a place to introduce and market local local products, so that they can contribute to regional development through economic improvement of local communities, so its existence is very necessary. The existence of resting places on public roads has in fact not been widely built on almost all public roads, in contrast to toll roads, both national, provincial, and district/city roads, even though the existence of resting places on public roads outside Java is very necessary. because the average driver can travel more than 4 (four) hours. This prompted the author to develop a resting place with the concept of APJ. However, the existence of Rest Area on public roads in some places outside Java is in fact less available, due to problems with the construction authority, apart from that some Rest Areas have not met the technical requirements. For this reason, it is necessary to study resting places that meet the legal aspects of authority and technical requirements. This paper aims to examine/discuss an innovation of a resting place with the concept of a Road Service Pavilion (TI-APJ) which is legal in terms of regulatory authority, and meets technical requirements, through a literature review method related to the authority between the center and the regions for its development, as well as interviews with stakeholders, and the results of the study and interviews were analyzed descriptively qualitatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article has set its aim to present and analyze some of the specialized legal literature opinions regarding the elements which form the criminal offence of entrusting a vehicle to someone who does not own a driver's license or who is under the influence of alcohol or psychoactive substances, as regulated by Article 335 paragraph (3) of the in force Romanian Criminal Code. Naturally, such systematization is doubled by the author's personal observations, which intend to open a new perspective on particular controversial scenarios or, at least, to propose additional arguments regarding the opinions already established in the legal literature. The author's approach is similar to the one that is commonly used in the Romanian doctrine, the analysis starting with the reason behind the incrimination, followed by observations referring to the constituent elements of the crime (subject, object, objective, and subjective dimension) and ending with other elements that characterize the criminal offence under analysis (relation with other criminal offences). The author emphasizes the more problematic situations, which generate (or have the ability to generate) debates in the legal literature and judicial practice. At present, the criminal offence of entrusting a vehicle is often analyzed briefly in the literature, probably due to the fact that such a criminal offence seems unchallenging at a first glance. The author tries to prove that this criminal offence has more to offer and could be the source of many interesting theoretical discussions. On the one hand, the article offers the reader an overview of the main aspects concerning the offence of entrusting a vehicle, and on the other hand, the present article "sets the ground" for a future scientific approach of the author, respectively that in which he will analyze the relationship between this offence and subsequent result offences (manslaughter or culpable personal injury), a subject that is intensely discussed in the legal literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The municipal governments, through their Environmental Secretariats, seek to invest in afforestation through public policies, educational campaigns and seedling distribution. However, the actions are inefficient, as studies on afforestation are based on inventories of species planted in public places, few studies seek to understand the population on the subject of afforestation. It is believed that the work of environmental education is of paramount importance. This study aimed to analyze the perception of afforestation of residents from different areas of Manaus, Amazonas state through an interview in the city of Manaus. Most participants were women aged 18-28 years. Most residents have completed primary education. Residents understand what urban afforestation is and the benefits of planting trees can bring, but they are not aware of the most suitable species to be buried in the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While developing the projects for the construction of new and reconstruction of the existing roads, there is a probability of using privately owned land. In these cases, the mechanism of alienation of the private land plots is used to meet the public needs, in accordance with the Law of Ukraine " On compulsory purchase of land plots, other objects of real estate that are located on them, which are in private ownership, for public needs or for reasons of public necessity". Among the list of social needs, in the first place, there is a need for the land plots during construction, major repairs, reconstruction and maintenance of transport infrastructure objects, in particular roads. While designing the road construction and reconstruction projects, the technical-economic and transport-operational characteristics of the design object should be determined in conjunction with the protection of the environment and the rational use of natural resources. The article deals with the issues of assessing the impact of the road construction on the environment and the measures to reduce the level of pollution of the environment by introducing the environmental, technological, sanitary-technical and organizational measures.

Copyright of Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW: Ekonomika i Organizacja Logistyki is the property of Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Faculty of Economic Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Collected Papers of the Law Faculty of the University of Rijeka / Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci is the property of Pravni fakultet Sveucilista u Rijeci and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Agricultural vehicles are a common sight on rural public roads. However, due to their larger mass (height, width, length, and weight), there are concerns about safety. The aim of this paper is to explore crash incidents on public roads of agricultural vehicles to determine the size of the problem, risk factors, and potential prevention strategies. Methods: A systematic review using the PRISMA guidelines was undertaken of peer-reviewed literature from Medline, Agricola, Scopus, PsycInfo, Science Direct, Web of Science, and SafetyLit. Crash incident rates, risk factors, and prevention strategies were extracted from the articles, and a review of quality was undertaken using McMasters guidelines. Results: Included in the review were 30 articles, with the majority from the United States. Crash risk rates, where reported, were low relative to agricultural vehicle use and when compared to overall road crash numbers. Crash risk factors included weather and visibility, age, personal and driving characteristics, road conditions, and event characteristics. Prevention strategies proposed were targeted at drivers and operators, vehicles, road design, driving behavior, and surveillance, policy, and technology. Conclusions: Overall, reported crash numbers involving large agricultural vehicles were low. Currently, there is limited capacity to calculate exposure rates compounded by the difficulties in identifying road incidents that involve agriculture vehicles. Better surveillance systems are required to improve our understanding of exposure and crash incident rates. Future research into the multiplicity of interrelated factors involved in agriculture vehicle crashes on roads, exposure rates, and evidence for the effectiveness of the prevention strategies is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeszyty Prawnicze Biuro Analiz Sejmowej is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study discusses the topic of transport accessibility of Poland and the Russian Federation. The authors have analysed the principles of acquiring land for the construction of public roads, network development and problems that accompany the development of national roads. Since the political transformation at the beginning of the 1990s, Poland and Russian Federation have been in need of legislative changes that would facilitate the acquisition of land for road investments. The study presents the dynamic development of the national roads system in Poland, after the accession to the European Union, and improvement of the communication system in the Russian Federation.

The functioning of forest districts in Poland should be based on their mutual cooperation with local authorities in order to achieve social interest, one of the examples of which is construction or reconstruction of roads. Due to the fact that achieving mutual investments encounter real legal problems arising from underspecified and unclear concepts, an assessment should be made of whether the construction and reconstruction of forest roads is a public purpose and also answer, what is a forest and forest road within the meaning of the provisions of the Act. It is necessary to present views of legal science and jurisdiction of administrative courts. The judicial direction of administrative courts is not beneficial for achieving investments; it does not even take into account that one of the investors' purposes – forest districts – is nature management. Presenting the contrary argumentation to judicature positions should help courts make a proper assessment in the interpretation of provisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Crashes involving farm equipment (FE) are a major safety concern for farmers as well as all other users of the public road system in both rural and urban areas. These crashes often involve passenger vehicle drivers striking the farm equipment from behind or attempting to pass, but little is known about drivers' perceived norms and self-reported passing behaviors. The objective of this study is to examine factors influencing drivers' farm equipment passing frequencies and their perceptions about the passing behaviors of other drivers., Methods: Data were collected via intercept surveys with adult drivers at local gas stations in two small rural towns in Iowa. The survey asked drivers about their demographic information, frequency of passing farm equipment, and perceptions of other drivers' passing behavior in their community and state when approaching farm equipment (proximal and distal descriptive norms). A multinomial logistic regression model was used to estimate the relationship between descriptive norms and self-reported passing behavior., Results: Survey data from 201 adult drivers showed that only 10% of respondents considered farm equipment crashes to be a top road safety concern. Respondents who perceived others passing farm equipment frequently in their community were more likely to report that they also frequently pass farm equipment. The results also showed interactions between gender and experience operating farm equipment in terms of self-reported passing behavior., Conclusions/implications: Results from this study suggest local and state-level norms and perceptions of those norms may be important targets for intervention to improve individual driving behaviors around farm equipment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors do not have any competing interests to declare.

Copyright of Year-Book of Lithuanian History / Lietuvos Istorijos Metraštis is the property of Lithuanian Institute of History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While developing the projects for the construction of new and reconstruction of the existing roads, there is a probability of using privately owned land. In these cases, the mechanism of alienation of the private land plots is used to meet the public needs. Among the list of social needs, in the first place, there is a need for the land plots during construction, major repairs, reconstruction and maintenance of transport infrastructure objects, in particular roads. While designing the road construction and reconstruction projects, the technical-economic and transport-operational characteristics of the design object should be determined in conjunction with the protection of the environment and the rational use of natural resources. The article deals with the issues of assessing the impact of the road construction on the environment and the measures to reduce the level of pollution of the environment by introducing the environmental, technological, sanitary-technical and organizational measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arun Property Development (Pty) Ltd wished to subdivide portions of the farm Langeberg 311, Durbanville. The 1988 structure plan for the area had indicated that certain roads would traverse the property. These and other roads all formed part of a new subdivision known as Sonstraal Heights. As is customary, the ownership of the roads in the subdivision vested in the municipality in terms of section 28 of the Land Use Planning Ordinance 15 of 1985 (C) (LUPO) on the date of approval of the subdivision. Central to this provision is that no compensation is payable to the developer if the provision of the public roads is based on the normal need therefor arising from the subdivision. Since the developer was of the opinion that the roads it had provided exceeded the normal need, the issue that had to be resolved was whether compensation must be paid for roads beyond what would normally be required for a subdivision. The main issue that the courts, from the Western Cape High Court to the Constitutional Court in Arun Property Development (Pty) Ltd v City of Cape Town 2015 2 SA 584 (CC), had to deal with was whether the vesting of roads beyond the normal need therefor arising from the subdivision amounted to an expropriation of land for which compensation is payable in terms of section 25(2) of the Constitution. This case note looks at the different stages of the case, and in the process highlights the historical and legislative background and the subdivision process. It shows that the vesting of the ownership of roads in the municipality is similar to the payment of a development contribution, both of which can be categorised as deprivations of property in terms of the constitutional property clause. On 1 July 2015 LUPO was effectively superseded by the new Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act 16 of 2013 (SPLUMA) and the Western Cape Land Use Planning Act 3 of 2014 (LUPA). Since SPLUMA does not and LUPA does contain a reference to the "normal needs" provision, the implications of Arun for the new legislative dispensation are addressed.

The primary network of forest roads consists of public and forest truck roads. Public roads in one forest area have been mainly built due to needs of local communities, access to rural areas, the development of tourism, recreation and so on. Forest truck roads have been built and maintained by those who manage forests (the forest management), while public roads have been managed by the Directorate for Roads of the Federation of B&H and cantonal and local governments. In the last twenty years, the sector for wood assortments transport in the Federation of B&H is in charge of the private transport operators which use vehicles of large capacities and high axle loads for the purpose of transport of as large as possible quantities of wooden mass per time unit. Due to this fact, the roads have deteriorated faster. The accelerated deterioration of the roads used for the transport of wooden assortments imposes the need for the allocation of larger funds for their maintenance. Due to the increasing damages on the roads the prohibitions of use of some public roads for wooden assortments transport occur more frequently. The aim of the research is to determine the total length of public roads which open Forest Management Units of Sarajevo Canton (FMU of SC) and to investigate the possibility of using these categories of roads for forestry. For examination and analysis possibilities of using public roads for wooden assortments transport qualitative research - polls methods have been applied within the framework of the key representatives of the target groups such as forestry and the local community. In the questionnaire, two sets of questions were specified, the first one which is designed to determine the possible existence of problems of using public roads for transport of wooden assortments and possible causes of occurrence of the problems. The second group of questions gives some of the possible solutions for solving the problems of using public roads for the purpose of transport of wood assortments. The results of the survey show that the share of public roads for opening forest truck roads of Canton Sarajevo amounts 44.94%. The given results illustrate that the cases of prohibition of use of public roads for wood assortments transport are rare. The largest proportion of respondents (65%) pleaded that there are no problems (conditions) for using public roads within their territory. A share of 32% of respondents said that there are some requirements for the use of public roads for the transport of wood assortments in their territory and those are mostly demands that FMU covers the costs of maintenance of these roads. A share of 58% of respondents gave the answer that those requirements originate from self-organized groups of citizens. A share of 42% of respondents gave the answer that these requirements originate from the local community (municipalities and lower levels). In the second group of questions, where the proposal for resolving the problems of wood assortments transport in case of inability of use the existing public roads have been given the majority of respondents consider that the solution of problem is making agreement on the mode of usage and application of more control of axle loads of truck which transport wood assortments by public roads. The general conclusion of the research is that the undisturbed use of public roads for forestry needs is possible only with more consideration of the legal guidelines and with continuous agreements of all stakeholders accompanied by constant control.

The article focuses on the construction of public roads in Poland. In the introductory section the basic rules for financing such investments are discussed. It is highlighted that investment in road infrastructure is very expensive for the state budget and local government, even with financial support from the EU funds. In this context, public-legal partnership (PPP) has become a very useful and cost-effective institution for carrying out public tasks. This article describes the possible partners of PPP and the legal nature of the related contract, highlighting the three main types of public-law partnerships that can be applied to the construction of public roads in Poland. The article concludes with recommendations regarding legislation governing the construction of public roads and public-private partnership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study discusses the topic of transport accessibility in Poland and the Russian Federation. The authors have analysed the principles of acquiring land for the construction of public roads, network development and problems that accompany the development of national roads. Since the political transformation at the beginning of the 1990's, Poland and Russian Federation have been in the need of legislative changes that would facilitate the acquisition of land for road investments. The study presents the dynamic development of the national roads system in Poland, after the accession to the European Union, and improvement of the communication system in the Russian Federation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides for an analysis of legal aspects of certain particular investment processes within technical infrastructure in the Polish regions (voivodeships, but in the counties and communes as well). Those mentioned investments are undertaken in the areas of roads, railroads, airports and telecommunication. The impact of the investments is crucial in terms of the socio-economic development of the modern state and society. All dilemmas in terms of the mentioned investments’ management are related to legal regulations imposed by the state. It is noteworthy that those special regulations are aimed at organising the investment process in an efficient and adequately speedy way. Those regulations provide for a broad legal environment of business within the infrastructure investments. All of those regulations are necessary in order to push the continuous progress of the Polish regions targeting at reacting the level of socio-economic development of the so-called western countries (old, early members of the EU).

Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence and potential risk factors of farm vehicle–related road traffic crashes among farm vehicle drivers in southern China. Methods: A cross-sectional study was used to interview 1,422 farm vehicle drivers in southern China. Farm vehicle–related road traffic crashes that occurred from December 2013 to November 2014 were investigated. Data on farm vehicle–related road traffic crashes and related factors were collected by face-to-face interviews. Results: The prevalence of farm vehicle–related road traffic crashes among the investigated drivers was 7.2%. Farm vehicle–related road traffic crashes were significantly associated with self-reported vision problem (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.48, 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.86–10.87), self-reported sleep disorders (AOR = 10.03, 95% CI, 6.28–15.99), self-reported stress (AOR = 20.47, 95% CI, 9.96–42.08), reported history of crashes (AOR = 5.40, 95% CI, 3.47–8.42), reported history of drunk driving (AOR = 5.07, 95% CI, 2.97–8.65), and reported history of fatigued driving (AOR = 5.72, 95% CI, 3.73–8.78). The number of road traffic crashes was highest in the daytime and during harvest season. In over 96% of farm vehicle–related road traffic crashes, drivers were believed to be responsible for the crash. Major crash-causing factors included improper driving, careless driving, violating of traffic signals or signs, and being in the wrong lane. Conclusion: Findings of this study suggest that farm vehicle–related road traffic crashes have become a burgeoning public health problem in China. Programs need to be developed to prevent farm vehicle–related road traffic crashes in this emerging country. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Arun Property Development (Pty) Ltd wished to subdivide portions of the farm Langeberg 311, Durbanville. The 1988 structure plan for the area had indicated that certain roads would traverse the property. These and other roads all formed part of a new subdivision known as Sonstraal Heights. As is customary, the ownership of the roads in the subdivision vested in the municipality in terms of section 28 of the Land Use Planning Ordinance 15 of 1985 (C) (LUPO) on the date of approval of the subdivision. Central to this provision is that no compensation is payable to the developer if the provision of the public roads is based on the normal need therefor arising from the subdivision. Since the developer was of the opinion that the roads it had provided exceeded the normal need, the issue that had to be resolved was whether compensation must be paid for roads beyond what would normally be required for a subdivision. The main issue that the courts, from the Western Cape High Court to the Constitutional Court in Arun Property Development (Pty) Ltd v City of Cape Town 2015 2 SA 584 (CC), had to deal with was whether the vesting of roads beyond the normal need therefor arising from the subdivision amounted to an expropriation of land for which compensation is payable in terms of section 25(2) of the Constitution. This case note looks at the different stages of the case, and in the process highlights the historical and legislative background and the subdivision process. It shows that the vesting of the ownership of roads in the municipality is similar to the payment of a development contribution, both of which can be categorised as deprivations of property in terms of the constitutional property clause. On 1 July 2015 LUPO was effectively superseded by the new Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act 16 of 2013 (SPLUMA) and the Western Cape Land Use Planning Act 3 of 2014 (LUPA). Since SPLUMA does not and LUPA does contain a reference to the "normal needs" provision, the implications of Arun for the new legislative dispensation are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:Crashes involving agricultural vehicles (AVs) on public roads are an increasing road safety problem. We aim to analyze developments in the appearance and severity of these accidents, identify influencing factors, and draw lessons for possible interventions for accident prevention within the context of modern mechanized agriculture. Methods:To analyze developments in the appearance of accidents we use a subset of accidents with AVs involved on public roads in The Netherlands aggregated per year for 1987–2010. To identify and explore preventive measures we use an in-depth study of the Dutch Safety Board. With a study of international literature we put our findings in a wider context. Results:During this time span, Dutch annual averages show 15 registered fatal accidents involving AVs, 93 with hospitalization and 137 with slight injuries. For nonfatal accidents, the numbers are decreasing over time. This decrease is proportionate to the reduction in the total number of traffic victims. For fatalities, however, the number is stable, increasing its proportion in all traffic fatalities from 1 in 1987 to 2 percent in 2010. Related to the number of inhabitants, this number is 2 times the value in the UK and 3 times the value in the United States. Influencing factors can be related to the 3 road system components (AV, driver, and infrastructure). Weak points for AVs are the view from the driver's seat, visibility at night, permitted vehicle width, and crash aggressivity (large kinetic energy of the AV) that is transferred to other road users in case of a collision. Important factors identified for the driver are poor risk perception and high risk acceptance, in combination with speeding, dysfunctional use such as the use of AVs as modes of transport to and from school, and driving on public roads without protecting or removing protruding and sharp components. For infrastructure, the focus is on road design and separation of AVs from other motor vehicles. Lessons to be learned follow from these accident factors. For AV drivers, a driver's training focusing on driving behavior in the presence of vulnerable road users and concluding with an examination is advised. For vehicle safety, actual practice in The Netherlands is inadequate for control of proper maintenance. Some permanent requirements for the AV are insufficiently specific (view) or effective (lighting) and too generous (width). For infrastructure, a wide range of measures is available. Conclusions:A targeted approach to all road system components is urgently needed to avoid a further worsening of existing problems and to reduce the above proportional role of AVs in road danger. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition ofTraffic Injury Preventionto view the supplemental file. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the law violation in case of driving on the public roads an unregistered vehicle. Also, are presented the forensics and investigations activities and that must be realized for a right juridical qualification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opinion on the possibility of establishing a provision allowing local self-govern-ment units to give financial aid out of their budgets in the form of grant-in-aid for the General Directorate for the National Roads and Motorways (Opinion prepared on January 7, 2013 on the request of the Bureau of Research of the Chancellery of the Sejm): The opinion provides legal analysis of the possibility of existence, in the national legal system, of a provision permitting local self-government units to offer financial aid out of their budgets for General Directorate for the National Roads. The author claims that introducing such a regulation would infringe Article 166 (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criminal Rule incriminates the refusal to collect "biological samples", highlighting the driver's bad faith. Law does not refer to the case where the driver has agreed to provide the first biological sample but refuses the collection of the second. Such situations hindering the criminal prosecution body were met in practice. After a thorough assessment of the incriminating wording in accordance with the criminal provision's rules of interpretation, the author concludes that the refusal to provide the second biological sample is an offense [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on offenses concerning the road factor by not complying with conditions of the construction authorization issued under the law, to provide access to the public road, if constructions are situated on the road, under legal provisions in force in Romanian legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]