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Purpose: Diabetic macular edema is one of the leading causes of vision loss across the world. Hard exudates at the macula can lead to structural abnormalities in the retina leading to irreversible vision loss. Systemic dyslipidemia and other modifiable risk factors when identified and treated early may help prevent substantial vision loss. The purpose of this study was to study the association between serum lipid levels and other systemic risk factors like hemoglobin, HbA1c, and serum creatinine with hard exudates and macular edema in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Methods: It is a prospective cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary health care center in South India. 96 patients having diabetic retinopathy with hard exudates were included. Modified Airlie house classification was used to grade the hard exudates. Blood investigations including serum lipid profile, hemoglobin, HbA1c, and serum creatinine were carried out. Central subfield macular thickness was measured using optical coherence tomography. Results: 96 patients of type II DM with diabetic retinopathy were divided into three groups of hard exudates. A statistically significant correlation was observed between the severity of hard exudates and total cholesterol (p = 0.00), triglycerides (p = 0.00), LDL (p = 0.00), and VLDL (p = 0.00). HbA1c levels showed a statistically significant correlation with the severity of hard exudates (p = 0.09), no significant correlation was noted between hard exudates and hemoglobin levels (p = 0.27) and with serum creatinine (p = 0.612). A statistically significant association between CSMT and hard exudates (p = 0.00) was noted. Conclusion: In our study, we concluded that the severity of hard exudates is significantly associated with increasing levels of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, and HbA1c levels in type II DM patients presenting with diabetic retinopathy. The increasing duration of diabetes is significantly associated with increasing severity of hard exudates. Central subfield macular thickness increases with increasing severity of hard exudates in diabetic retinopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a case of ptosis and dacryoadenitis in a patient who had recovered from COVID-19. Ptosis is the drooping of the upper eyelids and can have various causes, including neurogenic, myogenic, mechanical, and traumatic factors. The patient in this case had a history of diabetes and COVID-19, which prompted the suspicion of mucormycosis, a life-threatening fungal infection. However, further examination and imaging revealed a diagnosis of dacryoadenitis, inflammation of the lacrimal gland. The article emphasizes the importance of early detection, referral, and appropriate management in cases like this. [Extracted from the article]

This article describes a case of a 73-year-old man who experienced sudden vision loss in both eyes. The examination revealed white lesions in the posterior pole of the eyes, indicating Purtscher-like retinopathy. Further investigations confirmed a diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. Purtscher-like retinopathy is a rare condition characterized by sudden visual loss and retinal whitening. This case is unique because it is the first reported instance of Purtscher-like retinopathy following giant cell arteritis. It emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and treatment to prevent vision loss. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: To investigate the urine protein (UP) and urine creatinine (UC) ratio in diabetes mellitus and report its inuence as a risk factor for the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Methods: In total, 150 diabetic patients presenting to the outpatient department were included. Detailed history with informed consent and ophthalmic examination, including visual assessment, external ocular examination, anterior segment evaluation, dilated fundus examination by slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and indirect ophthalmoscopy, was done. The early morning spot urine sample was used to determine spot urine protein creatinine ratio. Association with hypertension, fasting blood sugar (FBS), and HBA1C (glycosylated Hb) were also noted. Results: Urinary PCR increased with the severity of the diabetic retinopathy (P < 0.001). HbA1c, FBS, and duration of diabetes had a direct correlation with urine PCR. ROC curve analysis showed that the optimal PCR cut-off value for predicting the risk of onset DR was 0.65. Retinopathy progressed with increasing urine PCR. Spot urine PCR strongly correlates with stages of diabetic retinopathy and proteinuria measured in 24-h urine samples. Conclusion: The study showed that urine PCR can be a marker for risk and progression of diabetic retinopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ewing sarcoma is one of the rare, highly malignant neuroectodermal tumors frequently involving bones. Primary orbital Ewing sarcoma is extremely uncommon. We report a rare case of a 5-year-old boy who presented to us with a painless, slow-growing mass above the medial canthus of the left eye, the clinical appearance of which was masquerading as an internal angular dermoid. The child was subsequently diagnosed to have primary orbital Ewing sarcoma. Primary orbital Ewing sarcoma is a rare tumor with poor prognosis, poses diagnostic challenges, and demands a high index of clinical suspicion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Eye; Poliosis; Retina; Vision; VKH (vogt-koyanagi harada) EN Eye Poliosis Retina Vision VKH (vogt-koyanagi harada) 338 339 2 04/04/23 20230401 NES 230401 Introduction A 48-year-old male patient diagnosed previously with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, presented with bilateral white discolouration of his eyelashes (Figure 1A). Poliosis can be caused by a spectrum of benign, autoimmune or neoplastic conditions.[1] Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) is an autoimmune disease with multisystem involvement[2] and can cause poliosis in late stages. [Extracted from the article]

This study on home care provision aims to understand the perceptions that families and educators have on the subject of early intervention. Early intervention, referenced in this text (EI), highlights the need for families and professionals to engage in active practices that foster dialogue and the acquisition of skills. The home becomes especially relevant as an educational environment as it has a direct effect on the child's development and well-being. In this vein, the early intervention professional develops communication skills and seeks to maximize support within the home environment, with minimal intrusion whilst respecting the values and beliefs of the family. Interviews were conducted with kindergarten teachers, who work in local early intervention teams, as well as the families which receive the support. The aim of these interviews was to demystify the possible existence of conflict between the personal values of each group, and to understand whether or not there are feelings of intrusion and a loss of privacy, which could affect both. The conclusion drawn was that both groups considered that the benefits of home care provision, on the whole, surpassed any previously identified challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Fundus imaging with a mobile phone: A review of techniques" by M. P. Shanmugam and colleagues in the 2014 issue along with the authors' response to the same.