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2. Coupling high-frequency measurements and predictive modelling for monitoring and an early warning system of cyanobacteria blooms

Author

Vinçon-Leite, Brigitte, Piccioni, Francesco, Hong, Yi, Tran Khac, Viet, Lemaire, Bruno J., Furstenau Plec, Denis, Li, Chenlu, Dubois, Philippe, Saad, Mohamed, Hmimina, Gabriel, Soudani, Kamel, Quiblier, Catherine, Tambosco, Kevin, Six, Gonzague, Freissinet, Catherine, Decencière, Beatriz, Humbert, Jean-François, Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes (MCAM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Gustave Eiffel, Artelia Eau & Environnement [Echirolles], Artelia Eau & Environnement [Lyon], CEREEP-Ecotron Ile de France (UMS 3194), Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Philipp Hess, ANR-13-ECOT-0001,OSS-CYANO,Développement d'un capteur optique et d'un système drone pour la surveillance spatiale des cyanobactéries dans les écosystèmes aquatiques continentaux(2013), Vinçon-Leite, Brigitte, EcoTechnologies & EcoServices - Développement d'un capteur optique et d'un système drone pour la surveillance spatiale des cyanobactéries dans les écosystèmes aquatiques continentaux - - OSS-CYANO2013 - ANR-13-ECOT-0001 - ECO-TS - VALID, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
urban lakes, web platform, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, forecasting, [SDE.IE] Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, [SDU.STU.OC] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 3D modelling, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract

International audience; In urban watersheds, anthropogenic activities have major impacts on the ecological quality of water bodies. The degradation of water quality can result in toxic cyanobacteria blooms, which in turn may cause serious health risks to people in contact with water, e.g. when doing water sports. Due to the complexity of natural processes in water bodies, physically-based and spatially distributed models are valuable tools for better understanding the interactions between variables driving cyanobacteria blooms, as well as for helping stakeholders determine management strategies. However, traditional in situ measurements are limited by temporal and spatial resolution to make such numerical models reliable. Continuous in situ measurements provided by automated high-frequency monitoring can significantly improve adaptive decision-making. The main objectives of this work were to (i) set up a full-scale experimental site for high-frequency monitoring of cyanobacteria biomass in an urban lake; (ii) couple the high-frequency measurements and a physicallybased three-dimensional hydro-ecological model for predicting cyanobacteria blooms; (iii) implement atransfer platform for real-time data management; and (iv) develop a web platform for communicating information to lake managers, other stakeholders and the public. These steps were conducted in the framework of the OSS-cyano project, funded by the French Research Agency (ANR). The study site is Lake Champs-surMarne (0.12 km2 surface, 3.5 m maximum depth), located in Greater Paris. The field monitoring includesmeasurements of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll-a fluorescence and phycocyanin fluorescence at 10 min time steps, and regular vertical profiles of temperature and fluorescence of the main phytoplankton groups. The Delft3D hydrodynamic and ecological modules, Flow and Bloom respectively, were implemented. Using continuous measurements and short-term meteorological forecast, a predictive modelling of the cyanobacteria biomass evolution over four days was performed. Simulation results can then be communicated to the lake manager and the public through a web platform for health risk warning.

Published
2020

3. Fabrication and characterization of low-loss TFMS on silicon substrate up to 220 GHz

Author

Six, Gonzague, Prigent, Gaetan, Rius, Eric, Dambrine, Gilles, and Happy, Henri

Subjects
Dielectric films -- Research, Thin films -- Research, Business, Computers, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

This paper presents the results of the fabrication and characterization up to 220 GHz, of thin-film microstrip (TFMS) transmission-line structures. The transmission lines are fabricated on a low-resistivity silicon substrate ([rho] = 10 [ohm] * cm). TFMS lines with a thick dielectric layer (20 [micro]m of benzocyclobutene is used here) present losses of 0.3 dB/mm at 94 GHz and 0.6 dB/mm at 220 GHz. Thus, using this technology, it will be possible to develop monolithic microwave integrated circuits on a silicon substrate. Index Terms--Dielectric film, low-resistivity silicon substrate, silicon, silicon monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs), transmission lines.

Published
2005

4. Design of narrow-band DBR planar filters in Si-BCB technology for millimeter-wave applications

Author

Prigent, Gaetan, Rius, Eric, Le Pennec, Francois, Le Maguer, Sandrick, Quendo, Cedric, Six, Gonzague, and Happy, Henri

Subjects
Electric filters -- Research, Business, Computers, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

This paper discusses a method used to design planar bandpass filters for millimeter-wave applications in U- and W-band frequency ranges. For technical reasons, these filters have to be implemented on silicon-based technology. So as to decrease the insertion losses levels inherent in silicon substrate, we propose a thin-film microstrip-like technology implemented on a benzocyclobutene layer. In addition, a dual-behavior resonator-based filter topology enabled us to fit a hardened specification. In association with this new topology, we employed an automated design procedure that combines both circuit and full-wave simulations. It is based on a statistical sensitivity study performed by design-of-experiment analysis. Index Terms--Bandpass filter, millimeter-wave applications, silicon technology, U- and W-frequency band.

Published
2004

5. Development of a low cost optical sensor and of a drone system for the monitoring of cyanobacteria in freshwater ecosystems

Author

Humbert, Jean-François, Soudani, Kamel, Hmimina, Gabriel, Audebert, Louise, Buttigieg, Stéphane, Chatellier, Patrice, Chollet, Simon, Decencière, Beatriz, Derkx, François, Freissinet, Catherine, Hong, Yi, Hulot, Florence D., Lemaire, Bruno J., Millot, Alexis, Perrin, Aurélien, Quiblier, Catherine, Six, Gonzague, Sorin, Jean-Luc, Tambosco, Kevin, Tran Khac, Viet, Vinçon-Leite, Brigitte, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Instrumentation, Simulation et Informatique Scientifique (IFSTTAR/COSYS/LISIS), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Communauté Université Paris-Est, CEREEP-Ecotron Ile de France (UMS 3194), Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Artelia Eau & Environnement [Echirolles], Artelia Eau & Environnement [Lyon], laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU), AgroParisTech-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes (MCAM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Composants et Systèmes (IFSTTAR/COSYS), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université de Lyon-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-PRES Université Lille Nord de France, Laboratoire Géophysique et évaluation non destructive (IFSTTAR/GERS/GeoEND), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), ANR-13-ECOT-0001,OSS-CYANO,Développement d'un capteur optique et d'un système drone pour la surveillance spatiale des cyanobactéries dans les écosystèmes aquatiques continentaux(2013), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES (UMR_7618 / UMR_D_242 / UMR_A_1392 / UM_113) ), Communauté Université Paris-Est-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PRES Université Lille Nord de France-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-Université de Lyon-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), Lemaire, Bruno J., EcoTechnologies & EcoServices - Développement d'un capteur optique et d'un système drone pour la surveillance spatiale des cyanobactéries dans les écosystèmes aquatiques continentaux - - OSS-CYANO2013 - ANR-13-ECOT-0001 - ECO-TS - VALID, and ISSHA

Subjects
[SDE] Environmental Sciences, [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract

International audience; Cyanobacteria blooms frequently disturb the functioning of freshwater ecosystems and their uses, due to the toxins dangerous to health that cyanobacteria are able to synthesize. Therefore, many countries have implemented monitoring programs aimed at reducing the risk of human exposure to these toxins. The main limitation is related to the heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of cyanobacteria. In the vertical dimension, these organisms can stay in different layers in the water column and in the horizontal scale, the cells may accumulate in some a rea of the water body, under the action of winds or currents. In an attempt to improve monitoring, many research projects have been undertaken in order to develop new tools, like buoys equipped with various underwater sensors. This tool is highly relevant but it does not allow assessing the horizontal distribution of cyanobacteria and its cost remains expensive. Moreover, if satellite remote sensing can be considered very useful for estimating biomass and horizontal distribution of cyanobacteria in a water body, the cost of this technology and the lack of satellite availability make it unaffordable for routine monitoring. In this context, our project named OSS-CYANO (Development of optical sensors and drone system for the survey of cyanobacteria) project aims in a first time to develop and validate a new, low-cost aerial sensor. In this goal, we developed a framework for performing high-throughput measurements of the absorbance and reflectance of small volumes of controlled mixtures of phytoplankton species and studied the potential of this framework to validate remote-sensing proxies of cyanobacteria concentration. A systematic test of every possible two-band and three-band normalized difference between optical indices was then performed, and the coincidental correlation with chlorophyll-b (absent in cyanobacteria) was used as an indicator of non-specificity. Two-band indices were shown to suffer from non-specificity issues and could not yield strong and specific relationships with phycocyanin or phycoerythrin (maximum R² 0.8). The second part of our program aimed to couple the high-frequency measurements and a physically-based three-dimensional hydro-ecological model for predicting cyanobacteria blooms. Finally, the third part of our program aimed to implement a drone capable of carrying the sensor to perform spatial measurements on large water bodies, and other instruments for water sampling or for performing underwater measurements. Six public research laboratories and one private company have been involved in this project.

Published
2018

6. Coupling high-frequency measurements and predictive modelling in a monitoring and early warning system of cyanobacteria blooms

Author

Vinçon-Leite, Brigitte, Hong, Yi, Tran Khac, Viet, Plec, Denis, Li, Chenlu, DUBOIS, Philippe, Saad, Mohamed, Lemaire, Bruno J., Hmimina, Gabriel, Soudani, Kamel, Quiblier, Catherine, Tambosco, Kevin, Six, Gonzague, Freissinet, Catherine, Decencière, Beatriz, Humbert, Jean-François, laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU), AgroParisTech-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes (MCAM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES (UMR_7618 / UMR_D_242 / UMR_A_1392 / UM_113) ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Composants et Systèmes (IFSTTAR/COSYS), PRES Université Lille Nord de France-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-Université de Lyon-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), Artelia Eau & Environnement [Echirolles], Artelia Eau & Environnement [Lyon], CEREEP-Ecotron Ile de France (UMS 3194), Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-13-ECOT-0001,OSS-CYANO,Développement d'un capteur optique et d'un système drone pour la surveillance spatiale des cyanobactéries dans les écosystèmes aquatiques continentaux(2013), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université de Lyon-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-PRES Université Lille Nord de France, Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] (ULB), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDE]Environmental Sciences, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation
Abstract

International audience; Anthropogenic activities have major impacts on the ecological quality of downstream water bodies. The degradation of the water quality can lead to toxic cyanobacteria blooms, which in turn may cause serious health risks to people doing water sports. Due to the complexity of natural processes in water bodies, physically-based and spatially distributed models are valuable tools for a better understanding of the interactions between variables driving cyanobacteria blooms, as well as for helping stakeholders determine their management strategies. However, traditional in situ measurements have too limited temporal and spatial resolution to make such a numerical model reliable. Efforts must be made to use innovative monitoring to overcome these limitations. Continuous in situ measurements provided by automated high-frequency monitoring can decisively improve model performances.Therefore, the main objectives of the study were to (i) set up a full-scale experimental site for high-frequency monitoring of cyanobacteria biomass in an urban lake; (ii) couple the high-frequency measurements and a physically-based three-dimensional hydro-ecological model for predicting cyanobacteria blooms; (iii) establish a transfer platform for real-time data management; and (iv) develop a web platform for communicating information with lake managers, other stakeholders and the public. In the framework of the OSS-cyano project, the study site is Lake Champs-sur-Marne (0.12 km2 surface, 3.5 m maximum depth), located in Greater Paris. The field monitoring includes measurements of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll fluorescence and phycocyanin fluorescence every fifth minute, and fortnightly vertical profiles of temperature and of the fluorescence of the main phytoplankton groups. The Delft3D hydrodynamic and ecological models, respectively Flow and Bloom, were implemented. Using continuous measurements and short-term meteorological forecast, a predictive modelling of the cyanobacteria biomass evolution over a week was performed. Simulation results were then communicated to the lake manager and the public through a web platform for sanitary risk warning.

Published
2018

7. Dielectric spectroscopy of artificial faeces for smouldering applications

Author

Satie, Cachan, Bore, Thierry, Placko, D., Taillade, Frédéric, Sabouroux, P., Himbert, Marc, Wagner, Norman, Delepine Lesoille, Sylvie, Six, Gonzague, Daout, Franck, Lesoille-Delepine, S., Lynch, Jerome, Yun, Chung-Bang, Wang, Kon-Well, Yerman, L., Serna, M. Llano, Wall, H., Torero, J., Scheuerman, A., Laboratoire commun de métrologie LNE-CNAM (LCM), Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais [Trappes] (LNE )-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Systèmes et Applications des Technologies de l'Information et de l'Energie (SATIE), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC), HIPE (HIPE), Institut FRESNEL (FRESNEL), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs (ANDRA), Département Mesure, Auscultation et Calcul Scientifique (LCPC/MACS), Groupe d'Electromagnétisme Appliqué (GEA), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), BRE / Centre for fire safety engineering, University of Edinburgh, Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)

Subjects
Smouldering, Permittivity, Materials science, Electromagnetics, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, Dielectric, Network analyzer (electrical), 01 natural sciences, Dielectric spectroscopy, 010309 optics, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 0103 physical sciences, Composite material, Porous medium, Water content, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering
Abstract

Our objective is to develop an analysis concept in order to measure the in situ estimation of state parameter, such as water content, during smouldering of waste and sand mixtures. High frequency electromagnetic (HF EM) method presents a high potential for the quantitative estimation of state parameter in porous media. However, it provides indirect measurement: the major challenge is to derive robust relationship between the performed measured permittivity and the parameter under interest. Thus, laboratory measurement of dielectric properties of waste and sand mixtures under controlled boundary are urgently needed. In this preliminary study, the relative effective complex permittivity of artificial faeces was studied over the 50°MHz–3°GHz frequency range with network analyzer technique in combination with homemade open ended coaxial method. In a first step, the effect of water content on dielectric properties was investigated. The results have shown an important dispersion for the imaginary part which can be related to interface process and a systematic increase of the permittivity with water content. In a second step, a shrinking test was monitored with the homemade probe. The relative complex permittivity shows a nonlinear evolution with gravimetric water content and show marked transitions during the decrease of water content. The results of combined investigations have shown the potential of HF EM techniques for quantitative monitoring of the hydraulic state of waste and sand mixtures during smouldering combustion.

Published
2016

8. Broadband electromagnetic analysis of compacted kaolin

Author

Bore, Thierry, Wagner, Norman, Delepine Lesoille, Sylvie, Taillade, Frédéric, Six, Gonzague, Daout, Franck, Placko, Dominique, Cai, Caifang, Scheuermann, Alexander, Laboratoire commun de métrologie LNE-CNAM (LCM), Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais [Trappes] (LNE )-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs (ANDRA), Département Composants et Systèmes (IFSTTAR/COSYS), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université de Lyon-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-PRES Université Lille Nord de France, Département Mesure, Auscultation et Calcul Scientifique (LCPC/MACS), Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Groupe d'Electromagnétisme Appliqué (GEA), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement - Direction Ouest (Cerema Direction Ouest), Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement (Cerema), Laboratoire des signaux et systèmes (L2S), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and PRES Université Lille Nord de France-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-Université de Lyon-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)

Subjects
Materials science, Suction, Applied Mathematics, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Compaction, 02 engineering and technology, Mechanics, Conductivity, Physics::Classical Physics, 01 natural sciences, 6. Clean water, Physics::Geophysics, 010309 optics, Soil structure, Hydraulic conductivity, Electrical resistivity and conductivity, 0103 physical sciences, Compressibility, Porosity, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Instrumentation, Engineering (miscellaneous), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering
Abstract

The mechanical compaction of soil influences not only the mechanical strength and compressibility but also the hydraulic behavior in terms of hydraulic conductivity and soil suction. At the same time, electric and dielectric parameters are increasingly used to characterize soil and to relate them with mechanic and hydraulic parameters. In the presented study electromagnetic soil properties and suction were measured under defined conditions of standardized compaction tests. The impact of external mechanical stress conditions of nearly pure kaolinite was analyzed on soil suction and broadband electromagnetic soil properties. An experimental procedure was developed and validated to simultaneously determine mechanical, hydraulic and broadband (1 MHz-3 GHz) electromagnetic properties of the porous material. The frequency dependent electromagnetic properties were modeled with a classical mixture equation (advanced Lichtenecker and Rother model, ALRM) and a hydraulic-mechanical-electromagnetic coupling approach was introduced considering water saturation, soil structure (bulk density, porosity), soil suction (pore size distribution, water sorption) as well as electrical conductivity of the aqueous pore solution. Moreover, the relaxation behavior was analyzed with a generalized fractional relaxation model concerning a high-frequency water process and two interface processes extended with an apparent direct current conductivity contribution. The different modeling approaches provide a satisfactory agreement with experimental data for the real part. These results show the potential of broadband electromagnetic approaches for quantitative estimation of the hydraulic state of the soil during densification.

Published
2016

10. Sonde électromagnétique pour la mesure de teneur en eau des matériaux poreux. Application aux argilites : caractérisation et modélisation

Author

Bore, Thierry, Placko, Dominique, Lesoille, Sylvie, Taillade, Frédéric, Sabouroux, Pierre, Six, Gonzague, Sabouroux, Pierre, Systèmes et Applications des Technologies de l'Information et de l'Energie (SATIE), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANDRA, Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs (ANDRA), Département Composants et Systèmes (IFSTTAR/COSYS), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université de Lyon-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-PRES Université Lille Nord de France, Institut FRESNEL (FRESNEL), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PRES Université Lille Nord de France-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-Université de Lyon-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)

Subjects
[SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, [SPI.GCIV]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEN-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/General Physics [physics.gen-ph], [SPI.ELEC] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, [SPI.GCIV] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEN-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/General Physics [physics.gen-ph]
Abstract

National audience; This paper focuses on the relation between electromagnetic properties of clayrock and its water content, in view of radioactive waste repository monitoring. Final aim is to improve off-the-shelf Time Domain Relfectometry sensing lines, which is basically sensitive to electromagnetic properties of the host material, clayrock in our case. Such parameters are poorly known. In a first time, we developed a new laboratory dielectric measurement device, consisting of a coaxial transmission line, enabling characterization of intact clayrock permittivity over the 50 MHz - 1 GHz frequency range. The study has shown a large variation of complex permittivity with (i) water content, the parameter of interest and (ii) frequency, which could be accurately fitted by a Cole - Cole model. In a second time, we proposed an analytical modeling of the TDR probe using these results as input electromagnetic parameter. Finally, some synthetic data were obtained, they was used to perform an inversion process: which consists to reach accurate estimation of the electromagnetic parameters starting from synthetic measurements. This stage has been made through both use of the analytical and Cole - Cole modeling in the same approach: the five parameters of the Cole-Cole model are least mean square estimated from a frequency sweep containing at least five frequencies.

Published
2013

11. Inclusions rigides en centrifugeuse : développement d'un dispositif expérimental à plateau mobile

Author

Rault, Gérard, Buttigieg, Stéphane, Thorel, Luc, Derkx, François, Okyay, Umur, Six, Gonzague, Neel, Alain, Département Géotechnique, Eau et Risques (LCPC/GER), Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Département Mesure, Auscultation et Calcul Scientifique (LCPC/MACS), Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), and Cadic, Ifsttar

Subjects
[PHYS.MECA.STRU]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Structural mechanics [physics.class-ph], [PHYS.MECA.STRU] Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Structural mechanics [physics.class-ph], [SPI.MECA.STRU]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Structural mechanics [physics.class-ph], RENFORCEMENT DES SOLS, TRANSFERT, [SPI.MECA.STRU] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Structural mechanics [physics.class-ph], INCLUSION, MODELE CENTRIFUGE
Abstract

Les inclusions rigides sont de plus en plus utilisées pour le renforcement des sols compressibles sous des ouvrages en génie civil. Les charges sont transférées sur les inclusions via un matelas constitué de matériau granulaire ou de sol traité. Afin d'étudier les mécanismes de transfert des charges, un dispositif embarqué en centrifugeuse a été développé.

Published
2010

12. Error Analysis of Clay-RockWater Content Estimation with Broadband High-Frequency Electromagnetic Sensors—Air Gap Effect.

Author

Bore, Thierry, Wagner, Norman, Lesoille, Sylvie Delepine, Taillade, Frederic, Six, Gonzague, Daout, Franck, and Placko, Dominique

Abstract

Broadband electromagnetic frequency or time domain sensor techniques present high potential for quantitative water content monitoring in porous media. Prior to in situ application, the impact of the relationship between the broadband electromagnetic properties of the porous material (clay-rock) and the water content on the frequency or time domain sensor response is required. For this purpose, dielectric properties of intact clay rock samples experimental determined in the frequency range from 1 MHz to 10 GHz were used as input data in 3-D numerical frequency domain finite element field calculations to model the one port broadband frequency or time domain transfer function for a three rods based sensor embedded in the clay-rock. The sensor response in terms of the reflection factor was analyzed in time domain with classical travel time analysis in combination with an empirical model according to Topp equation, as well as the theoretical Lichtenecker and Rother model (LRM) to estimate the volumetric water content. The mixture equation considering the appropriate porosity of the investigated material provide a practical and efficient approach for water content estimation based on classical travel time analysis with the onset-method. The inflection method is not recommended for water content estimation in electrical dispersive and absorptive material. Moreover, the results clearly indicate that effects due to coupling of the sensor to the material cannot be neglected. Coupling problems caused by an air gap lead to dramatic effects on water content estimation, even for submillimeter gaps. Thus, the quantitative determination of the in situ water content requires careful sensor installation in order to reach a perfect probe clay rock coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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