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Desert Archaeology, Inc., personnel conducted archaeological fieldwork for the City of Tucson at the Mission and Mission Garden loci of the Clearwater site, AZ BB:13:6 (ASM), and the Santa Cruz River Westside Canal site, AZ BB:13:481 (ASM), in March through July 2007, and September through October 2008. The work was conducted to mitigate the effects of the planned construction of the Mission of San Agustín, Ancestral Village, Carrillo House, and Mission Garden components of the Tucson Origins Heritage Park. As of June 2015, only the Mission Garden component was constructed. The project was funded by the City of Tucson as part of the Rio Nuevo redevelopment project. In all, 461 archaeological features were documented at the Clearwater site, and 21 canal segments from the Santa Cruz River Westside Canal site were studied. These features date from the time span between the Silverbell Interval of the Early Agricultural period (circa 2100 B.C.) into the American Statehood period, ending at about A.D. 1960. The features located included prehistoric pit structures, roasting pits, and small pits used for various purposes. Mission-era features included foundations of the Mission Garden walls and several middens. American Territorial period features were also found and included a brick-lined well and several outhouse pits. A number of prehistoric and protohistoric mortuary features were also located. These were excavated, and the remains and associated artifacts were repatriated to the Tohono O'Odham Nation. Analyses presented in this report used the features, recovered artifacts, plant materials, and faunal bone to examine three research issues — the changing riverine oasis, oasis communities, and community diversity.

This report is the first of two technical reports that present the results of archaeological and historical studies conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., and Arizona Preservation Consultants personnel for the City of Phoenix (City) Community Noise Reduction Program and associated Voluntary Acquisition and Relocation Services (CNRP-VARS) Program. Residential parcels within seven City-defined neighborhoods were the focus of archaeological investigations, including: North Neighborhood, AZ T:12:258 (ASM); Eastlake Park Neighborhood, AZ T:12:259 (ASM); El Campito Barrio, AZ T:12:260 (ASM); Cuatro Milpas Barrio, AZ T:12:261 (ASM); Ann Ott Barrio, AZ T:12:262 (ASM); Green Valley Barrio, AZ T:12:263 (ASM); and Rio Salado San Juan Bautista Barrio, AZ T:12:264 (ASM). The names were established as each neighborhood was annexed by the City, and mirror names used historically by the residents of the neighborhood. The term barrio, the Spanish word for neighborhood, reflects those neighborhoods populated primarily by residents of Hispanic descent. Site numbers were assigned per Arizona State Museum (ASM) protocols for archaeological investigations. CNRP-VARS work continues as of this writing, although the City plans to sunset the program in 2016. Consequently, some archaeological work, specifically demolition monitoring, also continues. However, because the bulk of archaeological and historical studies for the CNRP-VARS project had been completed by late 2011, VARS staff, the City Archaeologist, and Desert Archaeology agreed that the time was propitious to report results of the project. These parties also agreed that 30 June 2012, the end of the City's fiscal year, would be the cut-off point for inclusion of on-going monitoring results. Archaeological results postdating the end of June 2012 will be reported as an addendum to this report at the conclusion of all CNRP-VARS archaeological work. Due to the breadth of research and its many elements, Desert Archaeology elected to present the project's technical findings in two reports. This first technical report, Archaeological Field and Analytical Studies for the Community Noise Reduction Program, Phoenix, Arizona, is data oriented, providing specific details and results of the historical, archaeological, and analytical work for the project. The second technical report, Settling the Salt River Floodplain: Perspectives from the Community Noise Reduction Program, Phoenix, Arizona, is an interpretive report that synthesizes this body of work in the context of research issues and directions posed at the outset of the CNRP-VARS project. This first chapter provides background information about the project, descriptions of tasks accomplished, and summaries of the results of each task. Archival histories of residential parcels receiving archaeological data recovery efforts are presented in Chapter 2. Field methods, parcel-specific fieldwork, and feature descriptions are the subject of Chapter 3. Analytical studies of specific classes of recovered archaeological and cultural material are provided in Chapters 4-12, with supporting data provided in Appendices A-E. Appendix F provides maps prepared in accordance with state documentation standards for data recovery reports.

The results of phased data recovery efforts for the City of Phoenix Aviation Department in advance of construction of the PHX Sky Train are presented in this report. Investigations were conducted within the Sky Train's 44th Street Station area, located immediately west of 44th Street and south of the Grand Canal in Phoenix, Arizona. Twelve medium to large prehistoric canals were encountered during the project, which was an anticipated discovery given the project's location northwest of the Park of Four Waters at Pueblo Grande Museum and Cultural Park and in the trajectory of main canals that fed prehistoric Canal System 2. Unexpected was the discovery of prehistoric irrigated field systems comprised of ditches and field areas. This project provided the first plan exposure of such systems in the Salt River Valley. Also encountered during the project were several canal-side water catchment features and Hohokam habitation structures. The structures included pithouses, probably used a seasonal farm-houses, and a surface adobe structure, with associated pits, which was occupied more permanently as a farmstead. The ages of the archaeological remains ranged from the later Colonial period through the early Classic period, roughly AD 850-1350. The numbers and types of features documented by the project illustrate that people were using the canals and local terrain in a variety of ways, despite the intrusion of several large System 2 trunk canals through the area. Within the project area, land use, subsistence practices, and irrigation were inextricably intertwined. The results of the project reveal the Hohokam's intimate knowledge of their landscape and how to manipulate it to best advantage. The findings highlight why the study of the irrigated spaces between prehistoric settlements is crucial to fully understand how the Hohokam managed to thrive for so many centuries in their desert environment.

Salt River Project Agricultural Improvement and Power District (SRP) requested that Logan Simpson Design Inc. (LSD) perform a Class III cultural resources survey prior to anticipated staging of 18 wire pulling locations for a new 230-kV transmission line from Kortsen Road to Thornton Road for the Desert Basin Generating Station, west of Casa Grande in Pinal County. The Class III survey was undertaken to identify, document and evaluate the Arizona/National Register of Historic Places (A/NRHP) eligibility of cultural resources within the project area, and supplements an earlier survey completed by LSD for the project (Orcholl 2009). The project is located on SRP easements across Western Area Power Administration (Western) and private land along Kortsen, Burris and Thornton roads, as well as adjacent to the Maricopa-Casa Grande Highway. The project consists of 17 discrete 100 ft by 300 ft survey areas and one 186 ft by 300 ft survey area, encompassing a total of 13.0 acres.

The Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT), through its contractor, HDR Engineering, Inc., requested that Desert Archaeology, Inc., conduct Phase 1 and Phase 2 archaeological data recovery investigations at seven prehistoric sites along U.S. 191, approximately 1 mile west of the Navajo community of Wide Ruins, Apache County, Arizona (Elson and Herr 2005; Herr 2006b). The investigations were conducted in the Area of Potential Effects (APE) for construction of a northbound passing lane and turn lanes at the future intersection of Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Road N9345. Between 19 June and 6 July 2006, Phase 1 exploratory investigations were conducted at six sites; a seventh site was examined because human bone had been reported eroding from the road-cut (Benallie 1993). After these intial investigations, Phase 2 data recovery investigations were recommended for four sites: Red Ant, AZ-P-36-81 (NN)/ AZ K:10:28 (ASM); Black Ant, AZ-P-36-70 (NN)/AZ K:10:8 (ASM); Kanine, AZ-P-36-122 (NN)/ AZ K:10:9 (ASM); and Kin Ten Ten, AZ-P-36-125 (NN)/AZ K:10:10 (ASM). The research potential of AZ-P-36-115 (NN)/AZ K:10:12 (ASM) and AZ-P-36-116 (NN)/AZ K:10:13 (ASM) within the APE was exhausted by the exploratory investigations and no further work was conducted at those sites. No human bone was identified in the road-cut at AZ-P- 36-66 (NN)/K:10:11 (ASM), so no work was conducted there. After an on-site review of the Phase 1 work held on 5 July 2006, with Mark Brodbeck (HDR Engineering), William Doelle (Desert Archaeology), Sarah Herr (Desert Archaeology), Ron Maldonado (NNHPD), and David Zimmerman (ADOT), Desert Archaeology's recommendations for Phase 2 data recovery were reviewed and approved. The second phase of work was conducted between 10 July and 24 August 2006. A final tour for agency personnel was held on 14 August 2006. A total of 295 crew and 143 supervisor field person-days were spent on data recovery excavations. In this final report, the results of fieldwork and the analyses of artifacts and samples from the six sites investigated during the U.S. 191 Wide Ruins Archaeological project are presented. The current project provides a starting point from which to examine how this place has been used for centuries. Many layers of history are evoked by the landscape, from the shifting sand dunes and waterways measured in geologic time, the life history of houses and settlements explored in archaeological time, and the timeless history of the Navajo, Hopi, and Zuni groups who value and steward the land.

Archaeological work was conducted in April and May of 2004, at a portion of the Julian Wash site, AZ BB:13:17 (ASM), located in Tucson, Pima County, Arizona, prior to construction of a drainage system. Previous excavations by Desert Archaeology, Inc., and Statistical Research, Inc., identified several loci of this large prehistoric Hohokam site.The new project area was between these loci in an area that once lay beneath an embankment of Interstate 19 (I-19). The removal of this embankment and plans for the drainage system led to testing the area and subsequent data recovery. The results of the work at this portion of the Julian Wash site are presented in this report. Two components were documented. The prehistoric Hohokam component consisted of a number of borrow pits, from which soil and caliche were mined, a possible pit structure, numerous small pits, and an isolated vessel. A possible prehistoric dog burial and another prehistoric feature were found in a nearby cutbank. Numerous features associated with the St. Joseph's Children's Home, which operated from 1905 to 1936, were also located. These were primarily landscaping features such as planting pits and trenches, along with a fenceline. Basic background data on the project area, including its location, description, previous archaeological research, and a history of the orphanage, are provided in this chapter. Results of the fieldwork are provided in Chapter 2, while the prehistoric ceramic assemblage recovered from the site is summarized in Chapter 3. Other artifacts found during the project are discussed in Chapter 4, and Chapter 5 outlines the ethnobotanical and faunal analyses. Chapter 6 concludes the report.

The U.S. 89 Archaeological Project investigated 41 prehistoric sites located approximately 30 km north of Flagstaff, Arizona. All sites were on Coconino National Forest (CNF) land. The project was conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., for the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) prior to the widening and improvement of 26.7 km (16.6 miles) of U.S. 89, between the southern boundary of Wupatki National Monument in the north, and the town of Fernwood in the south. Archaeological fieldwork occurred over two primary field seasons in 1997 and 1998, with a very brief field season in 1999. A total of almost 12 person-years of labor was expended on the fieldwork. The U.S. 89 project area crosses diverse environmental zones, ranging from juniper-sage grasslands in the north at approximately 5,700 ft (1,737 m) asl, to ponderosa pine forests at over 7,200 ft (2,195 m) asl in the south. Mixed pinyon pine and juniper woodlands comprise the middle elevations. Five elevation zones were defined, using increments of 500 ft as a proxy for changes in precipitation, temperature, and vegetation. All project area sites are also within 25 km of Sunset Crater Volcano, with the closest sites only 5-6 km away. Sunset Crater erupted for a few years sometime between A.D. 1050 and 1125. Basalt lava from the eruption covered an area of approximately 8 km2, while another 2,300 km2 was covered by cinder and ash deposits. Sunset Crater cinders were found on all project area sites. An isopach map of cinder depth constructed for this project indicates that, minimally, the U.S. 89 sites were covered with from 5-50 cm of volcanic material, which had a significant impact on prehistoric settlement, subsistence, and economic systems. Prehistoric adaptation to environmental variability and to the Sunset Crater eruption were primary research themes. The results of the U.S. 89 investigations are presented in a series of anthropological papers: Anthropological Papers No. 30, Part I and Part 2, contain background information on the project and descriptions of the 41 investigated sites.Part 1 includes the two sites in Elevation Zone 1 (5,700-6,199 ft [1,737-1,889 m] asl) and 11 sites in Elevation Zone 2 (6,200-6,699 ft [1,890-2,042 m] asl), the lower elevation zones in the northern half of the project area.

The City of Tucson has proposed to develop part of a commercial block, Historic Block 208, also known as the Thrifty Block, in downtown Tucson, Pima County, Arizona. Three parcels within the block had been razed prior to the current project. Archival research indicated that Historic Block 208 had a long history of both residential and commercial use, and that intact subsurface archaeological deposits could be expected within the project area. A testing and data recovery plan was proposed (Diehl 2006). Testing and data recovery were conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., in July 2006, and required 4 person-days to complete. A total of 41 m of backhoe trench was excavated during testing, and four features were identified. One feature was completely excavated during data recovery. The details and findings of the testing and data recovery plan at Historic Block 208 are presented in this report, and recommendations are provided.

This project involved archaeological investigations at eight Hohokam sites that will be impacted by the construction of a 36-mile long natural gas pipeline and associated easements. Excavation and data recovery were conducted at seven of the sites [AZ U:10:2(ASM), AZ U:10:176(ASM), AZ U:15:248(ASM), AZ U:14:54(ASM), AZ U:14:361 (ASM), AZ U:14:74(ASM), AZ AA:2:131(ASM)]. Archaeological extent testing was conducted at the other site, AZ U:10:175(ASM). Because no subsurface features were found in the portion of AZ U:10:175(ASM) that falls within the pipeline corridor, no further data recovery was conducted. The SRP Santan archaeological investigations concluded with the monitoring of construction activities through culturally sensitive areas.

Archaeological data recovery was conducted at the Tortolita Vistas site, AZ AA:12:271 (ASM), prior to construction of a housing development in Marana by Cottonwood Properties. This fieldhouse site is situated on the upper bajada of the Tortolita Mountains. A single pit structure and five extramural features were discovered and completely excavated: 2 roasting pits, 2 small extramural pits, and 1 trash concentration. No human remains were found. Ceramic analysis dates the site occupation to Middle Rincon 2 times (A.D. 1040-1080). The site appears to have been occupied at least twice. The first occupation was probably longer and included the pithouse and trash concentration. These features were the only features that contained cultigens— maize and squash pollen-suggesting an agricultural use of the site occupied for at least one growing season. Evidence for wild resources, primarily cacti, was also found and was probably the reason for additional seasonal use of the site. There was little evidence of any other activities except agriculture and resource procurement and processing at the site.

The Tonto Creek Archaeological Project (TCAP), funded by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT), was conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., in advance of the 1994-1996 realignment of Arizona State Route 188 in the Tonto Basin of east-central Arizona. From 1992 to 1996, portions of 27 archaeological sites were investigated. Site components ranged in date from the Middle Archaic period to the Late Historic era. Most dated to the Colonial, Sedentary, and early Classic periods, circa A.D. 750-1325. A total of 108 pithouse, pitroom, and mason surface structures were excavated, as well as numerous other cultural features. These are discussed in Anthropological Papers No. 22, which contains the site and non-mortuary feature descriptions as well as background information on project methods, chronology, and the local environment. More than 300 burials were recovered, with early Classic inhumations accounting for nearly 90 percent of the sample. The burial descriptions and analyses of osteodontic remains and artifact classes recovered primarily from mortuary contexts are presented in Anthropological Papers No. 24. The artifact classes include shell and ground stone jewelry, bone artifacts, wooden objects, and clay-lined painted baskets. Anthropological Papers No. 23 (Volume 1) reports on the various analyses conducted on the ceramic assemblage recovered from both domestic and mortuary contexts in the project area. This volume, Anthropological Papers No. 23 (Volume 2) discusses the analyses of flaked and ground stone, pollen, botanical, and faunal remains. Among the important findings of the flaked stone analysis (Chapter 9) is the association of "high" side-notched projectile points with Miami/Hardt phase contexts. This point type is one of the few diagnostic artifacts from this pivotal and inadequately resolved interval. The proliferation of projectile points during the Classic period, in terms of both quantity and types, and potentially more lethal design suggests increased conflict shortly before final abandonment of the project area. The meager Classic period faunal assemblage (Chapter 13) is dominated by small animals, indicating the heightened interest in projectile points is not related to an increase in large game hunting. Temporal trends in ground stone (Chapter 10) include an increase, over time, in the proportion of designed artifacts over expedient tools. The variety of tools and the range of activities in which they are utilized also increase. By the Classic period, a significant portion of the ground stone tool assemblage was used in nonfood-processing activities such as architectural construction, shaftsmoothing, hideworking, and woodworking. Several unique contexts are also described in detail, including a cache of ground and unworked stone items recovered from a floor pit in a small pre-Classic pithouse that may have been used as a sweat lodge. Sagebrush was the only economic pollen type recovered from this structure. A large and varied collection of macrobotanical remains (Chapter 11) and pollen (Chapter 12) was recovered from the project area. The presence of maize in Early Agricultural contexts at the Boatyard site indicates this cultigen has a long history in the Tonto Basin, extending back at least into the first millennium B.C. Although maize continues to be an important resource throughout the prehistoric sequence, the TCAP macrobotanical record documents a dramatic increase in agave and wild grass exploitation during the perhaps "not-so" Sedentary period. Notable trends in the Classic period botanical assemblage include continued high maize and agave ubiquities and a substantial increase in cotton ubiquity. The latter may be related to an expansion of irrigation systems in the adjacent Tonto Creek floodplain as indicated by elevated Evening Primrose Family pollen counts.

A cultural resources survey of three separate areas within the Catalina State Park in Pima County, Arizona for proposed improvements and expansion of the park’s main road, and the group and overnight camping areas. This cultural resources survey of portions of Catalina State Park identified one new and one previously recorded archaeological site and twelve isolated occurrences (lOs). Previously recorded site AZ BB:9:218 (ASM) is within the Sutherland Wash Archaeological District. This site should be protected and avoided by all ground disturbing activities. Newly recorded site AZ BB:9:332 (ASM) falls just west of the Sutherland Wash Archaeological District, it is potentially eligible for inclusion on the NRHP, and should be avoided by all ground disturbing activities. If avoidance is not possible, archaeological testing is recommended for both sites. The seven isolated occurrences of historic cultural material and the five prehistoric IOs are not considered eligible for inclusion on the NRHP as all scientifically valuable information regarding them has been recorded. Includes related correspondence.

Under the authority of the State of Arizona Antiquities Permit 1996-101ps, Desert Archaeology, Inc., completed archaeological testing. This project was undertaken because the parcel was located on floodplain deposits of the Santa Cruz River, and an initial survey identified a low-density surface artifact scatter that is part of a previously recorded archaeological site, AZ AA:12:44 (ASM). The object of the project was to determine whether subsurface archaeological or historical remains were present in the area prior to construction of a city park. This report includes sections on the project area location and description, archaeological background, previous archaeological work in the project area, project methods, results, a discussion of related issues, and recommendations. The archaeological testing was conducted between June 18 and 20, 1996, by Deborah Swartz, Susan Hall, and Tim Goddard of Desert Archaeology. The survey identified a low artifact density across the parcel. Because of the geomorphological setting, this suggested that buried deposits could be present. Twelve test trenches, totaling 518 m (1,700 ft), were excavated. The goal was to situate the trenches primarily within the areas of proposed subsurface construction impacts. Trenches were placed along proposed fence lines, power pole locations, and areas where large trees will be planted. Additional judgmental trenches were situated between the construction-related trenches to provide additional information about the subsurface deposits. Much of the area has been disturbed by modern dumping of asphalt and other construction materials, particularly in the eastern portion of the study area. In some places, this disturbance was as deep as the trench, approximately 1.6 m (5 ft), so no natural deposits were observed. In the trenches where the natural stratigraphy was observed, the deposits on the eastern side of the parcel contained no prehistoric remains. The natural sediments on the western portion of the parcel were different and did contain cultural features. Nine features were identified in the backhoe trenches, all on the western half of the parcel. These include one roasting pit, one well, three large pits, one small pit, one human inhumation, and two areas of darker sediments with light charcoal flecking but no distinct feature outlines. Descriptions of these features are provided below.

Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) conducted survey of 200 acres and limited testing of cultural resources on Fort McDowell Mohave-Apache Indian Community (FMIC) land at the request of Mr. Jon Czaplicki of the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation). The work was performed to define the boundaries of archaeological sites to be avoided by agricultural development. Eight sites were slated for preservation; however, only seven sites were relocated and flagged, and two new sites were defined. In most cases the sizes of the sites increased. This document includes lithic analyis by Ruth Rubenstein and ceramic analysis by Mac McDonnell.

The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), United States Department of the Interior, was in the initial stages of the Water Management Project designed to bring Central Arizona Project water to the Gila River Indian Community (GRIC). Under terms of a contract signed in 1992 with the GRIC, facilities designed and constructed by Reclamation would deliver 173,000 acre-feet of water annually onto the reservation. Federal law mandates consideration of potential impacts of such projects upon cultural resources and requires that necessary and appropriate steps be taken to mitigate those impacts. In accordance with these laws, Reclamation did a complete inventory of all cultural resources that may fall within the project area. Data resulting from this inventory provided the basis for assessment of the significance of the resources and for the design of plans to mitigate potential impacts to them. Two survey areas in which a water delivery system and associated features (such as dikes) will be constructed were identified by Reclamation. Broad survey areas were defined so the location of eligible sites would be known before specific project design began. In total, 180 sites were identified and recorded during survey. These sites include possible Archaic period materials, a wide range of prehistoric Hohokam site types representing all periods of the Hohokam sequence, possible Protohistoric manifestations, and numerous Historic Pima sites of varying ages. The report consists of two volumes. Volume 1 contains background information; consideration of survey and recording methods; analyses, evaluation, and interpretation of collected data; and recommendations for future treatment of discovered sites. Volume 2 contains site descriptions.

The Fort McDowell Indian Reservation is rich in historic and prehistoric archaeological resources. Systematic surface searches have located and recorded over 100 archaeological sites within the 40 square mile reservation. Such sites show that many groups have used the area, including the prehistoric Hohokam, the Yavapai, Anglo-Americans, and Mexican-Americans. Prior to 1984, however, only four sites at Fort McDowell had been excavated or tested. Two of the sites were prehistoric, consisting of Hohokam habitation sites, and two were historic, consisting of a beer bottle sidewalk at the old military fort and a 1900s trash scatter with a 1950s adobe-making facility. In 1984, plans by the Fort McDowell Mohave-Apache Indian Community to develop Phase I of an irrigation betterment project afforded an opportunity to undertake the most detailed study, to date, of archaeological remains on the reservation. Because federal funds would be necessary to carry out the project, federal law required that sites potentially important enough to be added to the National Register of Historic Places be identified, and that plans be made to lessen the damage to them from the proposed construction. To lessen the damage archaeological and historical information about the sites had to be collected. Knowledgeable informants who knew the history of these sites also had to be contacted. The project area contained 20 historically important sites, 11 of which could be avoided by construction. The Indian Community contracted with Archaeological Research Services, Inc. (ARS) to collect information at the nine sites which could not be avoided by the project. Please note that page 4 of this report is missing.