Search

Graphical abstract, Infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy is a powerful tool used to probe the vibrational modes–and, by extension, the structure—of an ion within an ion trap mass spectrometer. Compared to traditional FTIR spectroscopy, IRMPD spectroscopy has advantages including its sensitivity and its relative ability to handle complex mixtures. While IRMPD has historically been a technique for fundamental analyses, it is increasingly being applied in a more analytical fashion. Notable recent demonstrations pertinent to the clinical laboratory and adjacent interests include analysis of modified amino acids/residues and carbohydrates, structural elucidation (including isomeric differentiation) of metabolites, identification of novel illicit drugs, and structural studies of various biomolecules and pharmaceuticals. Improvements in analysis time, coupling to commercial instruments, and integration with separations methods are all drivers toward the realization of these analytical applications. Additional improvements in these areas, along with advances in benchtop tunable IR sources and increased cross-discipline collaboration, will continue to drive innovation and widespread adoption. The goal of this tutorial article is to briefly present the fundamentals and instrumentation of IRMPD spectroscopy, as an overview of the utility of this technique for helping to answer questions relevant to clinical analysis, and to highlight limitations to widespread adoption, as well as promising directions in which the field may be heading.

Recent infectious disease outbreaks, such as COVID-19 and Ebola, have highlighted the need for rapid and accurate diagnosis to initiate treatment and curb transmission. Successful diagnostic strategies critically depend on the efficiency of biological sampling and timely analysis. However, current diagnostic techniques are invasive/intrusive and present a severe bottleneck by requiring specialist equipment and trained personnel. Moreover, centralised test facilities are poorly accessible and the requirement to travel may increase disease transmission. Self-administrable, point-of-care (PoC) microneedle diagnostic devices could provide a viable solution to these problems. These miniature needle arrays can detect biomarkers in/from the skin in a minimally invasive manner to provide (near-) real-time diagnosis. Few microneedle devices have been developed specifically for infectious disease diagnosis, though similar technologies are well established in other fields and generally adaptable for infectious disease diagnosis. These include microneedles for biofluid extraction, microneedle sensors and analyte-capturing microneedles, or combinations thereof. Analyte sampling/detection from both blood and dermal interstitial fluid is possible. These technologies are in their early stages of development for infectious disease diagnostics, and there is a vast scope for further development. In this review, we discuss the utility and future outlook of these microneedle technologies in infectious disease diagnosis., Graphical abstract This review focused on the functionality of microneedle-based devices and their potential for medical diagnostics.Image 1

Objective The antibacterial activity of copper (Cu)-alloy biomaterials has shown a great potential in clinical application. Here, we evaluated the osteogenesis and antibacterial effects of Ti6Al4V-6.5wt%Cu alloy in an in vivo model of infected bone defects and determine their responsible proteins and pathways using proteomics. Methods After bone defects were filled with Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al4V-6.5wt%Cu implants for 6 week, the tissue and bone samples around the implants were harvested for radiographic, micro-CT, histological, and bone-related gene expression analyses. An iTRAQ-based protein identification/quantification approach was used to analyze the osteogenic and antibacterial effects of Ti6Al4V-6.5wt%Cu alloy. Results Imaging and histological results showed Ti6Al4V alloy induced a stronger inflammatory response than Ti6Al4V-6.5wt%Cu alloy; imaging results and osteogenic protein levels showed Ti6Al4V-6.5wt%Cu alloy exerted a stronger osteogenic effect. In vitro experiment, we found the Ti6Al4V-6.5wt%Cu had significant antibacterial effects and inhibited the activity of Staphylococcus aureus in the early stage. In addition, the bacterial biofilm formed in Ti6Al4V-6.5wt%Cu group was significantly lower than that in Ti6Al4V group. Proteomic screening of 4279 proteins resulted in 35 differentially expressed proteins for further examination which were mainly associated with the cellular process, metabolic process, stimulus response, and cellular component organization. In further exploration of the mechanism of osteogenic mineralization of Ti6Al4V-6.5wt%Cu alloy, we found out SDC4 and AGRN were the top two target proteins associated with osteogenic differentiation and bone mineralization. Conclusion Ti6Al4V-6.5wt%Cu alloy shows a great potential as a bone implant material due to its positive effects against bacterial infection and on bone formation. The Translational potential of this article At present, titanium alloys and other non-antibacterial metal materials are used in orthopedic internal fixation operations. Our study demonstrates that Ti6Al4V-6.5wt%Cu alloy has good antibacterial and osteogenic effects in vivo and in vitro. This means that Ti6Al4V-6.5wt%Cu alloy may become a new kind of antimicrobial metallic material as internal fixation material to continuously exert its antimicrobial effects and reduce the infection rate after clinical internal fixation., Graphical abstract Image 1

Highlight • The role of Amaryllidaceae species from Ecuador as source of new drugs. • High amount of lycorine-type alkaloids in Phaedranassa dubia by GC-MS. • In vitro potential of Phaedranassa brevifolia as cholinesterase inhibitor. • Theoretical inhibitory activity of alkaloids against cholinesterase enzymes., Alzheimer's disease is considered the most common cause of dementia and, in an increasingly aging population worldwide, the quest for treatment is a priority. Amaryllidaceae alkaloids are of main interest because of their cholinesterase inhibition potential, which is the main palliative treatment available for this disease. We evaluated the alkaloidal profile and the in vitro inhibitory activity on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) of bulb alkaloid extract of Phaedranassa dubia and Phaedranassa brevifolia collected in Ecuador. Using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we identified typical Amaryllidaceae alkaloids in these species, highlighting the presence of lycorine-type alkaloids in P. dubia and haemanthamine/crinine-type in P. brevifolia. The species P. dubia and P. brevifolia showed inhibitory activities against AChE (IC50 values of 25.48 ± 0.39 and 3.45 ± 0.29 μg.mL−1, respectively) and BuChE (IC50 values of 114.96 ± 4.94 and 58.89 ± 0.55 μg.mL−1, respectively). Computational experiments allowed us to understand the interactions of the alkaloids identified in these samples toward the active sites of AChE and BuChE. In silico, some alkaloids detected in these Amaryllidaceae species presented higher estimated binding free energy toward BuChE than galanthamine. This is the first study about the alkaloid profile and biological potential of P. brevifolia species.

Sunscreens are topical preparations containing any number of ultraviolet filters (UVFs). The first part of the review will focus on the recent Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations of 2019 and general use of these agents. While sunscreen products are becoming more regulated in the United States, we still lag behind other countries in our options for UVFs. Sun protection to prevent skin cancer and aging changes should be a combination of sun avoidance, protective structures, and clothing as well as use of sunscreen products. Newer and safer products are needed to help supplement and replace older agents as well as improve their cosmetic acceptability. This will be a review of ingredients, local toxicities (i.e. contact dermatitis, photocontact dermatitis), special considerations for children, and cosmesis of sunscreen preparations. Part 2 will focus on the environmental, ecological and human toxicities that have been increasingly related to UVFs.

Highlights • Conditioned Fear Stress (CFS) reduced the locomotor activity of the animals. • CFS showed no influence on the progression of neoplasia. • No association between HNSCC staging and BAI scores were observed. • There is no relationship between CFS and oral squamous cell carcinoma., Cancer patients present a higher risk of experiencing anxiety disorders (AD). However, it is not clear if AD might be associated with cancer development. Thus, our study aimed to evaluate if AD might be related to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) development. The combination of an applied animal basic study and a retrospective diagnostic case and control study in patients was performed. As a result, we obtained that stress reduced the locomotor activity of the animals in the group stress and stress + 4NqO (p < 0.0001). The stress showed no influence on the progression of neoplasia in mice. In the same way, the case group did not present differences in anxiety scores in comparison to control. Moreover, no association between HNSCC staging and anxiety scores was observed. In conclusion, our in vivo findings in humans and animals have shown that there is no relationship between AD and oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Propolis is rich in diverse bioactive compounds. Propolis samples were collected from three localities of Cameroon and used in the study. Column chromatography separation of propolis MeOH:DCM (50:50) extracts yielded a new isoflavonol, 2-hydroxy-8-prenylbiochanin A (1) alongside 2′,3′-dihydroxypropyltetraeicosanoate (2) and triacontyl p-coumarate (3) isolated from propolis for first time together with seven compounds: β-amyrine (4), oleanolic acid (5), β-amyrine acetate (6), lupeol (7), betulinic acid (8), lupeol acetate (9) and lupenone (10). These compounds were tested for their inhibitory effect on oxidative burst where intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced from zymosan stimulated human whole blood phagocytes and on production of nitric oxide (NO) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated J774.2 mouse macrophages. The cytotoxicity of these compounds was evaluated on NIH-3 T3 normal mouse fibroblast cells, antiradical potential on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylhydrazyl (DPPH·) as well as their anti-yeast potential on four selected candida species. Compound 1 showed higher NO inhibition (IC50 = 23.3 ± 0.3 µg/mL) than standard compound L-NMMA (IC50 = 24.2 ± 0.8 µg/mL). Higher ROS inhibition was shown by compounds 6 (IC50 = 4.3 ± 0.3 µg/mL) and 9 (IC50 = 1.1 ± 0.1 µg/mL) than Ibuprofen (IC50 = 11.2 ± 1.9 µg/mL). Furthermore, compound 1 displayed moderate level of cytotoxicity on NIH-3 T3 cells, with IC50 = 5.8 ± 0.3 µg/mL compared to the cyclohexamide IC50 = 0.13 ± 0.02 µg/mL. Compound 3 showed lower antifungal activity on Candida krusei and Candida glabrata, MIC of 125 μg/mL on each strain compared to 50 μg/mL for fuconazole. The extracts showed low antifungal activities ranging from 250 to 500 μg/mL on C. albicans, C. krusei and C. glabrata and the values of MIC on Candida parapsilosis were 500 μg/mL and above. DPPH* scavenging activity was exhibited by compounds 1 (IC50 = 15.653 ± 0.335 μg/mL) and 3 (IC50 = 89.077 ± 24.875 μg/mL) compared to Vitamin C (IC50 = 3.343 ± 0.271 μg/mL) while extracts showed moderate antiradical activities with IC50 values ranging from 309.31 ± 2.465 to 635.52 ± 11.05 µg/mL. These results indicate that compounds 1, 6 and 9 are potent anti-inflammatory drug candidates while 1 and 3 could be potent antioxidant drugs.

Graphical abstract, Highlights • Hydrodynamic cavitation inactivates PVY in water samples after 500 passes or less. • Hydrodynamic cavitation disrupts the viral capsid. • Hydrodynamic cavitation induces minor damage in the viral genome. • Mechanical effects of cavitation likely play the main role in the PVY inactivation. • Hydrodynamic cavitation can be used for inactivation of waterborne viruses., Waterborne plant viruses can destroy entire crops, leading not only to high financial losses but also to food shortages. Potato virus Y (PVY) is the most important potato viral pathogen that can also affect other valuable crops. Recently, it has been confirmed that this virus is capable of infecting host plants via water, emphasizing the relevance of using proper strategies to treat recycled water in order to prevent the spread of the infectious agents. Emerging environmentally friendly methods such as hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) provide a great alternative for treating recycled water used for irrigation. In the experiments conducted in this study, laboratory HC based on Venturi constriction with a sample volume of 1 L was used to treat water samples spiked with purified PVY virions. The ability of the virus to infect plants was abolished after 500 HC passes, corresponding to 50 min of treatment under pressure difference of 7 bar. In some cases, shorter treatments of 125 or 250 passes were also sufficient for virus inactivation. The HC treatment disrupted the integrity of viral particles, which also led to a minor damage of viral RNA. Reactive species, including singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide, were not primarily responsible for PVY inactivation during HC treatment, suggesting that mechanical effects are likely the driving force of virus inactivation. This pioneering study, the first to investigate eukaryotic virus inactivation by HC, will inspire additional research in this field enabling further improvement of HC as a water decontamination technology.

Carotenoids are powerful antioxidants capable of helping to protect the skin from the damaging effects of exposure to sun by reducing the free radicals in skin produced by exposure to ultraviolet radiation, and they may also have a physical protective effect in human skin. Since carotenoids are lipophilic molecules which can be ingested with the diet, they can accumulate in significant quantities in the skin. Several studies on humans have been conducted to evaluate the protective function of carotenoids against various diseases, but there is very limited published information available to understand the mechanism of carotenoid bioavailability in animals. The current study was conducted to investigate the skin carotenoid level (SCL) in two cattle skin sets – weaners with an unknown feeding regime and New Generation Beef (NGB) cattle with monitored feed at three different ages. Rapid analytical and sensitive Raman spectroscopy has been shown to be of interest as a powerful technique for the detection of carotenoids in cattle skin due to the strong resonance enhancement with 532 nm laser excitation. The spectral difference of both types of skin were measured and quantified using univariate and linear discriminant analysis. SCL was higher in NGB cattle than weaners and there is a perfect classification accuracy between weaners and NGB cattle skin using carotenoid markers as a basis. Further work carried out on carotenoid rich NGB cattle skin of 8, 12 and 24 months of age identified an increasing trend in SCL with age. The present work validated the ability of Raman spectroscopy to determine the skin carotenoid level in cattle by comparing it with established HPLC methods. There is an excellent correlation of R2 = 0.96 between the two methods that could serve as a model for future application for larger population studies., Highlights • Skin carotenoid level in weaners is lower than NGB cattle skin and with increasing age carotenoid content increases in NGB cattle skin. • Raman spectroscopy results perfectly correlates with HPLC obtained carotenoid concentrations. • Univariate and linear discriminant analysis demonstrates perfect classification accuracy with excellent correlation of R2 = 0.96.

Visual Abstract, Highlights • Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIm) allows label-free biochemical visualization of atheromas; however, it remains unknown whether FLIm can characterize high-risk plaque features in coronary arteries in a beating heart. Also, implementation of a novel analytic methodology is required for multispectral FLIm because it yields massive biochemical readouts. • This study first demonstrated a simultaneous structural and biochemical assessment of high-risk plaques in the beating swine coronary arteries using a fully integrated optical coherence tomography-FLIm and a 2.9-F low-profile dual-modal catheter. • Biochemical components of atherosclerotic plaques, including lipids, macrophages, lipids+macrophages, and fibrotic tissues, had unique fluorescence lifetime signatures that were clearly distinguishable using multispectral FLIm. • Machine learning framework was successfully integrated with multispectral FLIm and enabled an automated, quantitative imaging of multiple key components associated with plaque destabilization., Summary Coronary plaque destabilization involves alterations in microstructure and biochemical composition; however, no imaging approach allows such comprehensive characterization. Herein, the authors demonstrated a simultaneous microstructural and biochemical assessment of high-risk plaques in the coronary arteries in a beating heart using a fully integrated optical coherence tomography and fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIm). It was found that plaque components such as lipids, macrophages, lipids+macrophages, and fibrotic tissues had unique fluorescence lifetime signatures that were distinguishable using multispectral FLIm. Because FLIm yielded massive biochemical readouts, the authors incorporated machine learning framework into FLIm, and ultimately, their approach enabled an automated, quantitative imaging of multiple key components relevant for plaque destabilization.

Graphical abstract, The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) has witnessed a rapid and global proliferation since its early identification in patients with severe pneumonia in Wuhan, China. As of 27th May 2020, 2019-nCoV cases have risen to >5 million, with confirmed deaths of 350,000. However, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) diagnostic and treatment measures are yet to be fully unraveled, given the novelty of this particular coronavirus. Hence, no drug or vaccine has been adapted for treatment, and the accuracy of the current diagnostic tests is debatable. Therefore, existing antiviral agents used for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) were repurposed for COVID-19, taking their biological features into consideration. This study provides a concise review of the current and emerging detection and supervision technologies for SARS-CoV-2, which is the viral etiology of COVID19, and their performance characteristics, with emphasis on the novel Nano-based diagnostic tests (protein corona sensor array and magnetic levitation) and treatment measures (treatment protocols based on nano-silver colloids) for COVID-19.

The conserved C-terminal end segment of troponin I (TnI) plays a critical role in regulating muscle relaxation. This function is retained in the isolated C-terminal 27 amino acid peptide (residues 184-210) of human cardiac TnI (HcTnI-C27): When added to skinned muscle fibers, HcTnI-C27 reduces the Ca2+-sensitivity of activated myofibrils and facilitates relaxation without decreasing the maximum force production. However, the underlying mechanism of HcTnI-C27 function is unknown. We studied the conformational preferences of HcTnI-C27 and a myopathic mutant, Arg192His, (HcTnI-C27-H). Both peptides were mainly disordered in aqueous solution with a nascent helix involving residues from Trp191 to Ile195, as shown by NMR analysis and molecular dynamics simulations. The population of nascent helix was smaller in HcTnI-C27-H than in HcTnI-C27, as shown by circular dichroism (CD) titrations. Fluorescence and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) showed that both peptides bound tropomyosin (alpha Tm), with a detectably higher affinity (similar to 10 mu M) of HcTnI-C27 than that of HcTnI-C27-H (similar to 15 mu M), consistent with an impaired Ca2+-desensitization effect of the mutant peptide on skinned muscle strips. Upon binding to aTm, HcTnI-C27 acquired a weakly stable helix-like conformation involving residues near Trp191, as shown by transferred nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy and hydrogen/deuterium exchange experiments. With the potent Ca2+-desensitization effect of HcTnI-C27 on skinned cardiac muscle from a mouse model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the data support that the C-terminal end domain of TnI can function as an isolated peptide with the intrinsic capacity of binding tropomyosin, providing a promising therapeutic approach to selectively improve diastolic function of the heart.

Proper repair of damaged DNA is critical for the maintenance of genome stability. A complex composed of Integrator subunit 3 (Ints3), single-stranded DNA-binding protein 1 (SSB1), and SSB-interacting protein 1 (SSBIP1) is required for efficient homologous recombination-dependent repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs) and ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-dependent signaling pathways. It is known that in this complex the Ints3 N-terminal domain scaffolds SSB1 and SSBIP1. However, the molecular basis for the function of the Ints3 C-terminal domain remains unclear. Here, we present the crystal structure of the Ints3 C-terminal domain, uncovering a HEAT-repeat superhelical fold. Using structure and mutation analysis, we show that the C-terminal domain exists as a stable dimer. A basic groove and a cluster of conserved residues on two opposite sides of the dimer bind single-stranded RNA/DNA (ssRNA/ssDNA) and Integrator complex subunit 6 (Ints6), respectively. Dimerization is required for nucleic acid binding, but not for Ints6 binding. Additionally, in vitro experiments using HEK 293T cells demonstrate that Ints6 interaction is critical for maintaining SSB1 protein level. Taken together, our findings establish the structural basis of a multifunctional Ints3 C-terminal module, allowing us to propose a novel mode of nucleic acid recognition by helical repeat protein and paving the way for future mechanistic studies.

BackgroundDepressive and neurocognitive disorders are debilitating conditions that account for the leading causes of years lived with disability worldwide. Overcoming these disorders is an extremely important public health problem today. However, there are no biomarkers that are objective or easy-to-obtain in daily clinical practice, which leads to difficulties in assessing treatment response and developing new drugs. Due to advances in technology, it has become possible to quantify important features that clinicians perceive as reflective of disorder severity. Such features include facial expressions, phonic/speech information, body motion, daily activity, and sleep. The overall goal of this proposed study, the Project for Objective Measures Using Computational Psychiatry Technology (PROMPT), is to develop objective, noninvasive, and easy-to-use biomarkers for assessing the severity of depressive and neurocognitive disorders.MethodsThis is a multi-center prospective study. DSM-5 criteria for major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and major and minor neurocognitive disorders are inclusion criteria for the depressive and neurocognitive disorder samples. Healthy samples are confirmed to have no history of psychiatric disorders by Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, and have no current cognitive decline based on the Mini Mental State Examination. Participants go through approximately 10-minute interviews with a psychiatrist/psychologist, where participants talk about non-specific topics such as everyday living, symptoms of disease, hobbies, etc. Interviews are recorded using RGB and infrared cameras, and an array microphone. As an option, participants are asked to wear wrist-band type devices during the observational period. The interviews take place ≤10 times within up to five years of follow-up. Various software is used to process the raw video, voice, infrared, and wearable device data. A machine learning approach is used to predict the presence of symptoms, severity, and the improvement/deterioration of symptoms.DiscussionThe PROMPT goal is to develop objective digital biomarkers for assessing the severity of depressive and neurocognitive disorders in the hopes of guiding decision-making in clinical settings as well as reducing the risk of clinical trial failure. Challenges may include the large variability of samples, which makes it difficult to extract the features that commonly reflect disorder severity.Trial RegistrationUMIN000021396, University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN)

Highlights • Advances in 3D bioprinting have tremendous potential in therapeutic development for multiple cardiovascular applications. • 3-dimensional bioprinting is moving toward in vivo studies to evaluate printed construct functionality and safety. • Bioprinting techniques predominantly use extrusion-based, inkjet, and light-based printing. • Bioinks are composed of cells and matrix material and consist of both scaffold-based and scaffold-free inks., Summary Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting may overcome challenges in tissue engineering. Unlike conventional tissue engineering approaches, 3D bioprinting has a proven ability to support vascularization of larger scale constructs and has been used for several cardiovascular applications. An overview of 3D bioprinting techniques, in vivo translation, and challenges are described., Central Illustration

In many ways, cancer cells are different from healthy cells. A lot of tactical nano-based drug delivery systems are based on the difference between cancer and healthy cells. Currently, nanotechnology-based delivery systems are the most promising tool to deliver DNA-based products to cancer cells. This review aims to highlight the latest development in the lipids and polymeric nanocarrier for siRNA delivery to the cancer cells. It also provides the necessary information about siRNA development and its mechanism of action. Overall, this review gives us a clear picture of lipid and polymer-based drug delivery systems, which in the future could form the base to translate the basic siRNA biology into siRNA-based cancer therapies., Graphical abstract The latest development in the lipids and polymeric nanocarrier for siRNA delivery to the cancer cells were highlighted. It also provides the necessary information about siRNA development and its mechanism of action.Image 1

Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) are the most abundant circulating cells in the blood and have been widely used in drug delivery systems (DDS) because of their features of biocompatibility, biodegradability, and long circulating half-life. Accordingly, a “camouflage” comprised of erythrocyte membranes renders nanoparticles as a platform that combines the advantages of native erythrocyte membranes with those of nanomaterials. Following injection into the blood of animal models, the coated nanoparticles imitate RBCs and interact with the surroundings to achieve long-term circulation. In this review, the biomimetic platform of erythrocyte membrane-coated nano-cores is described with regard to various aspects, with particular focus placed on the coating mechanism, preparation methods, verification methods, and the latest anti-tumor applications. Finally, further functional modifications of the erythrocyte membranes and attempts to fuse the surface properties of multiple cell membranes are discussed, providing a foundation to stimulate extensive research into multifunctional nano-biomimetic systems., Graphical abstract In this review, the biomimetic platform of erythrocyte membrane-coated nano-cores is described with regard to coating mechanism, preparation methods, verification methods, and the latest anti-tumor applications. Finally, further functional modifications of the erythrocyte membranes and attempts to fuse the surface properties of multiple cell membranes are discussed.fx1

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from indoor tanning equipment is a known cause of skin cancer; however, little is known about how the availability of indoor tanning salons has been impacted by indoor tanning legislation, including Ontario's Skin Cancer Prevention Act: Tanning Beds (SCPA). Tanning salon listings were obtained from the 2001 to 2017 editions of InfoCanada's Ontario Business to Business Sales and Marketing directories. Using descriptive statistics and regression analysis, we assessed the number of tanning salons before and after: 1) the 2006 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) report on indoor tanning and skin cancer; 2) the 2009 World Health Organization (WHO) reclassification of artificial UV radiation as carcinogenic; and 3) the passing and enactment of Ontario's SCPA in 2013 and 2014, respectively. There were fewer tanning salon listings in the years after vs. before the IARC report, the WHO reclassification, and the passing and enactment of the SCPA. The number of tanning salons in Ontario, Canada has been declining since 2006, which may reflect a decline in indoor tanning bed use. Key public health policy instruments, including legislation and public education, appear to be associated with this trend, suggesting they may contribute to deterring indoor tanning., Highlights • Number of tanning salons in Ontario, Canada decreased from 2006 to 2017. • Number of tanning salons declined after passing and enactment of indoor tanning legislation. • Number of tanning salons declined after international report and decision on carcinogenic nature of tanning devices. • Legislation, expert exhortation, and public education may contribute to declines in tanning salon availability.

Hospitals release significant quantities of wastewater (HWW) and biomedical waste (BMW), which hosts a wide range of contaminants that can adversely affect the environment if left untreated. The COVID-19 outbreak has further increased hospital waste generation over the past two years. In this context, a thorough literature study was carried out to reveal the negative implications of untreated hospital waste and delineate the proper ways to handle them. Conventional treatment methods can remove only 50%–70% of the emerging contaminants (ECs) present in the HWW. Still, many countries have not implemented suitable treatment methods to treat the HWW in-situ. This review presents an overview of worldwide HWW generation, regulations, and guidelines on HWW management and highlights the various treatment techniques for efficiently removing ECs from HWW. When combined with advanced oxidation processes, biological or physical treatment processes could remove around 90% of ECs. Analgesics were found to be more easily removed than antibiotics, β-blockers, and X-ray contrast media. The different environmental implications of BMW have also been highlighted. Mishandling of BMW can spread infections, deadly diseases, and hazardous waste into the environment. Hence, the different steps associated with collection to final disposal of BMW have been delineated to minimize the associated health risks. The paper circumscribes the multiple aspects of efficient hospital waste management and may be instrumental during the COVID-19 pandemic when the waste generation from all hospitals worldwide has increased significantly., Graphical abstract Image 1

Objective: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a pandemic, affecting nearly 180 million people worldwide as of June 22nd, 2021. In previous studies, the association between the mean Vitamin D (Vit D) concentration of each country and COVID-19 infection and mortality rate in European countries was examined. The aim of this study was to critically evaluate the relationship between Vit D mild and severe deficiency prevalence in each country and COVID-19 infection, recovery, and mortality using updated data and a different methodological approach. Research Methods & Procedures: Information on Vit D concentration/deficiency for each country was retrieved through literature search. As of June 22nd, 2021, COVID-19 infections and mortalities per one million population as well as total recoveries were obtained. The association between Vit D deficiency and COVID-19 infection, recovery, and mortality were explored using correlation coefficients and scatterplots. Results: Non-significant correlations were observed between the number of COVID-19 infections (r=0.363; p=0.116), and recoveries (r=0.388, p=0.091) with the prevalence of mild Vit D deficiency (

Members of NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzyme family are important sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are known to be involved in several physiological functions in response to various stimuli including UV irradiation. UVB-induced ROS have been associated with inflammation, cytotoxicity, cell death, or DNA damage in human keratinocytes. However, the source and the role of UVB-induced ROS remain undefined. Here, we show that Nox1 is involved in UVB-induced p38/MAPK activation and cytotoxicity via ROS generation in keratinocytes. Nox1 knockdown or inhibitor decreased UVB-induced ROS production in human keratinocytes. Nox1 knockdown impaired UVB-induced p38 activation, accompanied by reduced IL-6 levels and attenuated cell toxicity. Treatment of cells with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a potent ROS scavenger, suppressed p38 activation as well as consequent IL-6 production and cytotoxicity in response to UVB exposure. p38 inhibitor also suppressed UVB-induced IL-6 production and cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the blockade of IL-6 production by IL-6 neutralizing antibody reduced UVB-induced cell toxicity. In vivo assay using wild-type mice, the intradermal injection of lysates from UVB-irradiated control cells, but not from UVB-irradiated Nox1 knockdown cells, induced inflammatory swelling and IL-6 production in the skin of ears. Moreover, administration of Nox1 inhibitor suppressed UVB-induced increase in IL-6 mRNA expression in mice skin. Collectively, these data suggest that Nox1-mediated ROS production is required for UVB-induced cytotoxicity and inflammation through p38 activation and inflammatory cytokine production, such as IL-6. Thus, our findings suggest Nox1 as a therapeutic target for cytotoxicity and inflammation in response to UVB exposure., Highlights • Nox1 knockdown decreased UVB-increased cellular ROS in keratinocytes. • Nox1 knockdown suppressed UVB-induced p38 activation, accompanied by reduced in IL-6 levels and attenuated cell toxicity. • UVB-induced cytotoxicity is involved in p38/MAPK pathway and IL-6 production, which is partially dependent on Nox1-generated ROS.

Graphical Abstract Unlabelled image Combination of Budesonide and Colchicine Dry powder inhaler Liposomes proved to be effective for Idiopathic Pulmonary fibrosis., Dry powder inhaler Liposomes were prepared to investigate the effectiveness of pulmonary delivery of Colchicine and Budesonide for Idiopathic Pulmonary fibrosis. Budesonide (BUD) and Colchicine (COL) liposomes were prepared by thin layer film hydration method (TFH) using 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphoglycerol sodium (DPPG), Hydrogenated Soyaphosphotidylcholine (HSPC), Soyaphosphatidylcholine (SPC), cholesterol (CHOL) and drug in different weight ratios. The optimum lipid composition for BUD (74.22 ± 0.97%) was DPPG: HSPC: CHOL (4:5:1) and for COL (50.94 ± 2.04%) was DPPG: SPC: CHOL (3:6:1). These compositions retained drug for a longer period of time so selected for further study. Liposomes were found to be spherical in shape with mean size below 100 nm. Liposomes lyophilized using Mannitol as carrier and cryoprotectant showed high entrapment efficiency (97.89 - 98.6%). The powder was dispersed through an Andersen cascade impactor to evaluate the performance of the aerosolized powder. It was found that prepared liposomal dry powder inhaler (DPIs) sustained the drug release up to 24 hours. Optimized Budesonide DPI Formulation B2 (86.53 ± 1.9%), Colchicine DPI Formulation C2 (90.54 ± 2.3 %) and BUD and COL DPI Combination M2 (89.91 ± 1.8%, 91.23 ± 1.9%). Histopathological results, measurements of lung hydroxyproline content, Myeloperoxidase activity indicated that liposomal dry powder inhaler administration attenuates lung fibrosis induced by bleomycin. Long term stability studies indicated that lyophilised BUD and COL liposomes were stable for 6 months at (25 °C ± 2 °C, 60% ± 5% RH) and refrigerated conditions (2 - 8 °C). These results supported that combination of budesonide and colchicine liposomal dry powder inhaler pulmonary drug delivery for treatment of idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis exhibits prolonged drug retention at targeted site and reduces the systemic exposure.

The germicidal properties of short wavelength ultraviolet C (UVC) light are well established and used to inactivate many viruses and other microbes. However, much less is known about germicidal effects of terrestrial solar UV light, confined exclusively to wavelengths in the UVA and UVB regions. Here, we have explored the sensitivity of the human coronaviruses HCoV-NL63 and SARS-CoV-2 to solar-simulated full spectrum ultraviolet light (sUV) delivered at environmentally relevant doses. First, HCoV-NL63 coronavirus inactivation by sUV-exposure was confirmed employing (i) viral plaque assays, (ii) RT-qPCR detection of viral genome replication, and (iii) infection-induced stress response gene expression array analysis. Next, a detailed dose-response relationship of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus inactivation by sUV was elucidated, suggesting a half maximal suppression of viral infectivity at low sUV doses. Likewise, extended sUV exposure of SARS-CoV-2 blocked cellular infection as revealed by plaque assay and stress response gene expression array analysis. Moreover, comparative (HCoV-NL63 versus SARS-CoV-2) single gene expression analysis by RT-qPCR confirmed that sUV exposure blocks coronavirus-induced redox, inflammatory, and proteotoxic stress responses. Based on our findings, we estimate that solar ground level full spectrum UV light impairs coronavirus infectivity at environmentally relevant doses. Given the urgency and global scale of the unfolding SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, these prototype data suggest feasibility of solar UV-induced viral inactivation, an observation deserving further molecular exploration in more relevant exposure models.

Objective: Voriconazole is a triazole antifungal developed for the treatment of fungal infectious disease, and the clinical utility of its therapeutic drug monitoring has been evaluated. Recently, a new assay for analyzing the serum voriconazole concentration with an automated clinical chemistry analyzer was developed. We evaluated the performance of the new assay based on standardized protocols. Methods: The analytical performance of the assay was evaluated according to its precision, trueness by recovery, limit of quantitation, linearity, and correlation with results from liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The evaluation was performed with the same protocol on two different routine chemistry analyzers. All evaluations were performed according to CLSI Guidelines EP15, EP17, EP6, and EP9 [1–4]. Results: Coefficients of variation for within-run and between-day imprecision were 3.2–5.1% and 1.5–3.0%, respectively, on the two different analyzers for pooled serum samples. The recovery rates were in the range of 95.4–102.2%. The limit of blank was 0.0049 μg/mL, and the limit of detection of the samples was 0.0266–0.0376 μg/mL. The percent recovery at three LoQ levels were 67.9–74.6% for 0.50 μg/mL, 75.5–80.2% for 0.60 μg/mL, and 89.9–96.6% for 0.70 μg/mL. A linear relationship was demonstrated between 0.5 μg/mL and 16.0 μg/mL (R2=0.9995–0.9998). The assay correlated well with LC-MS/MS results (R2=0.9739–0.9828). Conclusions: The assay showed acceptable precision, trueness, linearity, and limit of quantification, and correlated well with LC-MS/MS. Therefore, its analytical performance is satisfactory for monitoring the drug concentration of voriconazole. Keywords: Voriconazole, Antifungal agents, Therapeutic drug monitoring