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The level of expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines NF-kB, IL-6, IFN-y, Caspasa-3, FC in chickens in the lungs and intestines during the modeling of infectious bronchitis in chickens was studied. To simulate coronavirus pneumonia, the vaccine was administered individually, 10 doses per head orally. The chickens of the 1st experimental group were fed with the Lyumantse preparation at the rate of 3 kg / t of feed, the 2nd experimental group received the Glitsevir drug at the rate of 200 μg / 0.3 ml per head. The chickens of the control group did not receive the preparations. It was revealed that antiviral drugs in the experimental groups suppressed the destruction of epithelial cells in the intestine. This may not always be an indication of a positive character, as in the case of apoptosis, not only the intestinal cells affected by the virus particles but also healthy cells are destroyed. There was a decrease in the number of active macrophages in the intestines of the experimental groups relative to the control. The amount of interferon produced was also below the control, which indicates a decreased activity of the immune system. A higher pro-inflammatory activity in the respiratory system of chickens was detected when Glicevir was used. It consists of increased expression of IL-6, interferon-gamma, macrophage receptor to Fc antibody fragments and inflammatory regulatory factor NF-kB genes compared to Lumantse with anti-inflammatory activity, but also compared to untreated control group chickens. It is concluded that it is possible to predict the risk of an exacerbation of an infectious process in the lungs against the background of a local decrease in the viral load in the intestine. An integrated approach is needed in the treatment of coronavirus infections, including either systemic antiviral drugs or anti-inflammatory drugs.

A series of triterpenic acid amides were synthesized incorporating a 2-ethoxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid pharmacophore fragment. The synthesized compounds were tested for their ability to improve glycemic control and to counter lipid abnormalities in C57BL/6 mice placed on a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet. Of all tested compounds, the dihydrobetulonic derivative (16b) had the most pronounced effect in decreasing blood glucose levels, total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). All the synthesized compounds displayed a relatively safe profile in the animal studies carried out in this work.

The epoxidation of turpentine (technical α-pinene), 3-carene, and limonene with aqueous hydrogen peroxide was studied in a new catalytic system employing manganese sulfate, salicylic acid, sodium bicarbonate, and acetonitrile, as a polar solvent. The proposed approach makes it possible to carry out a “chemical separation” of turpentine components, yielding valuable individual derivatives of monoterpenes without the need to isolate individual monoterpene reagents. Specific methods have been developed for the production of α-pinene epoxide, 3-carene epoxide, limonene diepoxide, as well as for two related compounds: 3-carene-5-one and 3-carene-2,5-dione.

The stability of the new antifiloviral agent AS-358, which is a derivative of borneol and 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propanoic acid, was studied in the blood and blood plasma of rats in vitro. It was found that both in the blood and in the plasma stabilized by EDTA or heparin, the compound is rapidly hydrolyzed at the ester bond. When sodium fluoride was added to the whole blood, the decomposition of the compound was significantly slowed down, which made it possible to develop and validate a method for the quantitative determination of the agent in this matrix. The method was validated in terms of selectivity, calibration dependence, LLOQ, accuracy and precision, stability in an autosampler, recovery, and carry-over. A 8:2 v/v mixture of methanol containing 2-adamantylamine hydrochloride (internal standard, IS) with 0.2 M aqueous zinc sulfate was used for blood sample treatment and protein precipitation. Analysis was performed by HPLC-MS/MS using reversed phase chromatography. MS/MS detection was performed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer 6500 QTRAP (SCIEX) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The transitions 294.5→158.2/98.1 and 152.2→107.2/93.1 were monitored for AS-358 and the IS, respectively. The calibration curve was built in the concentration range of 1-500 ng/mL, the intra-day and inter-day accuracy and precision, carry-over and recovery were within the acceptable limits. The developed method was used for a preliminary study of the pharmacokinetics of the agent AS-358 after its oral administration to rats. It was shown that when the substance was administered at a dose of 200 mg/kg, its concentration in the blood of animals reached 550 ng/mL after 1 h, despite its instability in blood.

Several experimental studies have recently demonstrated that temporary autonomic block using botulinum toxin (BoNT/A1) might be a novel option for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. However, the assessment of antiarrhythmic properties of BoNT has so far been limited, relying exclusively on vagal stimulation and rapid atrial pacing models. The present study examined the antiarrhythmic effect of specially formulated BoNT/A1-chitosan nanoparticles (BTN) in calcium chloride-, barium chloride- and electrically induced arrhythmia rat models. BTN enhanced the effect of BoNT/A1. Subepicardial injection of BTN resulted in a significant antiarrhythmic effect in investigated rat models. BTN formulation antagonizes arrhythmia induced by the activation of Ca, K and Na channels.

Vascular xenografts are widely used in cardiovascular surgery as an alternative to autologous vessels and vascular allografts. Calcification is one of the main drawbacks of vascular grafts, especially among young patients and children. Among different anticalcification approaches, chitosan emerges as a highly promising candidate due to its versatility, natural origin, and biocompatibility. We investigated the anticalcification efficacy of globular chitosan ("Chitozol") as it demonstrated the improved rate of water solubility as compared with conventional linear macromolecules of chitosan. In addition, we supposed that compact globular form of "Chitozol" molecules could provide effective penetration of extracellular matrix of bovine jugular veins (BJVs). Our results revealed that "Chitozol" treatment mitigated calcification in the experimental groups as compared to the control groups (without any treatment, conventional treatment with glutaraldehyde, and commercially available Contegra conduit). Different concentrations of "Chitozol" (0.3% and 3%), as well as different incubation times (15 and 30min), were equally effective in the prevention of calcification. In addition, "Chitozol" treatment with decellularization of BJVs demonstrated slightly improved stress-strain properties of unimplanted samples. Thus, the filling of fresh BJV with globular chitosan is proposed as a promising emerging treatment for the mitigation of calcific degeneration in BJVs xenografts.

Epoxidation of β-pinene with 35–38% aqueous hydrogen peroxide in a new catalytic system containing manganese sulfate, salicylic acid, sodium bicarbonate and polar solvent (DMF, acetonitrile, methanol) is described. The method of quantitavive determination of β-pinene and its epoxide is developed.

For the first time at the reduction by hydroquinone of water-soluble carbon nitride oxide (g-C3N4)O reduced carbon nitride (or reduced multi-layer azagraphene) is obtained. It is differed from usually synthesized carbon nitride by a significantly large (on 0.09 nm) interplanar distance is. At the same time, the chemical bonds between atoms in a heteroatomic plane of reduced carbon nitride correspond to the bonds in a synthesized g-C3N4. The samples of water-soluble carbon nitride oxide were synthesized under the special reactionary conditions of a pyrolysis of melamine and urea. We believe that reduced carbon nitride consists of weakly connected carbon-nitrogen monosheets (azagraphene sheets) as well as reduced (from graphene oxide) graphene contains weakly connected graphene sheets.

Earlier small carbon molecules C2- C13 as cations and аnions in hot carbon plasma and flame gases were detected only. From large amount of quasi-fullerenes (C20 < n < 60) revealed in mass spectra of carbon vapor only C20 and C36 were synthesized. Therefore problem of creation of new methods for synthesis of carbon molecules is considered extremely important. By us new reactionary conditions of pyrolysis of hydrocarbons, in particular benzene is developed. A main distinctive feature of this pyrolysis is opportunity of separate localization of condensed products and soot. Mass spectra of toluene and ethanol solutions of obtained products contain intensive peaks with m/z values appropriate anions of small molecules (C3 – C20), them hydrides (C5H2, C10Н4, C14H4, C16H8, C18Н2) and cations of molecules (C6, C7, C15, C17). For the first time in products of pyrolysis quasi-fullerenes C40, C48, C52, C54, C56 and C58 are found out. Thus, small carbon molecules and quasi-fullerenes in reactionary conditions excluding carbon evaporation can be formed.

Firstly the method of joint synthesis of carbon molecules and their hydrides is developed. The stage of high-temperature sublimation of carbon in a new method of generation of carbon molecules is completely excluded. By mass spectrometric method the condensation products of new method of pyrolysis (NMP) benzene are studied. Firstly clusters (C3-C17), typical for carbon vapour, in substances obtained under pyrolysis of hydrocarbons were detected. Fullerene C60 and its hydrides, quasi-fullerenes C48 and C33 inproducts of benzene pyrolysis are detected also. Firstly it is shown what clusters C3-C5 can be generated at so low (100?C-200?C) temperatures of decomposition of substance. Obtained experimental results firstly demonstrate that the small carbon molecules can be generated in reactionary conditions excluding evaporation of carbon. Dehydrogenation and destruction of hydrocarbon molecules is the first stage on a route of the transformation of benzene to carbon molecules.

Research data on intensification of copper-nickel ore flotation by applying the fluorinated xanthates are reported. Introduction of fluorinated agents at 3–50% rate of the total collector consumption improves the recovery of valuable components. It is established experimentally that the copper and nickel recovery into the flotation concentrate grows by over 10%.

The content of main flavonoids from Rhododendron adamsii R. leaves and stems was determined quantitatively using HPLC. It was found that myricetin and quercetin dominated the identified compounds (myricetin, quercetin, dihydroquercetin, rutin) in leaves; dihydroquercetin, in stems (1.1, 1.0, and 2.5 mass% of raw material, respectively). Dihydroquercetin and rutin were found for the first time in R. adamsii.

The experimental data are reported on intensification of the copper-nickel grinding by feeding fluorinated saturated mono-atomic alcohols of a general formula H - (CF2CF2) n - CH2 - OH into a mill. The feeding of this reagent into a mill at the rate of 25–100 g/t of feed provides better exposure of aggregates in the ore preparation circuit thus intensifying the subsequent ore flotation. The increment of copper and nickel recovery into a concentrate amounts to more than 4%.

A new electrophysical method is proposed for liquid products rapid diagnosis of quality and identification. The method is widely prospective for practical application.

The experience in running mineral oils in hydraulic system allows us to conclude that basically their properties obey requirements: they provide reliability and durability of work of a hydraulic transmission, but have unavoidable disadvantage: flammability.

The synthesis of a water-soluble compound belonging to the group of terpenoids-disodium salt of a resorcinol derivative of caryophyllene-is described. The biological properties of the new compound have been studied in mice in comparison to some native terpenoids and atorvastatin. The synthesized terpenoid (5 mg/mouse) decreases the rate of cholesterol biosynthesis in murine liver. Similar effects were observed for atorvastatin (0.2 mg/mouse) and the native terpenoids (8.5 mg/mouse), except for perillic alcohol (which produced a stimulating action). In addition, the obtained resorcinol derivative of caryophyllene inhibits mitogen-stimulated murine splenic cell proliferation in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. The drug efficacy in this reaction is comparable with that of perillic alcohol and α-terpineol, while being less pronounced than the effect of dipentene and atorvastatin.

Chemical compositions of essential oils (EO) from leaves and stems of Rhododendron adamsii, R. aureum, and R. dauricum were studied by GC/MS. The analysis demonstrated that the EO of these plants contained mainly mono-and diterpene hydrocarbons. A large amount of alkanes was also found in the EO of R. aureum.

The origin of the high inhomogeneity of powders of nonoxide refractory compounds, related to the chemical nature of the compounds and the preparation procedure (usually, solid-state reactions) is considered. Conclusive evidence is presented that vapor transport reactions have considerable potential for the reproducible synthesis of such compounds. It is shown that carbothermic reduction of silicon dioxide can be run as a vapor transport reaction using activated carbon fibers as a reductant. The forming polycrystalline SiC fibers are similar in particle morphology to the parent carbon fibers, suggesting that the reaction proceeds through the incorporation of silicon into the lattice of amorphous carbon. Experimental data are presented for the first time which demonstrate that, under similar process conditions, silicon carbide can be obtained in the form of polycrystalline fibers, single-crystal whiskers, or fine powder. The reaction products differ not only in morphology but also in the crystal structure of SiC (α or β form). The mechanisms of α- and β-SiC nucleation and growth are discussed.

Intensive 25 year attempts of researchers with use of superhigh pressures and temperatures to receive maximum saturated by hydrogen fullerane (С60Н60) by means of heterophases reactions of hydrogenation of fullerite (or fullerene) have appeared completely unsuccessful. This fact from the chemical point of view was quite predicted: in heterophase reactions limiting always is the stage of diffusion of one of reagents (in particular, hydrogen) through a layer of the resultant product (in particular, fullerane) therefore the particle of a final product (fullerane) is always non-uniform on composition. Moreover, defullerenization of molecules С60 and С60Нх at temperatures higher 400 °C is observed as at hydrogenation of first, and dehydrogenation of second. Herein is described a new (author method) method of pyrolysis as process of fullerenization (transformation of organic molecules in the closed molecules of carbon and their hydrides) of molecules of benzene, toluene and pyridine, which has allowed to obtain simultaneously and carbon molecules, and them hydrides. Еquiatomic composition fullerane С60Н60, quasi-fulleranes (CnHn-6–CnHn−2 (n = 20–46)) and quasi-fullerenes (C48, C40, C42) as well as small carbon molecules (C3–C11) are detected only in mass spectra of products of fullerenization of organic molecules. In products of fullerenization of pyridine molecules (C5H5N) are detected new heteroatomic molecules such as hydrogenated and hydroxylated azafullerenes (С35N5)H9, (С45N5)(ОН)3Н14 and (С49N11)(ОН)5Н18 as well as homoatomic molecules С60, С48 and С3–С18. This method allows obtain fulleranes and quasi-fulleranes in gramme quantities.

Study of the heterogeneous reaction of SiO2 with activated carbon fibers has shown that the heterophase reaction (SiO2 (gas), SiO (gas) + C) gave rise to polycrystalline fibers of α- and β-SiC, whereas the homophase reaction of SiO with CO on a Si cupel led to the growth of filament crystals of α-SiC. In agreement with the proposed mechanism for the origin and growth of SiC crystals, the appearance of Si (l) on the surface of the product is connected to the exo-effect of the formation of silicon carbide.

Reactions of (+)-α-fenchene and (-)-camphene with acetone and benzaldehyde over β-zeolite lead to formation of tricyclic ethers. Possible reaction mechanisms and solvent effect on these processes are discussed.

The reactions of the natural sesquiterpene caryophyllene with phenols on various solid acid catalysts gave the corresponding terpenylphenols and phenyl terpenyl ethers with essentially caryolane structures. The selectivity of the process and yield of product can be raised by varying the catalyst and solvent.

The reaction of aluminum oxide with boron in vacuum was studied over a wide range of temperatures. Analysis of the reaction products was carried out by chemical, x-ray diffraction, optical, and metallographic methods. The temperature dependence of the reaction was determined. A high boron phase of the composition AlB18–31 is produced by the borothermic reduction of aluminum oxide. The crystalline phase possesses a hexagonal structure with the elementary cell parameters a = 1.097, c = 2.378 nm. Aluminum dodecaboride and diboride phases were not detected in the reaction products.

Caryophyllene (I) is among the most wide-spread and accessible sesquiterpenes. Due to its structural features: a strained trans-substituted double bond in a nine-membered cycle and to a trans-annelated cyclononene and a cyclobutane fragment this substance is one of the most interesting for study polyenes with a medium-sized cycle. The rearrangements of sesquiterpene I and related compounds are extensively discussed. We did not find any publications (cf. [1]) on alkylation with compound I along Friedel3Crafts procedure. The use on an [organized medium] (clay, zeolites) as catalysts in fine organic synthesis may not only increase the yield of products and selectivity of a reaction but also strongly change the process direction to afford unusual products not available in homogeneous conditions [2].

Reactions of (+)-α-fenchene and (-)-camphene with acetone and benzaldehyde over β-zeolite lead to formation of tricyclic ethers. Possible reaction mechanisms and solvent effect on these processes are discussed.

Intercalation objects, in most cases, are substances with graphite-like structures. Board hollows in boron structure, in contrast to the flaky structures of graphite and boron nitride are formed between its icosahedra of cell elements instead of between layer planes. Hollows between rather large boron icosahedra (distance of B-B bond in icosahedron is 0.171 nm while between icosahedra is 0.202 nm.) for insertion of Mg, Li and Al atoms and forming of the insertion phases which are rich-boron phases particularly of aluminium. In this communication studying results of process of Al atoms insertion into a boron that leads to forming rich-boron borides and boron carbides are presented.

The characteristics of cell-mediated and humoral immunity were studied in 611 patients with different etiological forms of acute virus hepatitides (HB, HC, HB + C, HC + HBsAg). As the result of the systematic abuse of psychoactive preparations, introduced by intravenous injection, in 166 patients (27.2%) drug addiction developed, ehile 445 (72.8%) patients had no addiction. The study revealed that in drug users with HB the secondary T-cell immunodeficiency of the hyposuppressor type in combination with depression in B-cell-mediated immunity (a decrease in the absolute number of B lymphocytes) could be registered, and in patients having no drug addiction the secondary T-cell immunodeficiency characterized by a decrease in the content of T helpers simultaneously with the increased content of T suppressors and B lymphocytes.

611 patients with acute parenteral virus hepatitis (VH) were studied with a view to find out markers indicating the presence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infection (HB, HC, HB + C, HC + HBsAg). Of these, 166 patients (27.2%) systematically used narcotic drugs intravenously. Essential differences between drug users and VH patients without drug addiction were established regarding the distribution of patients by age and sex, the etiological structure and severity of the disease. Thus, in the group of drug users the prevalence of males, young people (15-29 years of age) and the mixed form of hepatitis B + C was noted. In VH patients using drug the disease took a more severe course than in such patients without drug addiction. The highest proportion of intravenously drug users with a severe and moderate course of the disease was found among patients with HB + C and HB.

Caryophyllene (I) is among the most wide-spread and accessible sesquiterpenes. Due to its structural features: a strained trans-substituted double bond in a nine-membered cycle and to a trans-annelated cyclononene and a cyclobutane fragment this substance is one of the most interesting for study polyenes with a medium-sized cycle. The rearrangements of sesquiterpene I and related compounds are extensively discussed. We did not find any publications (cf. [1]) on alkylation with compound I along Friedel3Crafts procedure. The use on an [organized medium] (clay, zeolites) as catalysts in fine organic synthesis may not only increase the yield of products and selectivity of a reaction but also strongly change the process direction to afford unusual products not available in homogeneous conditions [2].