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Various types of materials have been explored in the pursuit of high energy density materials (HEDMs) that have balanced energy and stability. Among them, energetic salts show numerous advantages, such as lower vapor pressures, high physical stabilities, and the opportunity for favorable tuning by careful selection of cations/anions. Nitrogen-rich bases are generally used as cations for energetic salt formation. While the synthesis of salts with larger cations lowers the sensitivity, smaller cations aid better energetic performance. A combination of both in the same ionic moieties might help in the formation of a superior explosive. In this work, a facile route for the synthesis of mixed dicationic energetic salts based on 1-((1H-tetrazol-5-yl)methyl)-3,5-dinitro-1H-pyrazol-4-ol (compound 1) has been explored by various combinations of bigger and smaller cations (compounds 4–10). All the synthesized energetic salts showed high positive heats of formation, energetic performance comparable to TATB, excellent stability towards impact and friction, and acceptable thermal stabilities. This improved technique will provide an additional option for fine-tuning the energetic properties of HEDMs and will facilitate in exploring the role of various cations in the overall performance of the energetic compounds.

Introduction: The emerging respiratory illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 has posed the threat to human life across the globe. Various physical measures applied to curb the spread of the virus in initial phase of pandemic but high level of immunity by vaccination is an effective strategy to reduce the morbidity and mortality. To achieve this parent’s willingness is important for vaccination of children. Objectives: To study the parent’s willingness and associated factors to vaccinate the children with Covid-19 vaccine. Material & Methods: The cross sectional study conducted in the month of July 2022. A confidential interview of 300 parents visited to OPD was taken. Information obtained about socio-demography, routine immunization and comorbidity in children, parents COVID-19 vaccination, COVID-19 infection and hospitalization in family members and willingness for children’s covid-19 vaccination. Results: Out of 300 parents around 253(84.3%) parentswere willing, 10(3.3%) not willing and 37(12.3%) not sure about children’s vaccination. hospitalization of family members, parental vaccination against Covid-19, vaccination of siblings > 12 years, parents having 1-2 children were significantly associated with willingness. Conclusion: Counselling of parents to relieve the anxiety is needed, communicating clear information about vaccination and expected side effects of the vaccine, provision of reliable source of information like family physician, health care workers.

1,2,3-Triazole and 1,2,4-triazole have been vigorously used in energetic materials research. Among these two, 1,2,4-triazole has been a widely used backbone in designing new energetic materials with improved performance. This study showed the synthesis of nitrogen-enriched dianionic energetic salts (3–6) based on methylene bridged 3,4-diamino-1,2,4-triazole combined with nitrate, perchlorate, picrate, and azide anions. Structures of 5,5′-methylenedi(4H-1,2,4-triazole-3,4-diamine) and its salts 4 and 5 were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies, showing a strong hydrogen-bonding network owing to the presence of –NH2 groups, numerous oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the structure. The DSC results indicate acceptable thermal stabilities with the observed decomposition temperatures over 180 °C. All the compounds are dense (1.70–1.86 g cm−3) and exhibit reasonable detonation velocities (7.49–8.99 km s−1) and pressures (21.9–28.2 GPa). Interestingly, salt 6 possess detonation velocity comparable to that of RDX. These properties illustrate that incorporating a methylene bridge in a 3,4-diamino-1,2,4-triazole ring can effectively support the progress of mechanically insensitive and thermally stable energetic compounds in future research.

In this work, we report an approach for designing a series of energetic compounds derived from nitrogen-rich tris(1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-yl)amine backbone. Based on available synthetic method, nitrogen content (70.8%), heat of formation (1371 ​kJ·mol-1), density (1.67 ​g·cm-3), detonation parameters (7.75 ​km·s-1, 24.30 ​GPa), and experimentally reported high decomposition temperature (231 ​°C), less sensitivity to accidental impact (42 ​J) and friction (360 ​N) data, tris(1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-yl)amine found to be an efficient building block for designing energetic materials. The explosophoric functional groups –NO2, –NH2, –ONO2, –NHNO2, and N3 were introduced in the tris(1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-yl)amine framework to further improve energetic properties. All tris(1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-yl)amine derivatives have a much higher heat of formation than TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) and RDX (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane). Crucially, higher detonation velocities (>9.10 ​km·s-1) and detonation pressures (>35.20 ​GPa) were calculated for –NO2, –ONO2, and –NHNO2 substituted compounds compared to RDX. Considering the experimental and computed stability of tris(1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-yl)amine towards high temperatures and mechanical stimuli, the entire designed molecules are expected to be less sensitive and stable for energetic applications. These advantages make tris(1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-yl)amine an effective building block. There is no denying that the insertion of energetic functional groups will undoubtedly benefit the development of secondary explosives and propellants.

A trifluoromethyl group substituted C–C bonded nitrogen rich energetic material 3-(3-nitro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole (4), its hydroxyl amine (5) and 3,6,7-triamino-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazol-2-ium (6) salts and hydrazinium 5-(3-nitro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-triazol-1-ide (7) were synthesized and fully characterized using infrared spectroscopy (IR), multinuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (1H, 13C, and 19F), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), elemental analysis (EA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies. Furthermore, compounds 4 and 7 were confirmed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies (SC-XRD). All compounds possess good density (1.70–1.80 g cm−3), detonation velocity (6432–7144 m s−1), pressure (16.38–20.31 GPa), and thermal stability (>170 °C). They are insensitive towards mechanical stimuli, impact (IS > 35 J) and friction (FS > 288 N). Overall, due to their balanced performance, these compounds can be a better replacement for presently used explosives such as trinitrotoluene (TNT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundDiagnosing immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-associated nephritis can be challenging since it is a rare complication of therapy, associated with a spectrum of immune-mediated pathologies, and can present months after ICI therapy discontinuation (i.e., late-onset). ICIs are increasingly administered in combination with other cancer therapies with associated nephrotoxicity, further obfuscating the diagnosis of ICI-associated nephritis. In this report, we describe the first suspected case of late-onset ICI-associated membranous nephropathy (MN) in a patient with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who had discontinued ICI therapy 6 months prior to presentation. Prompt recognition of the suspected late-onset immune-related adverse event (irAE) resulted in the successful treatment of MN and continuation of RCC therapy.Case presentationA 57-year-old man with metastatic clear cell RCC was responsive to third-line RCC therapy with lenvatinib (oral TKI) and everolimus (oral mTOR inhibitor) when he presented with nephrotic range proteinuria and acute kidney injury (AKI). His kidney biopsy revealed probable secondary MN with subendothelial and mesangial immune complex deposits and negative staining for both phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) and thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing 7A (THSD7A). While a diagnosis of paraneoplastic MN could not be excluded, the patient was responding to cancer therapy and had tumor regression. However, 6 months prior to presentation, the patient had received pembrolizumab, an ICI, with his first-line RCC treatment. Due to concern that the patient may be presenting with late-onset ICI-associated MN, he was effectively treated with rituximab, which allowed for his continued RCC therapy.ConclusionThis report highlights the first case of suspected late-onset ICI-associated MN and the increasing complexity of recognizing renal irAEs. With the growing indications for the use of ICIs in combination with other cancer therapies, recognizing the various presentations of ICI-immune nephritis can help guide patient management and treatment.