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A flower-like metal–organic layer with a rich catalytic surface and unique conductive structure was fabricated as an efficient cathodic catalyst for Li–CO2 batteries. The as-developed cells display remarkable cycling stability.

High sulfur loading is essential for achieving high energy density lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. However, serious issues such as low sulfur utilization, poor cycling stability, and sluggish rate performance have been exposed when increasing the sulfur loading for freestanding cathodes. To solve these problems, the adsorption/catalytic ability of high-sulfur-loading cathode toward polysulfides must be improved. Herein, based on excellent properties of cationic MOFs, we proposed that Cu-Mo bimetallic nanoparticles embedded in multifunctional freestanding nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanofibers (Cu-Mo@NPCN) with efficient catalytic sites could be prepared by facile MoO

Little study has illustrated the associations between inhalation of refloated soil dust and the morbidity of respiratory disease in animals. In this study, soil dust samples in arid and semiarid areas of China were collected for investigating the underlying biotoxicity and mechanisms of oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat lung induced by inhalation of refloated soil dust. The soil dust samples were collected from the arid and semiarid areas in Zhangjiakou city, located close to Inner Mongolia Plateau, China. After intratracheal instillation of soil dust, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activities in rat lung were declined in a dose-dependent relationship, and pathology changes in lung tissue were also enhanced along with increased levels of soil dust. Meanwhile, apoptotic cells were scattered in the pulmonary epithelial and distributed in the mesenchyma, and the apoptotic index was significantly increased in rat lung instilled by soil dust. Besides, soil dust promoted Bax expression and inhibited Bcl2 expression, i.e., increased Bax/Bcl2 ratio in a concentration-dependent manner. In summary, short-term exposure to soil dust caused oxidative damage and induced apoptosis in rat lung through the regulation of Bax and Bcl2 expression.

Rechargeable Li-CO

An elaborately modified separator capable of simultaneously blocking polysulfide shuttle and promoting Li+ ion transport is crucial for developing high-energy-density lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries with outstanding rate performance and long cycling stability. Herein, we demonstrate an intriguing pore-space-partition strategy to reconstruct the pore network and pore chemical environment of a prototype metal–organic framework (MOF), empowering it with remarkably enhanced performance as a separator coating in Li–S batteries. The finely tailored MOF has a rational pore size, large specific surface area and abundant catalytic sites, which synergistically facilitate Li+ ion conduction, inhibit polysulfide shuttle, and boost catalytic polysulfide conversion, thereby realizing both outstanding rate capability and cycling stability in high sulfur loading cathodes. The as-developed cell exhibits superb cyclability with a capacity retention of 79.0% over 500 cycles. More impressively, steady cyclability and a high areal capacity of 3.96 mA h cm−2 are achieved at a current density of up to 3.1 mA cm−2 with 78 wt% high sulfur content. This work provides new insights into separator engineering for high-performance Li–S batteries, and would advance the development of MOF separators in various energy storage technologies.

Background and aim Some studies have confirmed that miRNA-140 exhibits a suppressive role in gastric cancer, Wilms' tumor. However, the function of miRNA-140 in colorectal cancer has not been completely elucidated. The present study aims to verify TRAF6 as the targeted gene by miRNA-140 which was investigated in colorectal cancer tissues and cells, and its effects on the biological characteristics of colorectal cancer cells were determined, in order to provide an experimental and theoretical basis for the application of TRAF6 in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Methods qPCR analyzed miRNA-140 expression levels in colorectal cancer tissues, normal colorectal cancer tissues and colorectal cells including SW480 and HCT116 cancer cells and FHC normal colorectal epithetical cells. A serial biological experiment analyzed miRNA-140 effects on cell proliferation, migration and invasion capacities in SW480 and HCT116 cells. miRNA targeting gene prediction and a dual luciferase assay were used to analyze miRNA-140-targeted TRAF6. qPCR and Western blot analyzed miRNA-140 effects on the mRNA and protein expression of TRAF6. Western blot analyzed miRNA-140 effects on NF-κB/c-jun signaling pathways. Animal studies were performed to investigate the effects of miRNA-140 on colorectal cancer implantation tumor growth. Immunohistochemistry analyzed TRAF6 expression in animal experimentation tumors. Results miRNA-140 expression is lower in colorectal cancer tissues and colorectal cancer cells. Over-expression of miRNA-140 inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion capacities of colorectal cancer cells. miRNA-140 targeted the TRAF6 mRNA 3'UTR area and decreased TRAF6 protein expression. miRNA-140 suppressed p-NF-κB/p-c-jun proteins expression. miRNA-140 inhibited colorectal cancer implantation tumor growth in the mice model. Conclusion miRNA-140 targeting TRAF6 affects the progression and growth of colorectal cancer, the mechanism could be miRNA-140 decreasing the TRAF6 expression effects on the NF-κB/c-jun signaling pathways.

In this paper, a novel flower detection application anchor-based method is proposed, which is combined with an attention mechanism to detect the flowers in a smart garden in AIoT more accurately and fast. While many researchers have paid much attention to the flower classification in existing studies, the issue of flower detection has been largely overlooked. The problem we have outlined deals largely with the study of a new design and application of flower detection. Firstly, a new end-to-end flower detection anchor-based method is inserted into the architecture of the network to make it more precious and fast and the loss function and attention mechanism are introduced into our model to suppress unimportant features. Secondly, our flower detection algorithms can be integrated into the mobile device. It is revealed that our flower detection method is very considerable through a series of investigations carried out. The detection accuracy of our method is similar to that of the state-of-the-art, and the detection speed is faster at the same time. It makes a major contribution to flower detection in computer vision.

The freestanding sulfur cathodes have achieved high areal capacity and cycling stability, but low sulfur content and volumetric capacity have greatly offset their advantages in high-energy-density lithium-sulfur (Li–S) batteries. Herein, nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanofibers with hierarchical pore structure and long-range conductivity were prepared by facile electrospinning method and subsequent pyrolysis in the N2 atmosphere. Benefiting from high specific surface area, large pore volume, rational nitrogen configuration and interwoven conductive network when directly used as freestanding sulfur composite cathodes, the resultant electrodes have exhibited high areal capacity, large volumetric capacity and good cycling stability even under high sulfur content and high sulfur loading. At sulfur content of 85 ​wt% and sulfur loading of 14.3 ​mg ​cm−2, the electrode delivers high areal capacity of 10.4 ​mA ​h ​cm−2 and volumetric capacity of 904 ​mA ​h ​cm−3 at high current density of 4.8 ​mA ​cm−2. The electrochemical performance ranks it among the state-of-the-art those in the carbon-based sulfur cathodes. This work opens a new avenue for the development of high-energy-density and long-life Li–S batteries based on the freestanding conductive hierarchical porous nanoarchitectures.

Lithium–sulphur (Li–S) batteries are interesting due to their high theoretical capacity and energy density. However, their commercial implementation is impeded by the lack of suitable sulphur cathodes that have high electrochemical stability and high sulphur loading using a low electrolyte/sulphur ratio. In this work, reduced graphene oxide functionalized with MnO2 nanosheets was demonstrated as a sulphur cathode (MnO2@rGO/S). The high polarity of the MnO2 nanosheets grown on the rGO surface is beneficial for the uniform distribution of sulphur, providing access to Li+ and immobilizing polysulfides in the cathode region. This leads to an improved electrolyte wettability, promoted sulphur utilization and enhanced reaction kinetics. As a result, the obtained cathode enables superior cyclability over 500 cycles with a capacity fading rate of only 0.034% per cycle. Moreover, a sulphur content of 70 wt% with an electrolyte/sulphur ratio of 4 μL mg−1 is achieved, and the volumetric energy density at the cell level is more than 188 W h L−1 at 1.34 mA cm−2 using Li-metal as the anode. It is comparable and even superior to those of recently reported carbon-based sulphur batteries.

Active samplers are widely used in the quantification of gaseous semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). A sampling tube is often assembled upstream of the sampler, especially in the active samplers used for separating the particle-phase and gas-phase SVOCs and in the newly-designed active sampler based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME). However, gaseous SVOCs can be easily adsorbed by the sampling tube, which may induce significant errors to the quantitative results. Taking the SPME-based active sampler as an example, a mass-transfer model was developed to characterize the sampling-tube loss of gaseous SVOCs. Experiments involving six SVOCs were conducted. The model predictions (with a best-fit surface/air partition coefficient of SVOCs) were found to be consistent with the measurements. Both model predictions and experimental data indicated that the measured concentrations were significantly lower than the actual concentration (around 60% lower) due to the sampling-tube loss. The duration of sampling-tube loss (τ

Nutrients can regulate metabolic activities of living organisms through epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA regulation. Since the nutrients required for early embryos and postpartum lactation are derived in whole or in part from maternal and lactating nutrition, the maternal nutritional level affects the growth and development of fetus and creates a profound relationship between disease development and early environmental exposure in the offspring’s later life. Protein is one of the most important biological macromolecules, involved in almost every process of life, such as information transmission, energy processing and material metabolism. Maternal protein intake levels may affect the integrity of the fetal genome and alter DNA methylation and gene expression. Most amino acids are supplied to the fetus from the maternal circulation through active transport of placenta. Some amino acids, such as methionine, as dietary methyl donor, play an important role in DNA methylation and body’s one-carbon metabolism. The purpose of this review is to describe effects of maternal dietary protein and amino acid intake on fetal and neonatal growth and development through epigenetic mechanisms, with examples in humans and animals.

Weaning is a stressful event associated with gastrointestinal disorders and increased disease susceptibility. Many studies have reported the changes that happened in the gut of various mammals such as pigs and rats after weaning. These findings suggest that the development of intestinal tract mainly is affected at the time of weaning through interfering in the differentiation and proliferation of intestinal stem cells. Weaning stress stimulates the rapid differentiation and proliferation of intestinal stem cells in order to adjust to changes caused by weaning, which are mainly manifested as deeper crypt depth and decreased intestine villus height. However, the accelerated cellular process may lead to an increase in the proportion of immature intestinal epithelial cells and goblet cells, which affect intestinal permeability and reduce the gut-barrier function against toxins and pathogens. This review briefly describes the effects coforticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and polyamines on the differentiation and proliferation of intestinal stem cells after weaning and discusses its possible underlying regulatory mechanisms. Firstly, weaning stress activates CRF to binds its receptors, which induces proinflammatory responses and promote rapid differentiation and proliferation of intestinal stem cells to a larger fraction of immature intestinal epithelial cells and goblet cells. Secondly, the lack of EGF after weaning inhibits the expression of goblet cell maturation factors and makes it difficult for goblet cells and intestinal epithelial cells to mature. Finally, diet and endogenous synthesis lead to excessive polyamines in the intestine, which promote the proliferation of intestinal stem cells by regulating the expression of human antigen R (HuR) and other related genes at the time of weaning.

Numerous experimental studies have demonstrated that a series of remodeling processes occurred in the adipose tissue during the weaning, such as differentiation. Fibroblasts in the breast at weaning stage could re-differentiate into mature adipocytes. Many transcriptional factors were involved in these processes, especially the PPARγ, C/EBP, and SREBP1. There is cell apoptosis participating in the breast tissue degeneration and secretory epithelial cells loss during weaning. In addition, hormones, especially the estrogen and pituitary hormone, play a vital role in the whole reproductive processes. In this review, we mainly focus on the underlying regulated mechanisms of differentiation of adipose tissue and apoptosis of breast cell to provide a specific insight into the physiological changes during weaning.

Obesity is one of the main challenges of public health in the 21st century. Obesity can induce a series of chronic metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and nonalcoholic fatty liver, which seriously affect human health. Gut-brain axis, the two-direction pathway formed between enteric nervous system and central nervous system, plays a vital role in the occurrence and development of obesity. Gastrointestinal signals are projected through the gut-brain axis to nervous system, and respond to various gastrointestinal stimulation. The central nervous system regulates visceral activity through the gut-brain axis. Brain-gut peptides have important regulatory roles in the gut-brain axis. The brain-gut peptides of the gastrointestinal system and the nervous system regulate the gastrointestinal movement, feeling, secretion, absorption and other complex functions through endocrine, neurosecretion and paracrine to secrete peptides. Both neuropeptide Y and peptide YY belong to the pancreatic polypeptide family and are important brain-gut peptides. Neuropeptide Y and peptide YY have functions that are closely related to appetite regulation and obesity formation. This review describes the role of the gutbrain axis in regulating appetite and maintaining energy balance, and the functions of brain-gut peptides neuropeptide Y and peptide YY in obesity. The relationship between NPY and PYY and the interaction between the NPY-PYY signaling with the gut microbiota are also described in this review.

Objective The objective of this study was to investigate effects of mixed organic acids (MOA) on nutrient digestibility, volatile fatty acids composition and intestinal microbiota in growing-finishing pigs fed high wheat bran diet. Methods Six crossbred barrows (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire), with an average body weight 78.8±4.21 kg, fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum, were allotted to a double 3×3 Latin square design with 3 periods and 3 diets. Each period consisted of a 5-d adjustment period followed by a 2-d total collection of feces and then a 2-d collection of ileal digesta. The dietary treatments included a corn-soybean-wheat bran basal diet (CTR), mixed organic acid 1 diet (MOA1; CTR+3,000 mg/kg OA1), mixed organic acid 2 diet (MOA2; CTR+2,000 mg/kg OA2). Results Pigs fed MOA (MOA1 or MOA2) showed improved (p

Due to the easy loss of ions during synthesis or usage, vacancies in perovskite film are ubiquitous, accelerating the degradation of perovskite materials and seriously hampering the stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, to simultaneously compensate for vacancies and reduce ammonium cation loss, a sustained release strategy was proposed by introducing multi-functional capsules consisting of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) encapsulation agent and ammonium iodide salts as interlayer between the perovskite and hole transport layer. In the capsule interlayer, not only are ammonium iodide salts in ZIF-8 pores released to the perovskite layer, compensating for the vacancies, but the ZIF-8 also prevents the organic component of perovskite from evaporating and isolates the perovskite from moisture. As a consequence, decreased trap density, improved device efficiency, and enhanced stability of PSCs are obtained owing to the successful passivation of defects by the introduced capsules. ZIF-8@FAI shows the highest efficiency of 19.13% and a stabilized PCE over 93% of the initial efficiency at maximum power point for 150 h. This work provides a new strategy to improve efficiency and stability of PSCs based on the large family of porous materials.

Transition metal nitrides are promising mediators for improving the electrochemical performance of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, but the synthesis of ultrafine and durable nanoparticles in the absence of ammonia gas is still a great challenge. Herein, we reported a new method for the fabrication of ultrafine vanadium nitride (VN) nanoparticles uniformly embedded into N-doped porous carbon using a main-chain imidazolium-based ionic polymer (ImIP) containing metavanadate anions as a precursor. ImIP not only serves as sole carbon and nitrogen sources, but also effectively inhibits the aggregation and coalescence of VN nanoparticles during pyrolysis. Benefiting from the ultrafine particle size, high polarity and good electrocatalytic effects of VN, both redox kinetics of sulfur species and chemical adsorbability toward polysulfides are greatly expedited. The resultant electrode exhibits superior cycling stability with a low average capacity decay rate of 0.035% for 1200 cycles at a high rate of 5 C. This work develops a facile ammonia-free approach to fabricate ultrafine VN nanoparticles for improving electrochemical behaviors of Li–S batteries.

Formaldehyde (HCHO) is an operational L2 product of the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on the Sentinel-5 Precursor platform (S5P) (De Smedt et al., 2018).International shipping is a significant source of pollutants including CO2, nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), volatile organic compounds, particulate matter, and black carbon. Shipping lanes are well known to be detected in NO2 satellite observations (e.g., Beirle et al., 2004; Richter et al., 2004, 2011; Vinken et al 2014, Georgoulias et al., 2019). SO2 signal from ships has also been reported in OMI SO2 observations (Theys et al. 2014). However, so far only one study has reported the detection of an HCHO signal from ships using GOME-1 observations (Marbach et al. 2009). In a recent paper, it has been shown that the TROPOMI measurements allow for the detection of NO2 pollution plumes from individual ships (Georgoulias et al., 2020).In this work, we investigate the detection of a HCHO signal over shipping lanes in the Indian Ocean. When averaging several months of TROPOMI HCHO observations, at least two shipping lanes are clearly visible in the Indian Ocean. They are located over known shipping corridors from India and from Africa. We estimate the intensity of the HCHO columns along those tracks as a function of the season. We compare their location and relative intensity with TROPOMI NO2 observations. The possible impact of the a priori profiles is considered, as well as the impact of cloud filtering. Wind fields, which have been recently added in the HCHO L2 files, are used in order to study the intensity of the signal as a function of wind speeds. The HCHO background transported from continental sources is removed using a first-order estimation. The OMI QA4ECV HCHO and NO2 datasets between 2005 and 2020 are included in the analysis using 5 years averaged data, in order to study possible changes in the respective line intensities and locations. The detection of such a small signal is an illustration of the improved detection limit of HCHO columns with TROPOMI measurements.

Molecular design of multifunctional surface treatment materials that modulate the perovskite performance through simultaneous improvements in several factors is imperative for enhancing the stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, with amine-containing counterions in its pore, dense oxygen sites on the skeleton and the anionic porous framework, a metal-organic framework, ZnL, demonstrates its feasibility as multifunctional surface treatment materials on defects passivation, improving perovskite crystallization and blocking water/metal electrode intrusion. Extensive theoretical calculations and experimental studies confirm the passivation ability of ZnL that amine-containing cations could effectively passivate negatively charged defects and the anionic framework with dense oxygen sites forms strong interaction with perovskite, anchoring the atoms of perovskite. As a result, ZnL-incorporated PSC device shows improved efficiency from 19.75% to 21.15% with enhanced stability during 3000 h. This work provides important insight into the design guidance of prospective multifunctional surface treatment reagents toward the higher performance of PSCs or other optoelectronic devices.

The Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) was launched on the 13th of October 2017, with on board the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). The formaldehyde (HCHO) L2 product is operational since the end of 2018. The prototype of the tropospheric HCHO retrieval algorithm is developed at BIRA-IASB and implemented at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in the S5P operational processor (De Smedt et al., 2018).In this work, we investigate the quality of the HCHO tropospheric column product and its validation within the MPC framework (Mission Performance Center) and the S5PVT NIDFORVAL project (S5P NItrogen Dioxide and FORmaldehyde VALidation). Within NIDFORVAL, the S5P HCHO product has been validated using the full FTIR and MAXDOAS dataset. Validation results have been assessed against reported product uncertainties taking into account the full comparison error budget, showing that the product quality reaches its requirements.Here, we focus on satellite-satellite comparison based on the OMI QA4ECV HCHO product and on ground-based validation using MAX-DOAS and Pandora network observations. About 15 HCHO measuring stations are involved, providing data corresponding to a wide range of observation conditions at mid and low latitudes, and covering remote, sub-urban, and urban polluted sites. Comparison results show usually negative biases for large HCHO columns, while a positive offset is observed for the lowest columns. For the MAX-DOAS stations providing vertical profile retrievals, the impact of a priori profiles on the comparison is assessed. The dataset allows to discuss validation results as a function of emission source. Seasonal and diurnal variations are compared. Long term variation are also monitored using the OMI and MAX-DOAS QA4ECV dataset.

Background/aim Colorectal cancer (CRC) cells secrete inflammatory cytokines that affect CRC progression. The aim of the present study was to determine if micro-RNA-140(miR-140) regulates inflammatory cytokine secretion induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in colorectal cancer cells by targeting tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Materials and methods Fifty fresh colon-cancer specimens and normal colorectal tissues were collected from patients with CRC and tested for the expression miR-140. Human CRC cell lines SW480 and HCT116 were treated with various concentrations and times with LPS. miR-140 and mRNA expression of potentially related genes were analyzed by qPCR. Protein expression was analyzed using western blot or ELISA. Overexpression plasmids with pcDNA3.1-TRAF6, pGL4.10-wtTRAF6 and pGL4.10-mutTRAF6 were constructed. miRNA target gene prediction and a dual luciferase assay were used to analyze miR-140-targeted TRAF6. Results miR-140 expression was up-regulated in CRC tissues. In CRC cells, LPS could increase miR-140 expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. LPS increased inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression levels in SW480 and HCT116 human colon-cancer cells. miRNA-140 suppressed TRAF6 expression via targeting the 3'UTR. TRAF6 affected miR-140-mediated inflammatory cytokine expression of SW480 and HCT116 cells under LPS treatment. Conclusion miR-140 regulates inflammatory cytokine secretion of LPS-induced colorectal cancer cells by targeting TRAF6.

TROPOMI (the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument), on board the Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) satellite, has been monitoring the Earth's atmosphere since October 2017 with an unprecedented horizontal resolution (initially 7 km2×3.5 km2, upgraded to 5.5 km2×3.5 km2 in August 2019). Monitoring air quality is one of the main objectives of TROPOMI; it obtains measurements of important pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and formaldehyde (HCHO). In this paper we assess the quality of the latest HCHO TROPOMI products versions 1.1.(5-7), using ground-based solar-absorption FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared) measurements of HCHO from 25 stations around the world, including high-, mid-, and low-latitude sites. Most of these stations are part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC), and they provide a wide range of observation conditions, from very clean remote sites to those with high HCHO levels from anthropogenic or biogenic emissions. The ground-based HCHO retrieval settings have been optimized and harmonized at all the stations, ensuring a consistent validation among the sites. In this validation work, we first assess the accuracy of TROPOMI HCHO tropospheric columns using the median of the relative differences between TROPOMI and FTIR ground-based data (BIAS). The pre-launch accuracy requirements of TROPOMI HCHO are 40 %–80 %. We observe that these requirements are well reached, with the BIAS found below 80 % at all the sites and below 40 % at 20 of the 25 sites. The provided TROPOMI systematic uncertainties are well in agreement with the observed biases at most of the stations except for the highest-HCHO-level site, where it is found to be underestimated. We find that while the BIAS has no latitudinal dependence, it is dependent on the HCHO concentration levels: an overestimation (+26±5 %) of TROPOMI is observed for very low HCHO levels (<2.5×1015 molec. cm−2), while an underestimation (-30.8%±1.4 %) is found for high HCHO levels (>8.0×1015 molec. cm−2). This demonstrates the great value of such a harmonized network covering a wide range of concentration levels, the sites with high HCHO concentrations being crucial for the determination of the satellite bias in the regions of emissions and the clean sites allowing a small TROPOMI offset to be determined. The wide range of sampled HCHO levels within the network allows the robust determination of the significant constant and proportional TROPOMI HCHO biases (TROPOMI =+1.10±0.05 ×1015+0.64±0.03 × FTIR; in molecules per square centimetre). Second, the precision of TROPOMI HCHO data is estimated by the median absolute deviation (MAD) of the relative differences between TROPOMI and FTIR ground-based data. The clean sites are especially useful for minimizing a possible additional collocation error. The precision requirement of 1.2×1016 molec. cm−2 for a single pixel is reached at most of the clean sites, where it is found that the TROPOMI precision can even be 2 times better (0.5–0.8×1015 molec. cm−2 for a single pixel). However, we find that the provided TROPOMI random uncertainties may be underestimated by a factor of 1.6 (for clean sites) to 2.3 (for high HCHO levels). The correlation is very good between TROPOMI and FTIR data (R=0.88 for 3 h mean coincidences; R=0.91 for monthly means coincidences). Using about 17 months of data (from May 2018 to September 2019), we show that the TROPOMI seasonal variability is in very good agreement at all of the FTIR sites. The FTIR network demonstrates the very good quality of the TROPOMI HCHO products, which is well within the pre-launch requirements for both accuracy and precision. This paper makes suggestions for the refinement of the TROPOMI random uncertainty budget and TROPOMI quality assurance values for a better filtering of the remaining outliers.