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Professor Robert Dubin has asserted that his prediction of stability in industrial conflict has been realized and that the success of his prediction attests to the usefulness of two sociological laws alleged to underlie it. The laws to which Dubin refers appear to be the following. First, as time passes during which groups of people practice specified forms of behavior, institutions develop which tend to stabilize that behavior. Second, as such institutionalization occurs, individuals and groups acquire an interest in perpetuating the stabilized systems of behavior. The general prediction for industrial conflict is: measured by the length and intensity of strikes it will show relative stability in the next several decades. Dubin's operational definition of stability in industrial conflict is identical to the statement that a regression of his five measures of conflict on time for that period will produce coefficients on the time variable which are insignificantly different from zero. By Dubin's own criterion, however, such a prediction could be of value only if a naive predictor would not have given the same information. Unfortunately, the naive predictor used by Dubin also suggests stability in industrial conflict.

The article attempts to subject one sociological contribution to the most stringent test of all -- the ability accurately to predict the course of industrial conflict. This should speak for itself as an example of usefulness of sociology to the disciplines analyzing industrial relations. The article states the prediction as made, secondly marshals the evidence bearing on it, thirdly reviews the model from which the prediction was generated and lastly shows how another model was developed. The past and present do contain at least some of the seeds of the future. While straight extrapolation may be pointless and misleading, a prediction based upon a model of the future social system can be very much in order. For a sociologist in particular, concerned as he is with the stabilities and regularities of social life, there is almost a compulsion to see the scientific task as requiring prediction. But if the tools of social analysis are useful, then the scientifically constructed models of the future social systems should give us the basis for predicting the state of one of the secondary sets of social practices, namely, industrial conflict. A concrete prediction was made ten years ago about the course of industrial conflict in the United States. The trend data bearing on this prediction seem to confirm the general accuracy of the prediction. This lends support to the model from which the prediction was generated. A second model, relating conflict to the power of union and company, complements the first and tested in one instance, the 1959 steel strike proves viable. Judged by results, the sociological analysis of industrial conflict may be considered a positive contribution to knowledge.

The article focuses on the intergenerational social mobility in Great Britain. It is believed that any increase in intergenerational mobility can be brought only through an increasing emphasis on educational attainment or career mobility. Although there are very little reliable historical evidence on either the total amount of career mobility or the proportion of total upward mobility. During the 1960's education grew more rapidly than secondary and higher education. The expansion of part-time education has coincided with a shrinking proportion of the population not going on with some form of full-time education after school.

This article focuses on the vocational orientations of sociology graduates. Sociology is probably much more unlike medicine in all these respects than almost every other discipline studied at university level. Apart from employment in the academic world itself sociologists leave university to enter so wide a range of occupations that no single career pattern is, typical in their case. The student who is not interested in, or insufficiently qualified for, a university post in teaching or research is thus faced by serious problems of his future orientation to the discipline. The sample on which this research is based consists of all those 1966 graduates, surveyed by Joan Abott, who returned a follow-up questionnaire in the autumn of 1971, just a little over five years since the respondents had received their first degrees. Ignoring seven respondents who had been awarded undivided second class degrees and 15 others who had aegrotats or other degrees, not falling easily into the general structure of degree classifications, the gamma value is +0.38, which although still demonstrating a low level of relationships points in the direction which might have been expected, were it assumed that one's knowledge of medical students is some guide to the responses of sociologists.

Despite an extremely hostile environment, Christian religion has persisted in the Soviet Union. Three types explanation are most frequently encountered in the Soviet sociological and philosophical literature: the first explanation is in terms of limited and temporary social inequalities, the second points to psychological factors, the third ascribes the survival of religion to its adaptability to. changing social circumstances. Each of these explanations is critically examined in the light of empirical sociological work. The author suggests that religion serves as a vehicle of ideological protest; more specifically, it is hypothesized that religion, especially in its sectarian form, has become an alternative world view for a small, but significant number of people who, during a period of great social upheaval and rapid social change, have found Communist ideology unacceptable or insufficient as an integrating value system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a critical note on revolution in sociology. The author emphasizes on the general critique of ethanomethodology as given by sociologist John Goldthorpe. Ethnomethodology is organized round a set of concerns and is by no means monolithic in structure. At a number of points, Goldthorpe implicitly and sometimes explicitly, seems adopt the standpoint of holding what might be characterized as a correspondence theory of reality. In contrast to the correspondence theory, the ethnomethodologist adopts the position what may be termed the congruence theory. A related argument applies to Goldthorpe's very Durkheimian formulation of third work objects, such as works of art and unread books. In conclusion, one can agree with Goldthorpe's final remarks to the effect that only time will tell as to whether or not ethnomethodology constitutes a revolution in sociology.

The paper examines the ways in which language use contributes to the perceived orderliness of social settings. An analysis is made of the accounts made by `progressive' clergymen of their occupations in order to demonstrate the techniques by which the clergymen established, maintained, and legitimated the appropriateness of their occupations. The purpose is to show that the clergymen's very presentation of the facts of their social setting established a context in which what they defined as their occupation became demonstrably rational. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common phenomenon in sociology (and in other disciplines presumably) is that of the 'taken_for-granted reference'. This is typically an original empirical study, the findings of which become accepted and thereafter acknowledged as valid evidence in support of argument or for the generation of new hypotheses or counter hypotheses without presentation of critical re-evaluation. The extent to which this occurs and how and why it does occur are largely uninvestigated. In this paper, one case of the taken-for-granted reference, which is widely used in studies of social mobility, is subjected to critical re-evaluation in the light of original empirical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the social aspects of suicide. Sociologist C. Bagley's observation that J.P. Gibbs and W.T. Martin's work on status integration and suicide has received considerable attention accords to that work a degree of acclaim that most of the attenders have been at pains to deny. For the sheer quantity of natural science terminology, the elaborate statistical juggling of observer-invented indices and the singular lack of concern for the more fundamental assumptions of the paradigm within which their normal science is being conducted, the works of Gibbs and Martin and now Bagley emerge as real gems for any archaeologist interested in excavating the relics of positivism for pure specimens of pseudo-scientism at its most extreme. The accuracy and reliability of suicide statistics are problems only for those who believe that there is some unidimensional decontextualized thing called suicide, which can be measured by using suicide rates as the rod. It should be noted that Bagley is by no means alone among sociologists who do research into suicide who have read the official statistics problem as being simply a matter of accuracy and reliability.

The article presents a conversation on cultural implications for learning. The conversation involves various specialists in the field of special education, sociology, psychology and linguistics. These specialists explore several issues in special education, including the major historical factors that affected education of children with cultural and linguistic differences, the historical factors that have affected the education of black children, and the question on how has the melting pot theory impacted the school policy and practice in regard to the culturally different child.

The article discusses about the relationship between first occupation and current occupational status. Differential effects of PDM opportunities can also be studied from the viewpoint of subculture versus subculture, differences within one subculture, and society versus society. Besides the fact that countries that is, societies differ greatly with respect to their social and political systems, subcultures within one society also differ to a large degree with regard to norms, socialization processes, and the like. A good deal of research has focused on specific subcultural variables which mediate the relationship between various job characteristics and worker responses. Even if a satisfactory mode! were developed to predict what type of individual within specific subcultures of the United States would desire and be satisfied with PDM opportunities, generalizations to other countries would be dubious.

This is a critique of two articles by Professors Doob and Foltz describing the conception and execution of a group dynamics workshop for Belfast inhabitants which took place in Scotland in 1972. The theoretical background, practical execution, and subsequent social and political impact of the workshop are assessed. The authors consider that the goals of the exercise were ill-defined and mutually contradictory. Because of this, the workshop was ineffective in its own terms and harmful to many of the participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assuming that the extent to which a concession (or a conciliatory act) is exploited or reciprocated depends upon the situational context in which the concession is made, the effects of two situational variables on cooperative choice were investigated: (a) the length of the competitive stalemate prior to conciliatory acts, and (b) the consequence or cost to the party initiating such acts. Pairs of undergraduate males were led to believe they were playing a Prisoner's Dilemma game, but were playing against a preprogrammed strategy of the experimenter. The dependent variable was the level of cooperation on the last block of trials. The results suggest that (a) a long stalemate initiated by a sequence of competitive acts may be effective against a competitive person, but not against a cooperative person; (b) conciliatory acts which are costly may facilitate the communication and perception of cooperative intent and, thereby, facilitate a mutually cooperative solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reevaluates certain aspects of Dahrendorf's conflict theory in relation to social mobility. Specifically, the relationship between the degree of openness or closedness of the mobility opportunity structure of society and the degree of intergroup antagonism is examined. A game simulation is initiated whereby the researcher is able to create simulated situations of varying mobility opportunity and observe, by means of pre- and posttest questionnaires, the relative antagonism between groups within the situation and the participants' latent antagonism outside the simulated situation. The findings provide support for Dahrendorf's hypothesis, but also indicate that further dynamics are involved in the structure of mobility systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I will consider a "society" as a collection of persons locked in persistent interdependence, and the "polity" as the basic vehicle for facilitating interdependent action. "Public" administration, in this view, is the action arm of the polity. Then the argument is that the kind of interdependence existing in the society determines the nature of the polity which is required, and therefore the responsibilities of public administration. My argument puts the polity subordinate to society, not because I wish to subordinate political science to sociology, but on grounds that interdependence makes society mandatory while a particular polity may be replaced by another: a society may persist through many polities, but not vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on trends in teaching the sociology of development in Great Britain. The way that a subject is taught and the kinds of development which are occurring within it give a strong clue as to the direction of academic thought in that subject. For this reason, a discussion of how the sociology of development is taught in Great Britain tells about more than the mere teaching of an option in some sociology degrees. It also tells something about the state of sociology as a discipline and supplies with some indication of the likely developments in that discipline in the near future. Following the British Sociological Association annual conference in 1972, a survey was carried out with a view to ascertaining exactly what was being taught in that slot in the curriculum called sociology of development, comparative sociology of developing societies, or modernization and development. All the institutions of Great Britain which had been represented at the B.S.A. conference were surveyed by means of a postal questionnaire.

The article comments on film-making process. The film-making process requires that a person reduce an abstract idea to a visual form. One must be able to visualize people doing something and then capture that on film. In one sense, film-making is a test of the hypothesis that sociology is a behavioral science. Students should learn how to make theoretically based films for these and the additional reason that thus they can better learn their discipline. By writing a paper, the good student learns his subject. He learns the ideas and that he can control them. But, in writing, he often learns to become a manipulator of words and loses any concern about the behavioral reference they may or may not have. In making a film, however, the student does come face to face with connecting his ideas to human behavior. In film-making, one can delineate a set of roles which, taken together, result in the finished product. There is the producer, the person who has the ultimate responsibility for the film, the one who, nominally at least, has the concept of the entire production.

The central purpose of this article is to describe a technique by means of which students of organizations can be led to better understand both the processes of bureaucratic organizational growth and the effects of organizational structure on alienation from work and expressive relationships. A secondary purpose is to briefly discuss the general nature of gaming and simulation techniques with specific reference to its use in the development of a structuralist perspective. Gaming and simulation techniques have been defined in a variety of ways in the literature, but generic to all these conceptions is the idea that all models of the empirical world are only partially developed. Both games and simulations can be seen to share common components, given that each accentuates some selected aspects of actual situations while ignoring others. The major advantage of simulation techniques and, to some extent, of a few of the more sophisticated games is that they may be used to illustrate basic social processes.

The article presents an approach to teaching introductory sociology. The project discussed, in the article, involved introductory classes, but the approach should be relevant for a variety of undergraduate courses. It grew out of a concern in decreasing the amount of passive student involvement, increasing small group discussion, peer teaching and learning, and having the student confront some basic theoretical and empirical problems faced by a practicing social scientist. Simultaneously, additional criteria included the desire to cover the same breadth of material, not to increase the time the instructor must commit to running the course, and to keep costs of attaining these objectives to a minimum. The solution decided upon was to convert one classroom lecture period per week to a small group lab-discussion section. The basic outline of discussion experiences would be developed by the instructor, but undergraduate senior sociology majors would participate in planning details and implementing the lab-discussion objectives.

The article focuses on experimental teaching of basic social concepts. A series of four experimental courses, each with 42 hours of classroom contact, was taught over the past three years. The primary focus of the course is to develop a full appreciation of the elemental aspects of the process of direct social interaction. The primary method of teaching was to lead the students through a sequence of exercises originally developed as an alternative approach to training actors. The basic concepts in any discipline are the ones that most need to be understood and not simply remembered. The point that rules enable social action seems simple and easy to grasp. Yet this is a point that is often not well understood, even resisted. There is a common experiential reason for this. Most people become consciously aware of rules either when they violate them and receive negative sanctions or when other people violate rules to the individual's detriment. Playing a game with a certain amount of humor and enjoyment in it allows students, on reflection, to see rules as enabling as well as limiting and certainly within the capacity of human control.

The experimental model has severe limitations that often are ignored by experimenters. The limitations are likely to account for the low level of external validity of experiments. Placing the model in the context of requirements for measurement emphasizes the limitations and suggests alternatives for improvements in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the role played by the standardized regression coefficients in linear regression analysis. The linear regression model is reparameterized to explicitly contain standardized regression coefficients. Several estimators of these coefficients are considered. It is shown that the usual beta coefficient is a good estimator of the coefficients in the linear regression model with random predictor variables. However, in the linear regression model with nonstochastic predictors, alternative estimators are better than the usual beta coefficient. A sociological application is included in order to display the empirical behavior of the various estimators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of Quade's "index of matched correlation" are explored in the context of causal analysis. Quade's approach is tested on data with specified characteristics generated through a computer simulation. Although nonparametric partial correlation must be used with caution, it supplies an easily interpreted and applied method for analyzing categorized data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students of social inequality and stratification, especially those outside the discipline of sociology, frequently underestimate the quality of information on employment and occupation which can be elicited in social surveys. A brief overview of the current technology of occupation classification and scaling is offered in the hope of encouraging researchers to adopt more or less standard conventions which would render their work more reliable, valid, and comparable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing the Kaufman (1959) and Sutton-Koloja (1960a, 1960b) conceptualization of community, empirical techniques are developed to identify community boundaries. These techniques are unique because they allow simultaneous consideration of boundary and interaction aggregation problems. A sociological conceptualization of community is coordinated with layman respondent's perceptions so empirical data, faithful to both perspectives, may be gathered from community residents. Community boundaries are identified from conditional probability matrices applied to residents identified as business, education, and government leaders in ten rural areas of Illinois. Township boundaries regularly coincide with community boundaries. Techniques developed here appear widely applicable to identifying community and other boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the dependent variables in communication research. Lessons from communicative activity; Extension on the definition of communication; Social context of communication and learning.

It is commonly believed that the nature of the generating structure of a stochastic process can be determined by examining the distributional form of the stachastic process in time. For example, it is believed that correlations between time intervals can be used to distinguish between contagion (after-effect) and heterogeneity (stratification). These beliefs are incorrect, and no amount of statistical information internal to the sampled process, is sufficient for such a distinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The national index of crime published annually by the FBI is one of the most commonly used social indicators. Many authors have criticized the FBI's index, an unweighted sum of the reported "index crimes" for failing to account for the differing seriousness of the heterogeneous crimes in, the index. Sellin and Wolfgang (1962) provide a procedure fop developing crime-seriousness weights. An intense public debate has raged over which of these is "correct." This paper compares the FBI and the Sellin-Wolfgang indexes for reported crimes in the U.S. over the 1960-72 period, and finds that the two have been almost perfectly linearly related, Thus, the Sellin-Wolfgang index, even though conceptually correct and of value for other purposes, contributes no significant information to a national crime index. Other crime indexes are explored, and conclusions generalized for other social indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of ascription introduced into sociology by Linton has enjoyed an enviable career by virtue of the breadth of its acceptance and me shallowness of examination to which it has been subjected. The basic, widely accepted position on ascription by Linton, Davis and Parsons is that it is useful for society to ascribe functions in the division of labor so that socialization for various roles am be successfully carried out. Parsons adds the view that ascription of father's work-role status to children is inevitable, given the solidarity of me nuclear family. These and other arguments supporting ascription are examined in light of the various reference points used for ascription. Of these, age and sex, in strictly delimited ways, are found to be useful bases of ascription, because they relate to performance capacity. Other reference points for ascription, e.g. race, religion, ethnicity, residence, etc. are not inherently related to performance capacity and their use for purposes of ascription is better explained by power relations between ascriptive sub-categories. Similarly. Parson's treatment of kinship as a basis for ascription to. children of father's status can also be viewed in terms of the distribution of power among families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reviewing recent developments in the study of organizations and in the use of informants, this piper notes the compatibility of both and the need for further refinements. As an example, it presents methods used in a study of authority conflict in 136 Catholic dioceses in America. These include principles for choosing a small number of informants per unit and two sets of auxiliary methodological propositions. The first, an "instrumental" theory, was part of a strategy to control measurement error. It guided the data collection process, and the creation of "error" control variables. The second set of propositions, devised for evaluating measurement error, presented expected mathematical properties of such error variables. These properties were expected to hold under the condition that the data were sound enough for substantive analysis. For these data, hypotheses were basically supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the recent in crease in power elite analysis, little systematic work has been undertaken on the ideologies of American big businessmen. Much that has been done has mistakenly taken the views of key association spokesmen as representing all big businessmen. We are critical of the role-strain thesis of Frances X. Sutton et al. (The American Business Creed) as an explanation of ideological development and offer instead, a Marx-Mannheim sociology of knowledge approach. A total of 474 speeches from top officials in eleven industries were content analyzed and compared for ideological and attitudinal similarities and differences in areas of business orientation and public policy. The findings point to variations in the big business world which can be explained partly by the firms' institutional and market positions. Nonetheless these differences exist within a broad-based corporate unity based on an acceptance of capitalist prerogatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper suggests the fruitfulness, for studies of verbal participation in discussions, of shifting from studying participation per se to studying the interpersonal control of participation. Focusing first on the nature of the data to be analyzed, the paper then analyzes the data and reconciles it with ocher findings in the literature to develop the concept of a hierarchical structure of communication. In this concept, leadership roles and levels of participation are seen as coincidental, arising out of interpersonal interchanges ultimately directed toward achieving coordination and consensus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we review recent efforts to examine attitude-behavior inconsistency as a multivariate research problem. Rather than either assuming a one to one relationship or documenting the contrary; recent researchers have reconceptualized the problem as identifying the conditions which affect the relationship. Although numerous variables have been examined in the recent literature, most of the multivariate research seems to be addressed to three underlying issues: one, the extent to which measurement invalidity may depress the observed attitude-behavior relationship; two, the extent to which other competing but unmeasured attitudes may depress the observed attitude-behavior relationship; and three, the extent to which attitude incongruent social norms depress the observed attitude-behavior relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marx and Weber devoted little space to the discussion of class, but the importance of that theme in their work is well known, The present paper contrasts the Marxian argument concerning the foundation of class in the organization of production with Weber's greater emphasis upon status-differences and organized collective action. The discussion distinguishes as Marx and Weber did between modern and pre-modern types of inequality and society. The paper does not attempt to go beyond a comparison between two classic writers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The militancy of youth in the late 1960's has occasioned much comment on the reasons for age conflict in political life. This essay suggests that full understanding of such conflict requires a theory about the processes operating to stratify society by age. Application to political life of the emerging theory of age stratification reveals both a socially structured potential for political conflict between young and old and age-related mechanisms for reducing such conflict. These two possibilities, and the political context which may favor one or the other are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on some problems in social structural role analysis. Role analysis is said to obscure and neglect the importance of individuality. Role conformity and stability have been over-emphasized and, conversely, that deviation, malintegration and social change have been minimized or neglected. Psychological variables role analysis more actively, as additional independent variables, increases the explanatory power of the model to account for observed social behavior. Many sociologists have recognized that role strain may be a source of social change. However, the overriding interest of writers on role conflict has been in mechanisms that hold conflict in check. There is no escaping the familiar lament that the problem of social change has been neglected. This article singled out two issues of contemporary polemics, which, having originated in the general field of sociology. Stated in the form of criticisms of existing orientations, the first referred to the alleged neglect of individuality in role analysis and, the second, to a similar neglect of malintegration and social change.

The requirements which a model of man must meet to be sociologically significant are out- lined. To overcome the limitations of presently popular behavioral models, a model of man based on recent studies of human learning, especially those of Bandura, is presented. A description of complexities introduced by recent empirical studies is followed by a summary set of formal axioms, and several illustrative theorems are then derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents letters to the editor related to the language of sociology. Benefits of the awareness of critical sociology; Criticism of the book "The Reference Other Orientation: An Extension of the Reference Group Concept in Contemporary Sociology"; Problems of contradiction in sociological theorizing.

The article discusses the interrelation between sociology and language in context to the seminar held at Indiana University in 1964, sponsored by Social Science Research Council, a sociolinguistic committee and Summer Linguistic Institute of Linguistic Society of America. By referencing several books, the article emphasizes the sociological profit of studying language and reports that people in different social categories talk differently in different social context. Different speech forms or codes symbolize the form of the social relationship, regulate the nature of the speech encounters and create different orders of relevance and relation for the speakers. This two-part essay will cover only those representative books: published since 1970; primarily on topics of interest to sociologists; not previously extensively reviewed in the American Sociological Review or in this journal.

Presents letters to the editor related to sociology, published in the September 1, 1973 issue of the journal "Contemporary Sociology." Social aspects of homosexuality; Analysis of the moral aspect of homosexuality; Assessment of homosexuality as a way of life.

This article presents a list of books, related to sociology. Some of the books included in the article are "Trade Unionism," by J.A. Banks, "Caught in the Act: Children, Society and the Law," by M. Berlins and G. Wansell, "The International Urban Crisis," by T.L. Blair, "The Mafia of a Sicilian Village: A Study of Violent Peasant Entrepreneurs," by A. Blok, "Abandonment of Children in Jamaica," by E. Brodber, "On Community, Family and Delinquency," by E.W. Burgess, "Renewing Urban Teaching," by L.F. Claydon, "Greedy Institutions: Patterns of Undivided Commitment," by L.A. Coser, etc.

This article presents a list of books, related to sociology. Some of the books mentioned in the article are "The Idea of a Spiritual Power: Comte Memorial Lecture," by H.B. Acton, "Gypsy Politics and Social Change," by T. Action, "Women in America," by E.H. Altbach, "Human Behavior in the Social Environment," by R.E. Anderson and I.E. Carter, "The Essential Comte," edited by S. Anderski, "The Social Control of Drugs," by P. Bean, "Computers and the Social Sciences," by A. Brier and I. Robinson and "Knowledge, Education and Cultural Change," edited by R. Brown.

This article presents a list of books on sociology. Some of the books included in the list are, "Outreach: Extending Community Service in Urban Areas," by J.J. Banon; "The Coming of Post-Industrial Society," by D. Bell; "Emile Durkheim on Morality and Society," edited by R.N. Bellah; "Man and His Kind: An Introduction to Social Anthropology," by T. Crump; "The Resolution of Conflict and Destructive Processes," by M. Deutch; "Sociology: The Study of Man in Adaptation," by J.T. Doby; "The Economics of Residential Location," by A.W. Evans; "Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution: Early Industrial Capitalism in Three English Towns," by J. Foster; "Sexual Conduct: The Social Sources of Human Sexuality," by J.H. Gagnon and W. Simon; "Applied Volunteerism in Community Development," by R.E. Hardy and J.G. Cull; "Urbanisation and the Government of Migration: The Inter-Relation of Urban and Rural Life in Zambia," by H. Heisler; and "African Women in Towns: An Aspect of Africa's Social Revolution," by K. Little;

In this article, authors have attempted to understand the role, attitudes and behavior of shop stewards rather more clearly by reference to certain theoretical themes in industrial sociology, and in the wider discipline as a whole. They saw that both structural and orientational definitions of the role of the shop steward have certain major explanatory advantages by way of comparison with earlier approaches based on institutional or behavioral perspectives. The social class position of the steward was analyzed: first, in terms of its effect on management-shop steward relations; second, viewed in terms of a step in upward mobility within our stratification system; and finally, attention was drawn to the basic similarity, in class terms, of shop stewards and the workers whom they represent. The power of the shop steward was then outlined, again in a distinctively sociological manner, and its effects on procedural and substantive aspects of managements shop steward relationships were demonstrated in some detail.

This article seeks to explore the emergence of the founder of the Aetherius Society, George King, as a mystagogue. Of particular interest is the manner in which he was able to secure a monopoly of the means of revelation and to overcome the constraints on institutionalisation which typically face movements founded on the systematic manifestation of charismatic gifts. In May 1954, King received a disembodied command to "Prepare yourself, you are to become the voice of Interplanetary Parliament." A few days later, whilst in a meditative trance, he received a visit through his locked door, of an Indian Yoga Master who gave further instructions and secret logic practices and announced to him that he had been selected by the Cosmic Intelligences who man the space-craft, to act as their "Primary Terrestrial Channel" for the important portant messages they were shortly to transmit to earth.

In Great Britain the relationship between sociology and social work has been marked by a certain ambivalence. As Joan Abbott found amongst those graduating in sociology and anthropology in 1966, a desire for some sort of career in social work had prompted a majority of students to select a sociology degree course. In present study, a follow-up of those graduates contacted by Abbott has enabled author and his colleagues to abstract from the survey those who have become social workers and examine some of the features characterizing them five years after obtaining their degrees. Just over one-fifth of the graduates in their sample had entered social work, either after completing their undergraduate studies or else after a period of post-graduate professional training. As they might expect, the career attracted a higher proportion of female sociology graduates than male. This imbalance in recruitment to the profession seems to be compounded of a variety of factors. It appears that the importance attached to the subject by sociology graduates who entered social work is not necessarily matched by their employers.

The impact of quality of department of doctoral training upon research productivity is analyzed. Using a measure developed by Glenn and Villemez (1970), the authors examined the publication records of 2,205 holders of the Ph.D. in sociology for the period 1940-1970. Quality of department is operationalized on the basis of Kenniston's 1959 study of graduate schools and the 1966 and 1970 studies sponsored by the American Council on Education. In addition, the authors developed a fourth rating system, a composite of the three studies, for the present research. Regression analysis is used to assess the predictive efficiency of the four rating schemes. Controls on possible confounding variables, e.g., sex and year of Ph.D., are instituted at appropriate points in the analysis. The standardized partial regression coefficients indicate that quality of department of doctoral training has less impact upon productivity than has generally been assumed. When the effects of extraneous variables are removed quality of department exerts little independent influence upon any of six operational indices of productivity. Possible reasons for the failure of the independent variable to emerge as a stronger predictor of publication output are suggested and briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The New York City school strike was more a struggle between ethnic communities than a labor-management dispute. Once the strike began, educational issues were displaced by ethnic power concerns. The pro-union forces attempted to close the schools while the pro-community control forces attempted to keep them open. Over the system as a whole, the probability of success for both sides was largely a function of the ethnic character of the neighborhood and the school. White ethnics exerted their influence within the school system while Blacks were most effective in working through the neighborhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theoretical significance of Blau and Scott's concept of subordinate loyalty to an immediate superior was discussed, and the concept was applied in the study of hierarchical relationships in public secondary schools. Teacher loyalty to the principal was examined with respect to the authoritarianism, hierarchical influence, emotional detachment, and hierarchical independence of the principal. In addition, the Blau and Scott hypothesis that loyalty to superiors in a hierarchical organization tends to be pronounced at alternate levels was tested in a secondary school setting. A significant negative relationship was found between teacher loyalty and authoritarianism and significant positive relationships between teacher loyalty and both hierarchical influence and emotional detachment However, the "alternate-levels hypothesis" was found not to hold, and there was no significant relationship between loyalty and hierarchical independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the analysis of data bearing views on the behavior of American academics produced by a variety of studies. The findings of the studies conducted agree with those reported by Richard Hofstadter that throughout this century the political commitment of the majority of the intellectual leaders in the United States has been to cause that might be variously described as liberal, progressive or radical and with John Kenneth Galbraith's more recent conclusion that it was the universities--not the trade unions, nor the freelance intellectuals, nor the press, nor the businessmen which led the opposition to the Vietnam war. As a final point bearing on the liberalism of faculty compared to other groups, it may be noted that academics and the general public reacted in sharply different ways to what was perhaps the most salient event of the 1960s in which campus-based activism affected the larger political process--the demonstrations and riots that occurred during the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago. Faculties have been the most liberal large occupational stratum in the U.S.