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This paper starts with a short survey of the literature dealing with the problem of evaluating the performance of a given news medium or news channel as to the transmission of foreign news. Then it goes on to discuss various possibilities of testing hypotheses about the flow and structure of foreign news. A distinction between intra and extra media data is introduced, and finally, the outline of an empirical investigation is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to study selectivity in mass-communication media as a function of one's stand on a controversial social issue: namely, the issue of Arab unity. The sample used in this study consisted of 260 undergraduate Arab students at the American University of Beirut. The subjects were given a questionnaire on Arab unity (1) on the basis of which their stand towards this issue was determined; also, subjects were asked to indicate their preferences for various newspapers and radio stations available in the Arab Middle East area. In general, the results demonstrate that subjects with an extreme stand on the issue of Arab unity (particularly those with an extreme negative stand) show high selectivity in the kinds of mass communication media to which they expose themselves, the selectivity being in the form of preferences for media (i.e., newspapers and radio stations) expressing points of view similar to their own. However, subjects with a moderate stand on the issue of Arab unity also showed behavior similar to that of the extreme anti-Arab unity subjects. This result raises questions as to the adequacy of the attitude- measuring technique that was employed in this and in similar previous studies in the assessment of "moderate" or "neutral" attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expression of hostility and conflict in a small group is a normal part of the small group process and is, in fact, a positive and even necessary factor in the development and maintenance of group cohesion. This cohesive function can be understood in terms of the role that hostility plays in the development of the social structure of the small group. In addition this paper has shown that the mere measurement of degree of hostility expressed in small groups tends to lead to conflicting findings. The positive or negative nature of hostility in small groups is related to the stage of the value structure of the group. The expression of hostility in a small group under the circumstances discussed in this paper is part of an integrative process in that it is an important channel of communication. Therefore, while hostility may be a destructive force in human interaction, it may also perform integrative functions, and these integrative functions must be more carefully evaluated and studied in the study of small groups. In the development of any field of study there is periodic need for the assembling, integration, and theoretical conceptualization of research findings. When this is done more fruitful experimentation can be carried out in the future. This paper has attempted to fill this need in the area of the expression of hostility in small groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's comparison of the patterns of publicity, privacy, and secrecy between the U.S. and Great Britain. In Great Britain, the equilibrium of publicity, privacy, and secrecy is more stable, and its deviations from the normal state are smaller than they are in the U.S. The British governmental papers which are not published at the time as part of government policy, are opened to scholarly inspection only after a very long lapse of time and even then with restrictions. On the other hand, in the U.S., government documents are made available to historians without long delay.

This review of but a small amount of the empirical and theoretical research should suffice to indicate the areas of focus and concern in relating family and home environment with juvenile delinquency. It is evident that significance is attached to family cohesion, affection and adjustment both between the parents and between parent and child. Many authors (Udry, 1966; Blood and Wolfe, 1960) maintain that communication is a basle ingredient for a successful marriage. The open communication between spouses facilitates an understanding of expectations, interests, and frustrations. A marriage void of communication may lead to inhibited and ritualistic discussions, inner frustrations, and an absence of expectations and desires. If one accepts this position concerning communication between spouses, then there is reason to believe that based on the above-cited works, facilitation of the channels of communication within the family may influence the delinquency of the children. It appears plausible that a child who perceives the channels of communication within his family to be dosed may feel alienated from the family as a primary group. Without communication, the child may feel that the parents are not interested in his ideas and behavior, that the parents underestimate his desires and expectations, and that the parents reject him. Without communication the parents may not, indeed, be aware of the child's desires, values, and actions and may not succeed in transmitting their own values to the child. Although the parents would not condone delinquent behavior, as a result of their lack of communication with the child the parents may, by remaining silent, be sanctioning behavior of which the child feels the parents are aware. That is, if the child engages in delinquent behavior and feels that the parents are aware of that behavior, then he expects some negative sanctioning by his parents; due to the lack of communication, the parents may not be aware of the behavior, they do not sanction the child, and thereby reinforce his delinquent behavior. A lack of communication of this nature indicates a misunderstanding between parents and child concerning acceptable behavior and values. With the assumptions set forth above, it is of value to investigate the relationship between communication within the family and the delinquency of the child. It is the intention of this paper to ascertain: (1) the degree of communication that exists between the parents and the child concerning the child's participation in various forms of delinquent behavior; (2) the degree of communication that exists between the parents and the child concerning the punishment to be meted out for such behaviors; and (3) the effect of this communication on the child's participation in delinquent forms of behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the diffusion of innovation has postulated three empirical regularities-the S-curve for diffusion in a temporal context, the neighborhood effect for diffusion in a spatial context, arid the hierarchy or short circuit effect for diffusion in the context of a central place system. This paper reviews the evidence for each regularity, considers the consistency of each, and presents an explanation for these regularities taken together that appears more useful for future research than previously posited explanations. Our paradigm focuses upon 1) the distinction between innovation diffusion agencies and adopters themselves, 2) the relationship between the marketing surface viewed by diffusion agencies and the resistance surface offered by potential adopters, and 3) the sequence of communication systems associated with different stages of the diffusion process. By focusing upon behavioral aspects of diffusion rather than upon rigidly defined structural aspects, the consistency of each regularity with others, and deviations from a given regularity for a particular situation, may be reconciled with theory. The empirical regularities are but one possible outcome of behavioral events associated with diffusion of innovation, and in future diffusion research more attention should be given to behavioral events and their characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about the movement of human organs. The movement of human organs helps the man to perform variety of tasks. It helps a man to do any kind of action including physical and mental work. The study of man and human movements embraces multi disciplinary approaches. It involves the study of psychology, physiology, anatomy, sociology, anthropology, history, philosophy, and physical education. The human movement study also embraces subdisciplines of sociology of sport, philosophy of sport, history of dance, physiology of exercise and psychology of sport. The article author says that it is question of debate that the study of human movement should be done on the basis of existing disciplines or there should be inclusion of new disciplines. The article author emphasizes on an alternative approach to study of human movement for its unification and universal applicability. The article author describes that there are several difficulties in analyzing the theory on human movements on the basis of language system because it is based on similar concepts of arts and music which can be better demonstrated rather than the describing them.

This article focuses on the variable features of any language habitually chosen by an encoder, which may be termed as the style of the individual. Although reflecting a variety of influences, the orientation is mainly linguistic and descriptive rather than perspective or evaluative and is concerned with both phenomenological and behavioral aspects of style. It includes materials drawn from empirical observation some of which has been quantified and some of which has not been and may not be quantifiable. Basically this paper presents a stylistic profile of six subjects derived from both objective measures and subjective impressions of the lexical and syntactical choices they make.

The concern is with the communicative process of negotiation as a form of conflict resolution. Contemporary literature expresses the view that the role of communication in negotiation cannot be ignored. Communication researchers, however, have not identified, analyzed, and integrated into a single model the specific communication patterns that exist during bargaining. The paper presents a paradigm to (1) facilitate empirical research, and (2) report the results of two empirical studies derived from that paradigm. A communication-centered theory of negotiation derives from a recognition that negotiation models often ignore the interaction of the negotiators and instead focus on a determination of outcome.

This paper examined the effects of positional centrality upon influence and control in face to face communication networks. The results show that central position incumbents were influence leaders only when their centrality was normatively imposed. When norms were absent and members were structurally free to interact, high centrality incumbents were high participators and focal points, but not influence leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of four studies conducted with a population of 505 persons enrolled in 33 sections of speech-skills courses was designed to determine whether persons who scored relatively high and relatively low on attitude-scale measures of dogmatism could be accurately identified on the basis of their communicative behavior by observers of that behavior. The Rokeach Dogmatism Scale and other open-mindedness scales developed by the authors were the paper-and-pencil instruments used. A variety of communicative situations were employed as the basis for observer judgments, including impromptu speeches on controversial topics, written commentaries on the religious issue in the 1960 presidential election, and verbal interaction during an entire school quarter. Communicative behavior was rated by panels of judges or by peers. Results in all studies indicated that it was possible, with a modest but statistically significant degree of assurance, for observers to predict subjects' scores on dogmatism scales from their communicative behavior. In other words, the dogmatism scales used in these studies received some behavioral validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on attempts to measure some of the effects of the audience on the content of communication. An experimental room was divided into three parts. In the first section subjects were briefed. In the second section stood a table covered with a black cloth. On the table rested 45 selected stimuli. In the third section sat the experimenter who served as the audience. In front of this experimenter rested a table, on which stood a wire recorder. The objects used as stimuli in this experiment were of natural size; one-third of the items were male-linked, one-third female-linked, and one-third non-sexed linked. The subjects were 90 undergraduate college students, their ages range from 18 to 30. Forty-five were women and the same number men. A frequency distribution was made for each experimental classification on the basis of the total number of items recalled by each subject within the classification. Comparisons were made among the mean frequencies by application of the t-test.

The article focuses on the effects of different degrees of knowledge of an audience on the content of communication. The experiment reported in this paper grows out of those reviewed above with one exception. The author has attempted to study perception as one step in the general process of communication and not as an isolated problem. The experiment concluded that the content of a communication is affected by the degree of knowledge which the communicator has of his audience. However, these effects seem to be minimal. It was found that the change of one word in briefing a subject does not seem to usually alter the content of his communication significantly. The major variables affecting the content of a communication are: (a) the nature of the communicator (b) the nature of the objects to be communicated (c) the nature of the audience (d) the degree of briefing about the audience. The method used in this experiment offers a way to measure these variables and to predict the relationships among them for a specific situation.

When the scheme of morphological subdivision propounded is applied to Western Europe, the Central Massif of France appears as a physiographic province with a unity of major relief type and structural evolution. The geographical regions within this province have two other important features in common: they have a similar history and the majority are characterized by a "mountainous centrality" with regard to the rest of France. It is the purpose of this paper to examine the emergence of the general patterns of road and rail communications in these regions.

Presents an excerpt from a research paper about cultural contexts of thought and communication, delivered at the Section on Human Relations of the Convention of the Speech Association of America in New York.

Presents information about articles related to speech and communication published in several journals and newspapers as of April 1942. Papers published on the subject of rhetoric, public address and radio; Articles published on speech science; Discussion of phonetics and speech usages in the articles.

The author reflects on the science-versus-press controversy. He asserts that the problem stems from wrong attitudes on both sides where two major cultural defects appear. The defect on the part of the press comes from the tendency to regard as news only that information which the largest number of people will most readily buy rather than considering the important information of a fresh kind irrespective of its sales appeal. On the part of the scientists, they make the new findings and they alone know and understand them and they ought to be best able to comment on them. The problem is communication. The scientists should make the public understand what their findings mean.

The article provides information on the impact of automation on the society particularly in the U.S. It is stated that automation is part of the larger process of social change which has been going on in human society since its inception and it has had an enormous impact on the production, communication and scientific investigation. The paper emphasizes that since automation represents the highest development to technology, it is inevitable that industries will move in its direction. It discusses the relation of automation to other technologies and how technology is related to the organization of society.

Deals with the research projects required for mass communication students. Favorite subjects for investigation; Functions of the prospectus required to be submitted by each student indicating the alternative for the course requirements he wishes to choose.

The article interprets a paper, "The Role of Communication in the Process of Conflict," presented in a seminar. The most common communication variable treated by the authors represented here is, as it has been among conflict scholars for more than two decades, simple opportunity to communicate, rather than form and function of specific communicative behavior. But the situation is promising. Most authors explicate communicative implications of their results, and one might hope that they will soon test those implications. A few studies more explicitly testing hypotheses about communication and conflict have been done but are not yet ready for publication.

Presents a case study on the importance of communication between biologists and statisticians in the United States. Role of statistical science in biological research; Publication of statistical papers initiated by biological problems; Preservation of original biological data.

The article focuses on cross-cultural communication in research work. If complete desire to communicate and readiness to understand is granted in the research, then the following possibilities come into focus as due to the nature of the human communication process as well as to the nature of human personality. Firstly, certain foreign experts cannot communicate successfully in any cross-cultural situation. Secondly, certain experts may be able to communicate in any cross-cultural situation and finally, experts from certain cultures or sub-cultures may be more successful at cross-cultural communication in a given situation than experts from other cultures or sub-cultures. The first perspective could be in the form of the syllogistic type. The second perspective could be phrased in terms of cross-cultural contact between individuals of different socio-economic levels or strata of culture. The third perspective could be phrased in terms of cross-cultural communication between individuals whose respective social systems are out-of-phase.

Reports on the development of two methods of sub-dividing groups using all choices of all members. Application of the mathematical process and the method of approximation; Attempt made to use sociometric choice to divide groups.

Shifts in the structure of sentiments, taking place in two stages, underlie the emergence of existential sociology to its present significance, A challenge to Parsonian structuralfunctionalism initiated the first shift which was in turn followed by a period containing the development of the basis for a possible synthesis of existential sociology. This position is developed as are some of the characteristic features of an existential perspective on social life. Research based upon existential view and employing the concepts sentiments, body, self, situation, structure, massification and levelling, is presented. Some of the implications of these ideas are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of career is both useful and necessary for the study of organizations. Through members' constructions of organizational careers, an organization becomes real and capable of action. Organizational careers intermediate between the programmatic and the symbolic elements of organizational situations. Careers, through their objective and subjective dualism, penetrate both the organization's symbolic order and its objective activity and order, constituting a third and essential element in organizational structure. Careers are highly interdependent upon communication processes, notably as negotiation of joint plans of action and of identity, role and status. Careers, work, and identity are seen as interrelated aspects of the self as a social object. Events and interactions in organizational situations lead to shifts in the moral definitions of the self and others, and to behavior which serves to protect the self from becoming profaned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the Japanese pattern of communication and the concept of 'amae' in Japanese language. English translation of the term; Application of the word to any interpersonal relationship between adults; Central importance of amae for the Japanese pattern of emotion.

This article relates an author's personal views on the art of writing. The author emphasizes that aside from learning the hallmarks of academic style, writers have problems in modesty, impressionism, support, and criticism. Aristotle's concept of logos as a means of rhetorical proof, which has long been one of the most misunderstood aspects of rhetorical theory, is also discussed. The author briefly explains why the equation of logos with logic is untenable in light of Aristotle's conceptions of the nature of man and the nature of rhetoric.

This article reviews the empirical research of dialect perception, a branch of person perception. Person perception is an area in social psychology that deals with the perception of human social attributes. The author re-evaluates the concept of dialect perception as defined by some professors in communication. He also re-examines the dependent measures used in dialect perception experiments and seeks to establish that the scales used are not accompanied by evidence of validity and reliability.

Focuses on a survey of certain audience attitudes toward commonly taught standards of public speaking. Standards of effective public speaking in terms of actual non-academic audience attitudes; Elements of effective speech; Objective of the survey.

Describes a class project in communication which was tried in a section of Written and Spoken English at Michigan State College. Importance of objectivity in the living situation; Awareness of the bases of personal prejudice toward others; Improvement of one's personal relations with others in communication through learning.

Reports on news and developments concerning speech and communication. Presentation of the sixth annual SCA Golden Anniversary Prize Fund Awards at the convention luncheon in New Orleans, Louisiana; Herbert W. Simons' receipt of the 1970 James A. Winans Memorial Awards for Distinguished Scholarship in Rhetoric and Public Address; William Reid Manniere's 'Verbal patterns in Cotton Mather's Magnalia'.

Examines results of several studies conducted by the author and other researchers on effects of evidence suggesting the role of evidence in persuasive communication. Research on effects of evidence on attitude change in persuasive communication; Link between evidence and delivery in the origin of attitude change; Impact of evidence on credibility and attitude change measured immediately subsequent to exposure to persuasive communication.

Presents an excerpt from a research paper about ancient rhetoric, delivered at a General Session of the Convention of the Speech Association of America in New York.

The article focuses on the experimental verification of Schelling's "Tacit Communication," which is communication occurring via the common understandings of the two parties rather than by means of explicit messages sent through identifiable channels. Tacit communication depends on the saliency of certain cultural or situational features in a conflict or, for that matter, in any setting where explicit messages are not feasible. Bargains frequently can be struck without overt communication, simply by the tacit observation by both panics of some situational element that stands out in such a way that its mutual observation becomes likely. The author asserts that such communication must occur to coordinate behavior whenever other messages are incomplete, or non-existent.

Focuses on the development of a method of speechmaking at San Bernardino Air Technical Service Command, in which an illustrated outline is employed. Explanation of the method used for illustrated speech; Benefits of using appropriate visual aids; Techniques suggested for the use of charts, film strips, training films, et al.

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The article reports on the excerpt from the comments on the administrator's problem as well as the scientists. Comments have stated that university scientist whose work is mainly basic rather than applied, feels that they have known everyone who is anyone in their fields that may be quite specialized. In addition the comments have cited that insufficient communication problem is hardly applied to them.

The article focuses on the diary of Dr. Davis which depicts something about him and the background of this curious document. He was found unconscious on June 21, 1948 and spent the rest of his life in a private room in Billings Hospital, where he wrote his diary over a period of ten years. The doctors were unable to decide just what was wrong with him, if anything. The diary is a remarkable document in so far as it shows that all the suffering through which the world to go including the Third World War, the fourth World War, the forcible establishment of a world government and the present upheavals. His clumsy style does not make the diary easy reading but the student with political ideas may be rewarded by a deeper understanding of modern political thought.

The article reflects on the responsibilities of the teacher in physical education to hasten the learning process which focuses on communication. Russian studies cited that the formation of a skill does not begin when actual practice starts, but before, with the creation of an idea of mastering motor movement which initiates the formation of skills. It also presented and explained the three means through which movement ideas can be communicated which include auditorially, manually, and visually. A comparison of these three means of communicating movement ideas is also presented.

Discusses conflict management in communication environments. Reason for the complexity of conflict; Explanation on the basic importance of communication in conflicts; Aspects of conflict.

Two experiments examined how intersubject language differences and message length influenced the accuracy with which people communicate their personality judgments to other individuals. An interpersonal communication paradigm was used in which an encoder made personality judgments of object persons based on videotaped interviews. A decoder viewed the object person videotapes and attempted to match each judgment with the intended referent. Experiment I tested the effect of reducing intersubject language variability on impression communication accuracy and found efficiency improved. Moreover, it indicated that too much control may interfere with responding and produce an increased communication error rate. Experiment II investigated the effect of 10, 20, and 30 word messages on communication accuracy. Increasing information was found not to facilitate communication accuracy. Reliability for the impression communication paradigm was considered by comparing mean error rates for two object persons from several different studies and was found to be relatively high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glossolalia, or tongue speaking, is a phenomenon of language associated with charismatic religious movements. The speaker, usually in a church service context, utters language-like sounds which are sometimes heard by others as speech in a foreign tongue. The speech is regarded as inspired, and congregation members make an effort to interpret it, usually in moral terms. As part of an interview with a young minister who was an experienced tongue speaker, he was asked to speak in tongues in response to specific theme words. His glossolalic responses were tape-recorded and played to audiences in several studies to see how well they could identify what the speaker was thinking about in each case. The findings were that an audience, listening to glossolalia, will tend to make consistent judgments about the content, but what the speaker intends is not necessarily what the audience understands. Audiences will preferentially attribute personal and affective content to glossolalic speech, over other kinds of informational content. The findings are discussed in terms of the noncommunicative role of language in social sharing and cathartic expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Message length, communicator motivation, and object person information were examined to determine their effects on the communication of personality impressions between people. Accuracy was defined as the degree to which receivers were able to identify correctly the communicator's intended referent. Subjects were divided into two groups: encoders and decoders. Encoders were assigned to either a high or low motivation group and then introduced to five object persons in one of three presentation conditions: written, audio, and videotape recorder (VTR). The encoders' personality judgments were restricted to message lengths of one, five, and 10 words. Results indicated that information characteristics play a major role in interpersonal communication. Increased information in the presentation method and in the messages enabled judges to communicate more accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two experiments were conducted to examine whether linguistic style affected subjects' estimations of interpersonal distance. In accordance with Hall, it was proposed that distinct linguistic styles would produce differential estimates of interpersonal distance and involvement between interactors. Subjects confirmed this proposal in Experiment I. In Experiment II the finding was replicated, and it was further shown that content of interaction was less influential than linguistic style. It is suggested that some sort of grammar for distance best accounts for the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]