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The article presents a response to a criticism made on the authors article on factor analysis of American culture. The author has taken the 11 points raised by psychologist E.H. Hsü in the same order Dr. Hsü chose. The author says that using orthogonal rotations he has tried to attain as simple a structure as possible. It is, of course, conceivable that another investigator may obtain a better rotation of the same loadings. Dr. Hsü has, however, not presented any suggestion along that line. The author feels that Dr. Hsü misunderstands the essence of orthogonal rotations when he complains about the fact that the loadings of the unrotated factors are not given in the authors's paper. Orthogonally rotated factor loadings are just as amenable to "further rotations" as are the original centroid results. The author also says that if Dr. Hsüdoubts the acceptability of rotations, he is, of course, free to re-rotate his data. The author regrets that Dr. Hsü has not given any example to support his claim, that "the interpretation of the same variable varies with the factors."

A central, element of modem professions is that they are organized around specialized bodies of knowledge over which they claim exclusive jurisdiction and control (Barber, 1963). Such specialized expertise is basic to the performance of the professional role, and the application of this specialized knowledge to client problems is the essence of professionalism for occupations such as medicine, dentistry, nursing, law, or engineering (Hughes, 1963; Gross, 1958:78-82). As Greenwood (1957) suggests, two other attributes of the professions— authority and autonomy—are based upon this expertise. The authority to advise, prescribe, direct, or limit client activity is grounded in professional access to superior knowledge of "causes" and "solutions" to the clients' problems. Likewise, freedom from lay control and evaluation of professional performance derives from the discrepancy between the expertise of the professional and the ignorance of the client. Only other qualified (i.e., knowledgeable in the same specialized area) personnel can evaluate the professional practitioner (Hall, 1969). In addition, professions also exhibit other characteristics which are not so intimately linked to expertise. These are such elements as codes of ethics, professional cultures or communities, and commitment (see Hall, 1969; Goode, 1957). The focus of this paper is, however, on the relevance of professional expertise. Expertise is inextricably involved with both the performance of the professional role, and the maintenance of professional status and legitimacy. Any increase in client access to the professional sphere of competence is therefore likely to result in skepticism, criticism, and may even threaten to reduce the professional to commercial status (Wilensky, 1964:150). The "mystification" of professional knowledge in the form of esoteric jargon, limitations on popularization of knowledge, and prohibitions against advertising may be seen as attempts to maintain the knowledge gap between professional and client. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper began with an attempt to formalize the Davis-Moore functional theory of social stratification. It was found that the theory could be represented by a static model consisting of two algebraic equations with appropriate constraints on the functions. Then the tools of path analysis were used to evaluate the empirical adequacy of the Davis-Moore and Parsonian functional theories of social stratification as representations of cultural beliefs about stratification. Because of the likely presence of measurement and sampling errors, it was impossible to reject definitely either of the models. However, the estimated path coefficients were more consistent with the Parsonian theory than the Davis-Moore theory. This led to an inquiry into the conditions under which one model would be a better representation than the other. It was argued that the Davis-Moore scheme would provide a more accurate representation of cultural beliefs under conditions of high organizational interdependence whereas the Parsonian framework would give a better representation under conditions of low interdependence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A genuinely sociological theory of social change is lacking, but the literature of the social sciences abounds with the elements of such a theory. The present paper deals with one of these elements, namely the change from tribalism to urbanism as a major instance of social change. For this purpose the concepts of culture and civilization are examined, and a plea is made to restore the concept of civilization to its rightful place in the vocabulary of sociologists and anthropologists. In doing this, the intention is not to reduce social change to the process of urbanization, but rather to isolate the sociological element which makes for social change within the supersession of a familial by a territorial society, wherever it occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the Hungarian sport culture. In most of the previous studies, the role and status of sport in Hungary is determined as an important ideological process. Sport, physical education, and recreation are conceived as integral parts of general education, which can determine the place and role of an individual in the socio-cultural hierarchy in Communist countries. Hungary, however, differs from other Communist countries. It has constituted an integral part of the international sport-community since the end of the nineteenth century and its sport traditions are rooted in the English heritage of sports. Hungarian people, reportedly, are very sport-minded. Most of the Hungarian people regularly read two popular sport newspapers, "People's Sport" and "Sport in Pictures." Sports are so deeply rooted in the national consciousness of the people that during the finals of the Soccer World Championship of 1954 the government ordered public places such as bistros and restaurants to provide live broadcasting of the final match. The formal patterns of physical culture begin with the enrollment of the child in the elementary school. The general organizational framework of competitive sports resembles the usual pattern of the other Communist countries.

The article focuses on the development of methods for keeping peace in a disarmed environment. Due to technological advancements, the issue of disarmament worries most nations due to the fact that war can not suffice in dispute settlement between authoritative forces. Disarmament discussions are conducted to explore on new ways and problems in the aim to provide peace and security in the society. One of the concerns of member states is the development of a system that adjusts to different peacemaking mechanisms, economic approaches and cultural backgrounds.

A review has been presented of methods whereby attitudes can be studied in African communities in various stages of transition from tribal to `Western culture. The techniques of the directed interview, group discussion, TAT, incomplete sentences, and attitudes inventory were discussed. In the measurement of African attitudes the problems of rapport and of validity require particular attention. In addition to the usual validity problem whether verbalised attitudes are consistent with actual behaviour, there is the difficulty, in the case of African informants, of ensuring that the verbalised attitudes reflect their actual beliefs, ideas, and feelings. This is as much a matter of the correct choice of method and its skillful manipulation as of the establishment of proper rapport. Important ingredients of successful rapport are the careful timing of investigations with reference to events of cultural or local political significance; the use of the vernacular; the avoidance of pencil and paper except in the case of well-educated groups; the correct contacts and the employment of carefully selected and trained field-workers, preferably graduates in the social sciences. Validity can be determined in a number of ways, depending on the nature of the investigation and the method employed. Checks on facts implicit in the formation of an attitude; group differences in attitudes related to the particular role and status in society of the members of each group; changes in attitudes consistently related to social circumstances, have all been found useful as validity indicators. In work situations, job attitudes can also be related to assessments of work performance by supervisors, though conflicting role expectations in multi-racial societies may render merit rating criteria suspect. The problem of structuring TAT pictures in such a manner that attitudes relating to specific areas of interest will be evoked was discussed in some detail. Research into the development and functioning of perceptual habits in African cultures is necessary, both as a basis for designing TAT series, and for the interpretation of responses. Details were given of a promising inventory, designed to measure attitudes towards Western customs, ethical and legal concepts, and administration of justice. The inventory presents conversations between Africans who discuss the correct mode of conduct in a variety of situations. Each topic is discussed by five speakers whose reasons for acting or not acting in a particular manner are ranked by the subjects. Statistical treatment yields the relative strength of eight different attitudes in individuals and communities. It was shown that the reliability of the scale is high, .92 for the rank order in which the attitudes were placed, and from .85 to .51 for the internal consistency of six of the eight attitudes. Validity data were also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A group of 29 Yeshivah Students and 29 College Students were compared in terms of their performance on a Group Rorschach. The two groups differed significantly in the following entries of the Munroe Group Check List: F%, ΣM, Fc, C', M, FM, FM:M, Color Shock, and W. These differences were interpreted in terms of the personality factors to which these determinants refer. It was suggested that the personality differences between the two groups might be due to a basic cultural difference between these two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has shown that the linguistic aspects of Mexican culture strikingly persist among those American citizens of Mexican ancestry who were found in an Army Special Training Center. All trainees of Mexican ancestry speak Spanish, no matter how many generations their ancestors may have lived on what is now the soil of the United States. Quite a number are also conversant with Spanish in terms of reading and writing. Some speak no English whatever. A few of this latter group have attended English-speaking schools but can neither read nor write English although they can read and write Spanish, a language which they have not formally studied in school. The native-born and reared non-English Mexican has been shown to be more maladjusted and less intelligent than the non- English, foreign-born and educated Spanish-speaking trainee. A number of possible explanations were educed for the persistence of the Mexican culture, the most plausible being the propinquity of Mexico. Many Mexicans cross the border almost annually during their lives; over one in five of the American-born trainees of Mexican ancestry had lived in Mexico one year or more prior to induction. His diet sets the Mexican apart and to a certain extent so does his religion. The presence of Mexican movies and newspapers helps perpetuate his original language. The fact that he mainly follows certain unskilled occupations and pursues these in company with other Mexicans keeps his original culture alive. The occasional and sometimes violent antagonism of the majority population probably causes the Mexican to close ranks about his culture. And for some of these people the Spanish place names in the Southwest and the memory that their ancestors formerly owned the land, before the advent of the Yankee, may cause citizens of Mexican ancestry to cling more closely to the only heritage left to them, their culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a brief survey of factors relevant to educational wastage in primary education in developing countries. It is far from suggesting specific ways of tackling the problem. It offers no full account of the host of social, economic, and cultural conditions which, apart of the school system itself, form the causal syndrome for educational wastage in developing countries. The paper indicates that any policy restricted to remedy one single cause will be doomed to failure and calls for comprehensive strategies reaching beyond the school system itself to social, cultural, and economic roots of educational wastage.

Similar in scope and significance to the industrial and agrarian revolutions, the modem scientific revolution has been slowly developing for the past century bringing changes which are both obvious and obscure. In general, scholars have analyzed this revolution in terms of two major conceptions which have emphasized either the effect of science technology or the effect of science on the social institutions and social organization of society. More recently interest has focused upon the growth of power of science and its alienating effects. But one aspect of this revolution, perhaps the most important aspect, has been almost totally ignored. This paper is devoted to an examination of this aspect the effect of science on culture. From its early beginnings, when it was at war with theology, to the postindustrial period of widespread acceptance, science has made its mark upon culture first in the production of new information and thus a "new world view" and later in the rise of "scientism" where the uncritical adoration of science has produced a new value in society-that of science itself. Because of their historical development and confinement to certain types of analytical models, sociology and the sociology of science have been unsuccessful in dealing with this type of social change. In addition to sociology's neglect of the effect of science on culture, sociologists are producing fragmented information about science and the revolution which leads to the belief that science, because of its internal value structure and utilitarian relationship to other social institutions, can not develop unchecked to a position of overwhelming power. Without any manifest intentions, sociologists have produced a conservative evaluation of science and the revolution.ceptions of the revolution; (2) the reasons for the neglect of sociological analysis of the effect of science on culture; (3) a brief overview of the replacement, destruction, and accommodation theories of the effect of science on culture; and (4) the change from atomistic accommodation during the preindustrial period, when science was at war with theology, to the holistic accommodation of science in the rise of scientism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general theory of symbolic interaction, specifically self theory, is focused upon the importance of language as an instrument of definition and communication. People are seen as responding not directly to a resistant outer reality but to meanings of objects which are defined within a cultural system and social organization. G. H. Mead, in his discussion of the way persons develop self concepts and the accompanying ability to take roles effectively, speaks of the degree to which persons develop a "general other." This general other is an organized structure of attitudes believed to be common to all and is defined in terms of a universe of discourse growing out of the symbolic interaction of a community of individuals. Replies to the Twenty Statements Test, described by Kuhn and McPartland, display this quality. Self-identifying statements which people make fall along a rough spectrum of reference which can be broken up in various ways. The distinction which Kuhn and McPartland have reported is between what they call consensual and nonconsensual statements. Consensual statements are defined as those statements which would be generally understood by persons in the larger society without explanation. Nonconsensual statements are defined as those requiring interpretation before their social relevance can be assessed. The consensual statement is language behavior directed to the general other, while the nonconsensual statement is language directed to a more limited audience. H. S. Sullivan's contribution in developing the notion of the "significant other" consists in accounting for the fact that persons often do not seem to internalize standards and norms from the whole society but from segments of it on some selective basis. In this paper, the number of consensual statements made in response to the Twenty Statements Test will be called the locus score. Respondents are assigned to "high" and "low" locus categories as they make more or less than the median number of consensual statements. Expanding upon this frame of reference, it seems reasonable to propose that the locus quality found in self-conceptions of a given person is also characteristic of his conceptions of other objects. This hypothesis is based on the assumption that the self is the core of a set of interrelated attitudes, and that the level of reference employed by the respondent in his attitudes toward the self would therefore be applicable to other attitudes as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the concepts of tolerance and contraculture as applied to delinquency. Usually laws are specific only in relation to serious adult offenses such as murder, assault, robbery, burglary, and so forth. Children are delinquent if they are found guilty in court of breaking any of the federal, state, or local laws designed to control adult behavior. Delinquency statistics, however, indicate that these serious offenses account for only a small proportion of the delinquencies of children. Most of the behavior that jets a child into trouble with the police and courts comes under a much less definite part of the law on juvenile delinquency. The Illinois law defines as delinquent a child who is incorrigible or who is `growing up in idleness, one who wanders about the streets in the nighttime without being on any lawful business, or one who is guilty of the decent or lascivious conduct. This paper has attempted to state a hypothesis whereby behavior may be placed in a continuum running from an underconforming contraculture through various degrees of disapproved behavior to normal conformity and then through, stages of overconforming behavior to an overconforming contraculture.

It is a sociological commonplace to note that urban-industrial societies, regardless of differences in antecedent culture or in details of national history, tend to develop essentially similar social structures, and to undergo change in similar directions as a consequence of the working out of the same general processes in their specific socio-cultural settings. At the same time these specific socio-cultural differences--along with differences in resources, population societal scale and the like--produce larger or smaller differences in the detailed configuration of the basically similar structures in different societies or even within the same society from region to region, or at different points in time. Discovering the exact nature of these similarities and differences is the primary task of a comparative sociology of urban-industrial societies. But the identification of universal features common to all urban-industrial societies, and of less general features peculiar to a particular nation or a distinct stage in a process of change, requires the development of new methods of systematic comparative analysis. This paper proposes one such method, suitable for application to a limited, but important, phase of the problem: the comparative study of patterns of ecological differentiation among the residential sub-areas of urban communities.

Rate of occurrence of depression and its symptomatology in Indian culture have been investigated. Depression was found to be four times greater in the urban areas as compared to the rural (6.1 and 1.5 per 1000, respectively). Modern civilization, technological complexity and rapidly changing social values seem to be some of the factors contributing to the depressive psychopathology. On the other hand, simplicity, intimate social contacts and small community size are probable deterrents for depression, for the rural people. Somatic and psychological manifestations were frequently observed in these patients, whereas guilt feelings were rather infrequent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the cultural change in relation to physical and cultural influences of American archeology in the Southwestern States of the U.S. Changes of full glacial ecology; Evaluation of artifacts; Question of terminology for stone technology.

This article focuses on the development of spatial distributions of towns in Sweden. The city or town is now the home of the majority of the population of the more developed countries, but the rise of a modem urban culture has been rapid and rather recent. This paper attempts a rather general approach to the development of the spatial distribution of towns. The approach recognizes that urbanization involves more than the location of central place activities. Much urban support derives from activities that do not depend on a local hinterland.

Earlier cross-cultural work with games of strategy has demonstrated linkages with obedience training and cultural complexity. These linkages were supported by further cross-cultural analysis in the present investigation. In addition, it was hypothesized that folk tales with strategic outcomes would be found in the same cultural setting as games of strategy. This hypothesis was confirmed. The results were explained in terms of a conflict-enculturation hypothesis, which seeks to locate the origins of model involvement in psychological conflicts induced by child training, but explains the culturally adaptive value of these models (in this case games and tales), in terms of the learning which arises out of this same model involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on cross-cultural communication in research work. If complete desire to communicate and readiness to understand is granted in the research, then the following possibilities come into focus as due to the nature of the human communication process as well as to the nature of human personality. Firstly, certain foreign experts cannot communicate successfully in any cross-cultural situation. Secondly, certain experts may be able to communicate in any cross-cultural situation and finally, experts from certain cultures or sub-cultures may be more successful at cross-cultural communication in a given situation than experts from other cultures or sub-cultures. The first perspective could be in the form of the syllogistic type. The second perspective could be phrased in terms of cross-cultural contact between individuals of different socio-economic levels or strata of culture. The third perspective could be phrased in terms of cross-cultural communication between individuals whose respective social systems are out-of-phase.

The article investigates the hypothesis that subcultural group differences in personality are of equal or greater importance than differences between major cultures. To test this hypothesis, subjects of different subcultures within the Ceylon population were studied to determine whether or not they conform to a specific pattern of mental ability: high verbal and low non-verbal test performance. Sixteen subcultural groups within the University of Ceylon were examined. Only two out of these 16 groups showed a tendency to deviate from the pattern of mental ability found to characterize the University as a whole. In both cases however, this tendency was not significant at the .05 level. Several other differences between groups were found to exist, but all are differences of degree rather than kind. That is, the general level of test performance is high for some groups and low for others, but in comparison with American students all groups did much better on the verbal test sections as compared with the non-verbal sections.

The article examines the condition of the educational system in Canada. The changes in education are isolated and superficial. Complacency and concessions in change patterns are more prevalent. The autonomy is an obstacle to the educational progress of the country, already hampered by the continual movement of students across borders, in an increasingly mobile society. The confusion of identity and absence of institutional patterns is the result of cultural influences and immature social development.

Placing an ecological approach in the general framework of American geographic thought indicates the usefulness of distinguishing two trends in the development of this thought-the one ecological, the other spatial. American geography tended to reject the ecological approach because it was identified at an early period with environmental determinism, A spatial, non-functional, approach became dominant. Although the two approaches are two ends of a continuum, and thus connected, they arise from and lead to different sets of questions which involve different approaches and different bodies of theory. The ecological approach may be divided into four imprecise types-biological, human, cultural, and urban-political. The cultural-ecological approach is particularly useful in analyzing obstacles to innovation acceptance in agricultural development because it emphasizes the analysis of existent systems from different viewpoints. Four sets of reality, or viewpoints, can be distinguished in this context-that of the scientist-observer, that of the change-agent, that of the cultivator, and that of the ideal-set of the cultivator. Only when the overlaps and conflicts of these sets are recognized can a realistic appraisal be made. This is only a single instance of the potential of an ecological approach. Spatial theory and ecological theory have not yet been joined. The evident usefulness of both indicates the importance of attempting such a joining, and the futility of arguing for the ascendance of one over the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses some sociological precedents and problems. This article presents an attempt to hold culture constant, exploring some of the nuances of language and social research within a given cultural context. It is devoted to the proposition that language is important, not only cross-culturally, but within the society as well, where it is assumed that everyone is speaking the same language. Linguistic research is increasingly providing clues for needed methodological innovations in social science field research. Researchers need to keep in mind the fact that communication styles do vary, for example among the social classes. There is empirical evidence that phonetic differences exist among social classes and among various speech contexts in the same city and furthermore, that these are influenced by interactional contexts. The sociologist when interviewing, cannot afford to treat his own language from the perspective of a native speaker, but must adopt the position of a cryptanalyst approaching a strange language.

Examines ancient evidences of man in the Southwestern States of the U.S. Assessment of detailed presentation of field data with photographs and artifacts; Evaluation of ordinary requirements of archeological techniques; Detection of cultural changes.

The article presents information about a list of publications received by the presents issue of this periodical. Some of these are "Sociologiska teorie," edited by Johan Aasplund, "Race Relations," by Michael Banton, "Stochastic Models for Social Processes," by David Bartholomew, "The Origins of Modem Town PIanning," by Leonardo Benevolo, "Culture and Society in India," by Nirmal Kumar Bose, "Cooperative Commission on the Study of Alcoholism," prepared by F.A. Thomas, "Spearheads for Reform. The Social Settlements and the Progressive Movement, 1890-1914," by Allen F. Davis, "The Social Meanings of Suicide," by Jack D. Douglas, "The Process of Labor Turnover," by Magnus Hedberg, "The Lorry Driver," by Peter G. Hollowell, "Causation and Functionalism in Sociology," by Wsevolod W. Isajiw, "The Community," translated by Edward Fitzgerald, "The Sociology of Small Groups," by Theodore M. Mills, "Women's Two Roles Home and Work," by Alva Myrdal and Viola Klein and "Promoting the Placement of Older Workers" and " Madness in Society. Chapters in the Historical Sociology of Mental Illness," by George Rosen.

The article analyzes the relation between mass media and sports. Sport is very difficult to define or delimit. The article is concerned principally with competitive sport and focuses on the vast range and amount of non-competitive sport that now commands the attention of millions of people. The two most popular physical recreations in Great Britain for all ages and both sexes are swimming and dancing. There have recently been two international or multinational ventures which have commanded widespread attention in other non-competitive sporting activities One was a failure, the other a success. Knowing sport in the sense of knowing more of the techniques and tactics, the rules and culture of all manner of sports is something which has increased greatly as the result of objective presentation and didactic treatment by the mass media. The mass media have not only contributed to knowledge and inform public opinion, but they have also stimulated sensitivity and aesthetic appreciation among the general public.

The article focuses on the study of the destruction in Indochina after the war conducted by the Stanford Biology Study Group. The report aims to evaluate the extent and seriousness of the said destruction. The people in Southeast Asia whose area has been part of the destruction have been subjected to intense deprivation and sufferings up to this time. Social destruction concerning the ecological damage in Southeast Asia and its effect on people living there is also discussed in the study. It stresses that U.S. policies are destroying the Vietnamese culture and social organization. Long-term effects and aftermath of the said destruction were evaluated in the study.

The article discusses the issue of forming an intellectual community within the society. According to the author, the experiences gained over the past centuries were no longer viable, which oftentimes became an obstacle in the search for sufficient and favorable answer under the new contexts of man's existence. In addition, man today has better ground for confidence than his predecessors since he is in every regard better provided with creativity and essentials of life. The author concludes that intellectual community is one of today's imperative tasks, wherein its object is the integration of all intellectual activities and humanistic civilization.

The article presents the author's discussion about the role of communism in the American democracy. His main objective is to present a thesis showing that the fear of communism may damage the essential part of the American democracy. He mentions the forces within the framework of the American society such as the cultural, political, artistic and intellectual life and their relation to the external environment. He also discusses the effects of these forces in the political and academic community in the United States.

The author reflects on poetry in the field of sports. He reiterates the fact that sports has found a place in poetry in every age though the styles, intents, and meanings vary. The paucity of poems containing sport as a central theme has been largely caused by the rarity of combination of sportsman and poet in one individual. He discusses the vital concerns in examining sport in poetry such as the role of sport in culture and the factual content in search of insight into the times when the sport took place. The poetry involves metaphor, the experience, the imagery, and the transference of the reader from ordinary worldly concerns.

The article examines sports as a game occurrence, as an institutionalized game and as a social system. Games are playful in that they usually one or more elements of play such as freedom, separateness, uncertainty, make-believe, unproductiveness and order. In considering sports as an institutionalized game, it should be regarding a long-lasting pattern of culture and social structure. Sports can also be regarded as a social system because it is composed of a group of persons who interact and have a certain set of relationships.

The article presents an invitation to scholars in comparative education and related fields to submit original articles or abstracts of research findings for publication. It state that the submission of a paper should not be previously published. It mentions that papers submitted should be concise and written in readily understandable style for the readers who are not likely to know details of the educational system or culture of the writer's own country. Also, publishers are invited to submit to the editors at Oxford University Department of Education.

The article presents information on the publication of the quarterly issues of the "Journal of World History," which contains papers related to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization's project for a cultural history of mankind. The final work, together with criticisms of them by other experts, has turned to twelve, and the enterprise is developing with an ever-increasing weight of erudition and research. But the original target-date for publication will not be reached after all. It has been informed that the final manuscripts of the English and French texts of the six volumes will take time to get completed. The publication date is likely to be 1960, followed by the abridged school and popular editions.

The article focuses on the sport culture of Nigeria. The cultural attribute of sport refer to those physical and mental activities and traditions engaged in for fun and exercise. The cultural aspects have ever been omitted in most of the literature of cultural and physical anthropology. Now, it is accepted that the influence of sport in modern industrial society is particularly important. A nation's play, suggestively, is very revealing of its society and values, and other facets of political and economic life. In Nigeria, there are many traditional sports, including wrestling, folk dancing, swimming, horse-racing, hunting, and boxing. These sports feature prominently in cultural activities such as the funeral rites of significant persons, new yam festivals, initiation to manhood and "Argungu" festivals. The degree to which the different ethnic groups practice the above sports depends on religious beliefs, geographic locations, and availability of natural facilities. Traditional sports are by and large practiced in the villages. The social position of women in Nigeria greatly influences their participation in sports. The place of sport in education in Nigeria is better reflected through the physical education programs in the schools.

The article serves as a reply to comments made on the author's article, wherein the commentator suggested that a congruence exists between the authors' description of the mystique in anthropology and the idea of cultural primitivism unobjectionable. The authors of the article in question claim that nowhere have they identified the mystique as a theory and deny that they proposed a reversal of the direction of valuation of the dichotomic theory in anthropological thought. Anthropology, according to the authors, is the study of culture, and culture not in any restricted range of manifestation.

A number of previous investigators have suggested that there is a lower relationship between authoritarianism and ethnocentrism in "authoritarian" cultures than in "nonauthoritarian" cultures. A review of the literature indicated that the available evidence did not provide conclusive support for this contention. The degree of association between these characteristics was examined in Queensland, Australia-a relatively authoritarian culture. Highly significant correlations were found between the Conservatism scale and two measures of ethnic prejudice in a sample of 56 mothers. While social processes are undoubtedly an important determinant of differences between cultural groups in mean levels of ethnocentrism, studies which attempt to show a difference in the degree of association between authoritarianism and ethnocentrism have to allow for the effect of differences in instrument variances, between cultural groups, on the measures used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A social distance scale was administered to 30 Fijian women and 30 Indian women from rural areas in Fiji. In contrast to an earlier study, it was found that the Indian subjects showed consistently greater social distance towards ethnic outgroups than the Fijian subjects. The difference between the two groups was related to differences between the Fijian and Indian cultures, particularly to the differences in sex roles within the two cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Comrey Personality Scales were translated into Portuguese and administered to 689 volunteer students at four universities in Rio de Janeiro. Total scores were obtained for 40 homogeneous item subgroups of four items each. These 40 variables plus two validation scale scores, age, and sex were intercorrelated and factor analyzed by the minimum residual method. Orthogonal analytic rotations were carried out by the Tandem Criteria method. The results were compared with those reported in the Comrey Personality Scales manual for an identical study with subjects from the United States. Exactly eight factors were obtained in both studies, and the correspondence between the factors was very close. It was concluded that the major factors of personality are not specific to a given culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the social meaning of cultural revolution and the role of education as a component of generalized change processes. The following are certain avenues of cultural revolution which combine philosophical views and operational means: technological avenue, behavioral avenue, socialistic and humanistic avenues. It suggests that cultural revolution is not an educational topic. In addition, there is no scientific basis on which to conclude the importance of cultural change or revolution as the restorative solution.

Discusses the phonological quality of type of speech, peculiar to a given language community and culture. Emphasis on imposed norms and inherent value hypothesis for the phonological change in speech; Relative merits of imposed norms and inherent value hypothesis; Test of validity of the imposed norm and hypothesis by means of varieties of Greek language.

The Dark Age of Greece was the gestation period of Greek culture and the incubation of the Mediterranean way of life. Greek colonization of the west, based on grains and wine, was the earliest specialized Mediterranean basin. Innovations were made in the arts, shipbuilding and bulk commerce, military tactics, the spread of iron, The use of waterproof plaster, and the use of the olive for food. Perhaps any period of cultural florescence is the result of germination in earlier, possibly unnoted, times. Depressions may be necessary to progress, because they provide a release from bureaucratic paralysis, and permit talented individuals to experiment with innovations. Innovations occur in politically fallow periods, and the spectacular events which fascinate historians are not conductive to human progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the cultural and social aspects of the industrial revolution in Lynn, Massachusetts in 1826 to 1860. For Lynn's inhabitants, most of them shoemakers and their families, industrialization meant inner discipline and a tightening up of the moral code through either the abolition or drastic alteration of those customs, traditions and practices that interfered with productive labor. More than ever before, life became oriented toward work. Citizens were self-reliant, hard-working and sober, obedient to their superiors, attentive to their labors, and self-disciplined in all their pursuits. A new morality based on the paramount importance of work was taking shape, an industrial morality that was the cultural expression of the industrial revolution. Industrial morality was not, as some have suggested, a product of the factory alone. The application of the work ethic in Lynn began long before the 1860s, when machinery and factories first appeared. The shoemakers were handworkers then, not factory operatives. The workplace was the shop or manufactory, not the factory. A cultural apparatus of ideas and institutions outside the work place was chiefly responsible for inculcating the new values.

The article presents information on the social problems as discusses by sociologist Fred Cottrell. The proposition that technological change creates costs which change the order in which values are satisfied, and by extension that changes in the physical world may do the same, permits analysis to move beyond the older idea that technology and geography are merely static, limiting factors in the growth of culture. Organizations which fail to innovate and differentiate and survive as systems qualify as pathological.

Comments on the proposition of George F. Carter regarding the roles of man and culture on the primitive way of life of American Indians in the Southwestern States of the U.S. Criticism on Carter's reluctance to present archeological data in a simple manner; Question regarding evidence of his proposal; Significance of the weathering of stone in the study.

Our data confirmed Mundy-Castle's findings that there is a developmental shift in pattern prediction and pattern perception. The data raise questions as to the particular age levels at which such a shift occurs, and the possibility that there may be cultural differences in such a shift. The fact that there was some modest correlation coefficient between pattern perception and prediction was expected, but it is also apparent that additional cognitive factors are involved in the prediction process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American children living on an Army post in Germany, American children living off the post, and German children were tested for their ability to interpret and to transmit gestures most frequently used by a group of children in the Midwestern United States. It was found accurate use of these gestures could not be predicted from the amount of exposure to an American culture that the three groups had experienced. Socioeconomic differences were found to be important in gestural accuracy in a previous study and appeared to be important in the present study as well. Both the American and German children who had been exposed to both cultures learned the gestures of both cultures. There were no sex differences in gestural accuracy obtained for any of the three groups observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an effort to test the mirror-image hypothesis cross-culturally, Japanese and American college students stereotyped Russians, Chinese, and each other by a forced distribution method with the use of 15 characteristics defined by phrases drawn from the Edwards Personality Preference Schedule. Measures of friendliness toward, and knowledge about, the target nationalities were obtained, and a ranking of the social desirability of the 15 characteristics was devised separately for both Japanese and Americans. The results indicate that Japanese respondents do not conform to the mirror-image hypotheses although most of the American data do. Several possible sources of error were examined, but a satisfactory explanation for the contradictions was not arrived at, except for the suggestion that cognitive balance theories developed largely on American data may not be appropriate for other cultures. It is suggested that a new dimension, cultural distance, may account for some of the discrepancies found in this and related studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to report two closely related experiments that compare several group decision-making methods. In these experiments the methods operated as testable ways of pooling judgments about the quality objective stimulus materials. The same decision-making methods, furthermore, might function as voting systems in the resolution of political controversy. In each of the three groups in both experiments, the same two results occurred: Successive Proportionate Additive Numeration (SPAN) outperformed the Direct Method, and the representational route of SPAN surpassed the direct route. In each experiment a majority of subjects, furthermore, would have improved their performance by relying more heavily on indirect allocations. The prevailing underreliance upon the judgment of competent others may characterize the dominant culture in the United States, but it would not necessarily prevail within cultures that stress deference to the opinions of others. Some differences between the two experiments may also be noted. Experiment 1 provided stronger evidence of a preference for SPAN, and Experiment 2 revealed the impacts on SPAN from leadership and previous interactive experience among committee members.