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The article presents observations on microclimate and vegetation interrelationships on the Accra Plains in Ghana. The paper aims to shed light towards a better understanding of microclimate and its interrelationships with the vegetation of the southern savanna zone in Ghana which was known as the Accra Plains. It carried out a measurement of microclimate and transpiration during a complete 24 hour period during the dry season. It set up seven microclimatological stations in a characteristic tree and shrub clump and the surrounding grassland.

The article presents abstracts on agricultural and climatological topics which include the study on the flora of the Athabasca-Great Slave region in Canada, the study on the vegetation situated at the eastern extremity of Great Slave Lake, Mackenzie, and the analysis of the indigenous American species of Lithospermum, with an enumeration of the species and varieties.

The article presents a study on the light reaching the ground vegetation in the high forest phase and its relation on the differences in forest structure of two selected sites, where one is on the slopes of Mount Andes and the other is at the extreme western edge of the Amazon basin. The authors state that their observations and analysis have enabled them to associated some of the differences between the two forests with differences in light climate. They mention that the interactions between light and other factors, specially root competition, may be very important. They believe that future studies on light as an ecological factor in tropical forests will most productively be aimed to the reaction of individual species to light at various stages of growth.

The article presents an environmental analysis of the savanna vegetation in Northern Nigeria. The study indicates that soil parent material is not a major factor in the arboreal vegetation of an area. It reveals that the main factors are the water availability in the soil and the degree of human interference. The factors control the general ordination of both noda and groups, soil water and human interference. Moreover, the general case differences in soil parent material do not necessarily imply differences in the arboreal vegetation.

The article discusses a study of the winter annual Teesdalia nudicaulis which is based on field observations in the East Anglian Breckland in England and on pot experiments. The monthly means of some climatic factors which are recorded in or near the Breckland are shown. It considers in more detail the soil moisture likely to be experienced by Teesdalia in the Breckland during late winter, spring and early summer. Careful excavation of root systems showed that the roots of almost all Teesdalia plants growing on undisturbed soil are confined to the top 4 centimeters of soil.

The article presents abstracts on agricultural matters which include the study of the South African Grasses, the descriptions given by R. H. Compton, L. Bolus, N. S. Pillans, and D. Weintroub to various species belonging to several genera, and the study of the influence of the winter season upon the nitrogen and carbohydrate mechanism of various plants.

The article presents abstracts on agricultural and climatological matters which include the study on some of the forest diseases observed during a pathological reconnaissance of the forests of Nova Scotia, the analysis of a collection of plants gathered at 20 various stations along the southern and central parts of Austin, Texas, and the examination of habenaria obtusata that is considered a common plant of the Canadian forest from Newfoundland to Alaska.

The article presents abstracts on agricultural and climatological topics which include the taxonomy, morphology and development, and phenology of Zostera marina that can be found along the Atlantic coast of North America, the analysis of the genus Helianthus, and the study of the materia medica of four tribes of British Columbia, which are Bella Coola, the Gitksan, the Carrier, and the Sikani.

The article examines the relation of evaporativity to plants and animals. It investigates the conditions determining rates of evaporation from organisms in freezing weather. It discusses some new arrangements whereby porous-porcelain atmometers may be guarded from frost injury in short period of freezing weather. The experimentation was carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Physiology of the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland during the winter of 1927 to 1928. It emphasizes that direct measurement of evaporation in freezing weather may be based on the vaporization of either liquid or solid water.

The paper gives a short account of some hydroclimatical factors and their importance for the habitants of arctic and alpine lakes. The differences in distribution of solar energy are briefly discussed. Few examples of plankton communities in arctic and alpine lakes are given together with some remarks about the geographical distribution of plankters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the distribution of Empetrum nigrum in the British Isles. The authors discuss the geographical and altitudinal distribution, climatic and topographical limitations as well as the substratum of Empetrum nigrum in the island group. They also tackle the presence of Empetrum nigrum in forest communities, dry heath communities, wet heaths and peatland communities and grasslands. Moreover, they discuss the response of Empetrum nigrum to several biotic factors as well as its performance in various habitats and the impact of frost and drought in its distribution.

The article offers information on the herb vegetation of an oakwood area on Loch Lomond in the Highlands of Scotland. The oakwood area is comprised of four islands, Inchcailloch, Clairinsh, Creinch and Torrinch. While Torrinch and Clairinsh are underlain by Lower Old Red Sandstone conglomerates, Creinch and Inchcailloch are formed by a band of dolomite fault rock. The soils in the site have ten profile types including podsols, brown earths, and peaty soils. The entry also provides information on Loch Lomond's climate, biotic factors, and history.

The article focuses on the study conducted which highlights the investigation on the features of central Snowy Mountains in New South Wales. The study cites investigation on the description of geology, climate, flora and vegetation physiognomy of the central Snowy Mountains. The study also mentions that floristics and ecological connectedness of 17 alpine plant associations and provisional institutions are given consideration in the investigation. Further, the study also features the comparison on the alpine vegetation in New Guinea and northern Europe.

The article presents the study regarding the vegetation of the different types of soil parent materials recognized in the Middle Gongola region. The seven parent materials are analysed separately and a total of 26 distinct noda emerge. In 14 cases, noda remains separate and each forms the basis of a group,while in three cases, two noda join through mutually associated plots to bi-nodal groups, and in two cases three noda combine to form three nodal groups. It states that in general, the groups are topographical or physiognomic units or, both which are usually recognizable on aerial photographs can be used as mapping units.

The article describes the microclimates of forest and savanna sites in the Olokemeji Forest Reserve in Nigeria. This description is based on rainfall and temperature data from Olokemeji and for other climatic elements, on data from Ibadan. The mean length of dry periods is less than 4 days during the wet season and rises to over 50 days during the dry season. The results show that Olokemeji has a climate typical of it area of the country and of the forest/derived savanna boundary area in west Africa.

The article describes the plant ecology of Dungeness in England. The climate of Dungeness is a severe one for plant growth, with high temperatures in summer and low in winter. They have presented several features that contribute to make the Dungeness succession of unique interest. The features include very large and homogeneous area, and there is no soil in the original shingle and the stones are remarkably evenly graded so that the succession has to start from the very beginning. They have also found out that the Dungeness heath is completely independent of the maritime fringe and thus is comparable more to the shingle of inland areas than to other maritime habitats.

The article focuses on the analysis of growth of Molinia caerulea and Dactylis glomerata or peat. There were two climate environments were employed in an attempt to separate the relative effects of mineral nutrition and climate on these grasses. The object of these studies are to define the ways in which plant growth is limited on high-level blanket peat at Moor House National Nature Reserve where the temperatures are similar to those at sea level in Iceland. The result of Molinia at Moor House in the second year reveal both higher mean yield values for plants which received nitrogen in the first year and substantial result for Dactylis in the first year.

The article presents a study which examines the distribution of certain plant species in similar desert and steppe soils in Central and Northern Iraq. According to the result of the study, the climate, salinity and degree of aeration of the soil are very important in controlling the distribution of these plant species. It was found that the degree of aeration of the soil proved to be most important, while mechanical penetration and water absorption by roots was found to be comparatively unimportant except at very high dry densities.

The article presents a study on the climatic and edaphic gradients of chalk grassland in three areas including Cambridge, North Dorset and East Riding in Great Britain. The study of distribution patterns in one area concluded that topography is one of the most significant factors regulating the dispersion of chalk grassland species. It showed that the primary axis of plant distribution is from south-west to north-east and co-occurs well with the local climate studies. Moreover, the distribution in each area was equally explicated in terms of humidity.

The article focuses on the survey which assessed the environment of Carneddau, a group of mountains in Snowdonia, Wales. The survey described the environment of a mountain massif in Snowdonia, the Carneddau, under topography, climate, rocks and soil, and land management. It revealed that the sub-mountain vegetation is divided broadly into grassland, heath and bog, which occupy most of the zone below the potential altitudinal tree-limit, but above the limits of enclosed land. The survey also found out that the land management practices appear to be causing economic degeneration of the hill-lands and moor-burning is perceived as a particularly harmful custom.

The article presents a study which assesses the factors that affect the formation of cactus scrub and dry evergreen bushland and thickets in well-drained lands in Jamaica. It is observed that the water-supply capacity of the soil influences the formations of the plants especially the soil overlying porous limestone. The growth is also attributed to the edaphic and topographic factors which determine the distribution of the bushland and scrubs. It concludes that the vegetation is influenced by soil-moisture relations resulting from climate, soil and topography.

The article presents a discussion about the observations gathered about the existence of Theobroma Cacao in the island of Fernando Po. The article explores the effectivity of the fungicide control of cacao black-pod disease or the Phytophthora palmivora and analyzes other aspects of cacao yields, cultivation, and ecological climate. It compares cacao epiphytes observations in Nigeria to the general ecology of cacao cultivation in the said island. The article is also supplemented with information about geography, climate, parasitic and epiphytic plants, and the effect of rainfall to the cacao.

The article presents a discussion about the rain forest of Southern Nigeria based from the ecological studies conducted on the said region. The article explores the climate, topography, ecology, and botany of the rain forest through the various studies and includes details regarding environmental aspects such as the carbon dioxide concentration of the environment, light, temperature and humidity, and soils. The article ends with a summary which states that in the area concerned, primary forest will be established again on abandoned land after cultivation.

The article describes the study concerning the quantitative morphology and ecology of Eriophorum angustifolium Roth in Great Britain. Eriophorum angustifolium Roth occurs throughout the cool temperate regions of the northern hemisphere as a constituent of the plant communities of bog and damp moorland and as a colonizer of shallow pools on peat and of wet peat surfaces. The study indicates that rhizome measurements vary with soil moisture wherein gravity has some effect on the position of buds and the development of rhizomes.

The article reports on the study on the periodicity and distribution of the algae in six small ponds. In the investigation, an effort was made to correlate the periodicity and distribution of the algae of six small ponds with chemical factors as well as climatic factors. The study showed that Volvocalean and Chlorococcalean algae were poorly presented in ponds with a high concentration of albuminoid ammonia and low concentration of oxygen. Moreover, blue-green algae were bountiful in waters having a high proportion of oxidizable organic matter and low concentrations of oxygen.

The article presents a study on tropical-soil vegetation catenas and mosaics, which had been studied in the south-western part of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in the dry season of 1938-1939. The aim of this study is to elucidate the confused soil and vegetation type characteristics of African savanna-woodland country from the data collected. Furthermore, the catena concept adopts soils and vegetation together, which enabled the formulation of a comprehensive of minor and major soil-vegetation units.

The article discusses a study on the vegetation of Carrowkeel, a flat-topped hill, roughly elliptical in plan with long axis running from north-north-west to south-south-west of Ireland. It is composed of Upper Carboniferous Limestone almost horizontally bedded though it can be seen in places to dip very slightly to the south-west. Its climate is marked by very frequent but not heavy rain and the vegetation of this area is at least semi-natural in spite of the fact that it has been subjected for about 4000 years of unpredicted human disturbances. Furthermore, farming as the means of cultivation or intensive grazing in enclosed fields are restricted to the drift-covered areas. In addition, its vegetation feature a great variety of flora which has 240 species.

The article focuses on the endemic trees of the British Guiana Peneplain. It describes the situation, climate and topography British Guiana and the distribution of the main climatic associations. It also notes the influence of climate on the distribution of other species and the prevalence of endemism in the Guiana flora through the analysis of the local and general range of forty of the commonest trees. It also states the likelihood of the endemic species of the Guiana flora which have evolved in the highlands that borders the western and southern limits of the peneplain.

The article presents a study on three large raised bogs in the valley of the river Teifti in Cardiganshire, Wales, which is conducted under the leadership of H. Godwin and V. M. Conway. It states that the vegetation of the bog is defined under the headings Lagg, River-terrace, Rand, Sphagnetum and Regeneration Complex, Scirpetum, Molinietum and Callunetum. Initial measurements of the water-level were made at 35 sites on the bog surface and indicated that the Regeneration Complex and Sphagnetum occupy wetter areas than the Scirpetum and Molinietum, which grow in the bog's center. It is speculated that the bog is suffering, or has recently suffered, a period of climatic dryness or continentality in which the bog-center has dried out.

The article presents a discussion about climatic classification based for East African biology. The article provides a brief introduction and knowledge about the relevant characteristics of East Africa. It explores the classifications of climate using Köppen system and derivatives, functions of rainfall, evaporation, and temperature, and months with a defined climatic ratios. The article is also supplemented with details regarding the importance of mist and cloud, meteorology, and precipitation.

The article presents a discussion about the growth and survival of plants in the arctic region. The article states that there are certain types of climates which affect the development of plants, producing abundant flowers and fertile seeds. It also explores the open association of plants which is termed as "fjaeldmark" using a study on the population of plant species on the said region in relation to their growth and survival. An investigation of plant distribution in Kangerdlugssuak area in East Greenland is given. Experiments on Luzula spicata, oxyria digyna, saxifraga nivalis, and other species resulted to a conclusion that only two- to three-folds of increase in their dry weight each year occurred due to shortage in carbohydrates and nitrogen.

The article presents studies on the origin and development of vegetational and soil history wind erosion. Erosion may be distinguished as frontal, in which the causal winds blow more or less straight, or direct. Erosion is due to the blanket of wind-blown sand covering much of Breckland. It may be described with cyclonic causal winds, in which the erosion is local, and a wind-furrow or blow-out is formed. It is noted that no blow-out can be formed where there is a continuous cover of higher plants stabilizing the soil. Study shows that long axis of blow-outs generally run south-west to north-east. However, this is not yet conclusive, since the direction of the prevailing winds and frontal wind erosion is significant in subsequent broadening.

The article focuses on the vegetation of Akpatok Island which lies in the mouth of Ungava Bay to the south of Hudson Strait. It mentions that only Polar bears, Arctic foxes and birds inhabit the Island and there is extreme lack of vegetation over most of the Islands area. It describes the climate of the Island, formed entirely of Ordovician limestone, which is extremely adverse to plant growth. It presents a comparison of the flora and fauna of the Island with the adjacent mainland and other northern regions of the Atlantic including the Godthaab Fjord and the Atlantic coast of Labrador, Newfoundland.

The article presents the results of a study of the main vegetation communities of the Central Province, Tanganyika Territory. Soil types of the Kikori area were classified as grey eluvial and alluvial soils. Climatic conditions are divided into four namely the long dry season, the light rains, the short dry season and the heavy rains. Data on sunshine and light intensity in the area are presented. Annual temperature phases in the province depend on the angle of the sun and the incidence of the dry and rainy seasons. This entry also includes data on humidity and rainfall.

The article explains how the rainfall of the dry season of the Gold Coast, Queensland, must be considered as one main factor that limits the growth of cacao. It is claimed that those important cacao-producing areas have been suffering from a degree of wetness for the dry season of over 10 units, an amount revealed if the rainfall of the dry season and not that of the whole year is to be considered. The dry season then becomes an influential factor on many aspects of the growth and cultivation of the crop because fruiting, vegetable growth, Sahlbergella attack, soil cultivation, and manuring are all undermined by the season.

The article reviews the article "A Parallel Classification of Climates and Vegetation Types," by B. Stefanoff in the 1930 issue of "Sbornik Balg. Akad. Nauk." According to the author, Stefanoff has made a brave attempt to evolve a scheme of climates which shall enable the phytogeographer to coordinate his vegetation types with temperature and general humidity, using a quadrat to show an ideal division of the world's climate. The author cites various types of climate which are associated with vegetation, showing peculiarities, including cold insular, insular and warm insular.

The article presents the findings of a botanical survey of certain grasslands in southern and eastern Scotland during the summer of 1929. Some of the methods used in surveying the grasslands, include the grid method, the frequency method and the line method. Some factors affecting the botanical composition of grasslands include the nature of the seed mixture, soil conditions, climate, altitude exposure and the treatment of the grassland. It relates the strong resemblance shown by the first-year stage of short leys.

The article presents some observations on the ecology of Spitsbergen, Norway based on the findings of the ecological study during the Oxford Expedition in 1921 and 1923-1924. The study to collect further information about the plants and animals in the area was conducted under the leadership of George Binney in 1923. It is stated that the investigational study enables the group to explain the general distribution of the plant and animal communities in terms of four major factors such as climate, soil, manuring by sea-birds, and water-supply. It also reveals that the climatic gradient produced by the meeting of the ice-pack in the polar regions and the Gulf Stream brought about a corresponding gradient in the types of plant life.

The article discusses the climatic cycles and treegrowths in the U.S. It highlights the ecologist interest in the correlation of treegrowth rainfall. According to that author, in dry climates, the ring thickness is proportional to the amount of rainfall in the year with an accuracy of seventy percent. It says that the trees were tabulated in groups of 10 or more, but a remarkable correspondence exists between individual trees of each group. It also says that double rings in the arid regions were found to be correlated with deficient winter snowfall, so that the tree had not enough water to continue forming its summer wood, and passed to forming autumn wood before the summer rains enabled it to start a fresh zone of wide elements.

The article discusses the vegetation in Great Britain. It highlights the richness of the vegetation in the country that nearly all the forest trees and shrubs of the British flora are represented, that the species of vascular plants number about 700, and that of mosses and hepatics there are about 270 species. It also says that southern portion of Herefordshire vegetation together with the adjoining part of West Gloucestershire, enjoys a mild equable climate, with no great extremes of temperature, and with a moderate rainfall averaging about 70 cm. The article noted that South Herefordshire represents an isolated area with a mean rainfall of 60-75 cm. surrounded on all sides by a rainfall of 75-90 cm.

The article discusses the impact of rainfall on hygrophilous vegetation. It highlights the climatic conditions and vegetation of the rain-forest of Jamaica that receives a well-distributed rainfall which increases from 266.7 centimeters at the lower altitudes to 426.7 centimeters at the highest summits. It says that the liberal rainfall contributes to the making of an extremely hygrophilous environment. In addition, rainfall provides wetness of the foliage of the herbaceous and shrubby vegetation of the forest interior, which is believed to be the reason of the occurrence of dripping points, velvet surfaces, epiphyllae and hydathodes.

The rural housing problem in the South is one of long standing. Chief factors responsible for this problem are climate, farm income, high Negro ratios, farm tenancy, and small farms. The rural housing problem has received scanty attention, at home sad abroad. Main sources of information are 1930 Census of Agriculture, 1934 Survey of Rural Housing, and a few local studies. There is a vast amount of literature on urban housing and many countries are spending vast sums to remedy urban housing problems. Much pessimism exists as to possibilities of remedying rural housing conditions, especially for low income farm groups. The main suggestions are to subsidize housing for low income groups, extend F.H.A. into rural fields, carry on work begun by Resettlement Administration, expand the program of the Farm Security Administration, and encourage self-help among farmers themselves through educational program and otherwise. An outstanding accomplishment abroad has been the erection of some 60,000 cottages for Irish farm laborers. Their plan, modified, could be employed as a partial solution to our natal housing problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the geographical areas considered here (oceanic NW-Europe) Neomyzaphis abietina is an introduced species. It is likely that it has not until recent time reached these areas. There is some evidence, that its original host is Norway spruce. In this zone the Neomyzaphis population is quite predominantly regulated by climate. The population tends to mass-outbreaks after mild winters, and most often in the winter-mild regions. This is because overwintering in the regions considered here does not — or only to a small degree — take place in a diapause stage, but on the contrary in a stage able to reproduce at very low temperatures. Enemies and diseases are unimportant at this season. It is possible to regard the regulation of Neomyzaphis numbers as a double one- a one-sided density-dependent regulation acting on the spring population maximum and a climatic regulation acting on the early winter maximum. It is climate and not the density-dependent agents which create the mass-outbreaks. The long term population trend might in the winter-mild areas be called regular fluctuations and they have even been called "periodic cycles". Seen on a diagram they may appear similar to those of many so-called cyclic species. A more correct term would in this case — and possibly also in some of the others — be "frequent fluctuations", because they are simply a reflection of fluctuating climate. In the winter-colder areas only erratic fluctuations occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a comparison of the climate of São Paulo, Brazil and Pine Bluff, Arkansas. São Paulo is located in the South American republic of Brazil. The city is close to the southern escarpment of the Brazilian Highland. Pine Bluff, Arkansas, is a medium sized city located on the south bank of the Arkansas River. The climatic reports of the area depicts that São Paulo has a mean annual temperature of 63.7° F and a total annual rainfall of 53.1 inches. The records shows that the April and October temperatures are about the same in both places and that maximum precipitation at both stations occurs in January. When the monthly mean temperatures and rainfalls at São Paulo were compared with the same figures for Pine Bluff, it becomes apparent that the climatic patterns are not similar in the two locations.

A study of the evolution of Mammalian faunae will have to begin with an analysis of the present status. Four great faunal groups can be distinguished now, they may each be subdivided into minor sections which the author shall designate as historical sections, as they owe their origin to isolation by geological events in the localities they now inhabit, instances are the Indian and African sections of the Palaeotropical or the Palae and Nearctic section of the Holarctic faunae. Another type of isolation, difference of environment, climate, and similar conditions of life have produced what may be called biological compounds typified by the forest and steppe faunae in Africa, which have been developed on the same continent independently from one another, only separated by the invisible but very effective barriers between two life zones.

Climatologic and basin characteristics affecting the annual runoff in Finland are selected by the orthogonal regression method. Climatologic variables, especially seasonal precipitation and mean annual temperature, are found to be much more important than basin characteristics such as soil type and vegetation. Frost depth is inversely related to annual runoff. The percentages of cultivated land and peat land are not significant variables in these data. The simple linear multiple regression approach was successful ( R = 0.943, s0 = 34 mm) in developing a reliable prediction equation. However, no statistical procedure can uncover the underlying laws governing runoff until the basic physical relationships are better understood. Furthermore, most available climatologic and basin characteristics are only indices of the combined effects of several physical factors. Hence, the utility of some of the more complex statistical approaches is questioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data from four concentrated rain gage networks in Illinois were used to investigate the effect of natural rainfall variability upon verification of cloud seeding experiments in midwestern, warm season rainfall on areas of county size or less. Hypothetical seeding experiments were made on network data for seasonal periods of 1 to 5 months and or durations of 1 to 10 years. Both target-control and single-area randomized experiments were investigated, and the data were grouped into air mass storms and all storms combined. Results indicated that the single-area sampling experiments are influenced more by the effects of natural rainfall variability than the target control type, but that the background interference is substantial in both cases. The study clearly illustrates the pitfalls in judging the results of cloud seeding on short-term experiments, and shows how verification may be affected by rain gage density and size of sampling area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses issues related to research in sedimentology. The field of sedimentology focuses on inorganic as well as inorganic aspects along with the source of the material, the time of its formation, the biological conditions and its relations with synchronous deposits elsewhere to get the full picture of a sedimentary formation. Different geologists have studied different geographical features like seas, mountains, basins, rocks for fossils and so on. Hence, true sedimentology implies a high degree of integration of research results from many branches of geology, obtained by a wide variety of techniques. The most promising current trend is the study of the seas which also requires the assistance of climatology, physics, chemistry and biology in a geological aspect.