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The article looks into the significant use of pseudo-science in science education. A pseudo-science is a systematic body of propositions, practices, and attitudes that gives the appearance of being a science but is not a science. Furthermore, the article has compared the differences between science and pseudo-science. Moreover, various approaches and ways in which the study of pseudo-science could be incorporated into science education has been presented through: (1) critical examination of historical cases of pseudo-science along with cases of genuine science; (2) comparison of contemporary research paper with pseudo-science research paper; (3) use of laboratory works and processes to expose the scientific pretensions of pseudo-science; encouragement of students to bring examples of pseudo-scientific thinking; (5) evaluation of textbooks; and (6) testing of students' ability to recognize cases of pseudo-science.

Comparative analysis of demographic data on selected countries (Finland, Norway, Sweden, Yugoslavia, and the United States) indicates a common decline in average age at marriage and an increasing incidence of marriages involving males and females under 20 years of age. From papers prepared for the Eighth International Seminar on Family Research, these comparative data and their varying sociological explanations are drawn and analyzed. The explanations are found to vary according to the conceptual framework of the papers utilized. Four differing conceptual schemes are identified along with some of the specific sociological generalizations pertinent to each framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to determine what the average risk-adjusted rate of return of the property-liability insurance industry was from 1955 to 1968. Once this figure is found, comparisons are made between different segments of the industry based on the size of the firm. Next, comparisons are made between the average risk-adjusted rate of return of the property-liability insurance industry and the non-insurance industries studied. The final portion of the paper makes an analysis of the statistical evidence presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines a framework for studying the social-cultural determinants of family size in 20 low mortality countries of controlled natality. Two broad hypotheses are proposed: (1) Family size varies inversely with the availability of alternatives for the satisfaction of interests presumably satisfied by having children. (2) Family size is smallest under two polar sets of conditions: (a) where the social setting maximizes the individual's expectation that his interests and those of his children will be satisfied, and (b) where the social setting minimizes this expectation. Representative social indicators for making the necessary international comparisons are enumerated, and the steps in their construction discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study will utilize the data in the 1967 SEO to present evidence on the size, composition, and concentration of net wealth accumulation among black families compared to white families. The final section presents and tests a simple econometric model of the estimated relationship between income and wealth for black and white families. In preparing this paper it is well understood that survey data are notoriously unreliable on assets and liabilities. Larger samples do not remove the errors if there is a tendency for a distinct subgroup to misreport its assets or liabilities. A rather extensive literature has evolved concerning the errors in survey data on assets and liabilities and is noted. At various stages of the analysis the findings from the SEO are compared to results from the comprehensive Survey of Financial Characteristics of Consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on managerial leisure in Great Britain and the U.S. It states there are three aspects to managerial leisure: the amount of leisure taken by managers, the content of their leisure activities and how closely these relate to their work interests, and the subjective meaning of leisure activities to managers. It mentions that the comparative study of management in different countries has attracted increased interest. It comments that American executives tend to enjoy their jobs and experience feelings of creativity at work, while others claim they enjoy business entertaining activities. It mentions that managers in Great Britain tend to spend more time devoted to family and home and use leisure to escape from work.

The article describes a comparison of theories and their relationships with the science curriculum. The paper is intended as a preliminary comparative discussion of the status of theory making in physics and the social sciences, with the thought of adding some impetus to an ecumenical movement long overdue in the sciences, involving both social and physical theory. A correlative problem is presented by differences between (a) the nature and function of history and the other social disciplines, and (b) theory making in the physical and biological sciences. The author claims that these differences represent good theoretical problems. As curricular issues of school education, they are crucial.

SUMMARY In comparing Marshallian and Walrasian stability criteria, opposite stability conditions are found when both demand and supply curves are downward sloping. This paper resolves the inconsistency by considering a behavioral model of the firms in a competitive industry and then specifying the conditions under which the relevant instantaneous adjustment processes will result in stability at the industry level. It turns out that the concept of the representative firm is inadequate for a considerations of the stability of industry equilibrium. Moreover, for different reasons the Walrasian adjustment process is applicable only when all firms are operating on the rising portion of their marginal cost curves. Hence, in the only situation in which the Walrasian and Marshallian processes adequately represent the dynamics of competitive industry (namely rising marginal cost curves for all firms) they lead to identical stability conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on comparative sociology. The purpose of this paper is in part to explain this apparently paradoxical situation by looking at the historical development of comparative sociology, but more important, it tries to assess the role of comparison and the inter-relationship of theory and method in the generation of social theory, through a discussion of the methodological problems inherent in comparative analysis. The association of evolutionism with comparison was a major reason for the comparative method being devalued, if not discredited. Unfortunately comparison has also been linked with functionalism, a link which is not inevitable, and is certainly undesirable. Sampling is another attempt at solving the central problem of how one compares a potentially vast quantity of social facts. Choice of unit or level, specification, quantification, and randomization are all attempts to handle this basic dilemma, while controlling against the chance of generalizing from the atypical.

The article presents a study which compares urban children with the suburban ones, testing them with various tasks on basic skills of primary learning particularly on science education. The null hypothesis of the study states that there is no difference between the children from low-income urban families and those from higher-income suburban families. An investigation of the effect of the Science Curriculum Improvement Study program on children of low-income urban families has been initiated. The program is proposed to help urban children attain the same capacity to learn as the children from higher-income suburban homes.

This paper is concerned with the so-called k-class estimators of structural parameters in a simultaneous system. The structural equation being estimated is assumed, as is common in other small-sample investigations, to consist of two endogenous variables; and the number of the exogenous variables (included or excluded) as well as the number of equations in the system are arbitrary so long as the identifiability condition of the estimated equation is satisfied. Moreover, we assume that the system contains no lagged endogenous variables and disturbance terms of each period are independently distributed as multivariate normal. The exact finite-sample moments of the k-class estimators are evaluated for 0 ⩽ k ⩽ 1. For k > 1 it is proved that the estimator does not possess even the first-order moment. The exact moment functions are expanded in terms of the inverse of the noncentrality (or concentration) parameter. This expansion sheds more light on the comparative study of alternative k-class estimators. Numerical calculations of the mean square error and the bias for some specific cases are also given for illustrative purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of selection of the best item from one of a list of items to meet an objective is treated. The items are usually compared against factors or states of nature. The following techniques used to arrive at the "best" selection are treated:1. Ranking and rating 2. Paired comparison and successive comparison 3. Average score 4. Dominance 5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rate of adoption of family planning in the developing regions is the central issue in any attempt to anticipate the course of world population growth. Accordingly, a typology is developed to express some of the theoretical possibilities connected with this process. The global distribution of these types is considered briefly. A more detailed analysis is made of the potential for family planning in tropical Africa. The results suggest that a substantial interest in contraception exists throughout the continent. That this interest is not associated generally with effective use is taken as evidence of the transitional character of the population. Prospects for the resolution of this marginality are judged favorable if present motivation is effectively developed by family-planning programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of the identical procedures in different societies for eliciting and quantifying data ("phenomenal identity") does not necessarily result in the measurement of the same variable ("conceptual equivalence") since the stimuli (questions, tasks, items) used to elicit data may have different meanings in different societies. Similarly, the same manifest response may have different meanings in different societies. Thus, "phenomenal identity" in procedures does not necessarily produce "conceptual equivalence" in measurement. Conversely, a conceptually equivalent measure need not (and sometimes cannot) be phenomenally identical. The criteria of phenomenal identity and conceptual equivalence, when applied to both the stimuli used in measurement and the mode of quantifying the data, result in a taxonomy of measurement equivalence with four types: culturally universal, culturally modified, culturally ipsatized, and culturally specific. Techniques for constructing each type of measure and conditions under which each may be used are discussed, together with suggested ways of determining the conceptual equivalence of measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of a comparative study conducted on four moorland soils at the Moore House Natural Reserve in Westmorland, England. It involved four plant species in four soil types including Juncus squarrosus moor and Festuca-Agrostis grassland on limestone. Using several methods, the study showed the presence of activity gradient, high in grassland site and low in bare peat. In addition, results showed that the lack of adequate supply of nutrients and waterlogging are related to the general falling-off activity in peat sites. In addition, the absence of common soils in the location was also recorded. Moreover, relatively new species were found in the four soil's flora.

This paper reports on a comparative study of community decision making. One hundred and ten small communities constituted the cases analyzed. All communities had voted on school district reorganization proposals which would have had the effect of discontinuing the local high school. Relationships were found between several demographic and ecological variables and the degree to which community members expressed opposition to the discontinuance of the local high school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author asserts that among themes of increasing concern in comparative policy studies is resource allocation. This theme has a certain obvious interest, academic and practical, relating, as it does, to the whole scheme of priorities, incentives and disincentives, variously characteristic of any society and every conceivable form of human organization. A problem of central importance in the comparative study of resource allocation is the development of theoretical insights which would guide the conduct of research.

The article reports on a study which examined whether or not one particular form of probabilistic reporting had any material effect on responses to a hypothetical loan decision. A comparison was made of loan decisions made under the disclosure of financial statements and probabilistic statements. The study results did not indicate sufficient differences between the two groups to warrant the rejection of any hypothesis. On this basis it can be concluded that the respondents did not significantly alter their hypothetical loan decisions even though they received two different types of loan statements.

The article considers the success of the U.S. consumer finance industry post World War II. The article presents an analysis of the composite earnings record of the principle units within that industry, compares this with the composite record of the major industrial enterprises, and presents a comparison with primary industries in manufacturing and trade industries. Among the conclusions, the article finds that the profitability of the consumer finance industry declined in the postwar period; the earnings decline in that industry was slightly less than in trade or manufacturing; and the composite return was more stable than for the other 33 industrial groups examined and growth was pronounced.

The article presents several announcements related to the field of sociology. The officers and Board of Directors of Sociological Abstracts Inc. have announced an award for the leading unpublished comparative study dealing with the development of sociology submitted to its Awards Committee before 31 August, 1969 and written by a social scientist no more than forty years of age. The subject is the specification of a comparative study in the development of sociology requires that each manuscript to be considered shall deal with an aspect of the evolution of sociology as theory, as technique, or as profession in a manner that utilizes international, inter-ethnic, and multilingual comparisons. The purpose of the award is to encourage the younger sociologists to enter this challenging and neglected field which lies broadly in the domain of the sociology of science and specifically in the area of the sociology of sociology. The European Centre of the Carnegie Endowment awards a limited number of travel grants every year to doctoral candidates who are preparing a thesis devoted to a subject in the field of international organization. The total amount of these grants varies between $800 and $1,200.

The respiration rate was investigated in leaves of bearing and non-bearing spurs of biennially fruiting apple trees, Landsberger Reinette cultivar, with a Warburg apparatus. Trees in "off year" were sprayed with gibberellic acid (GA) and those in "on year" with succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), Two-year results showed that the respiration rate of leaves of bearing spurs was 10 to 25 per cent higher than that of the non-bearing spur leaves. GA increased the respiration of leaves of non-bearing spurs about 25 per cent, on an average. SADH and NAA greatly decreased the respiration of bearing spur leaves; the latter about 30 per cent of that of the controls. At the same time SADH and NAA caused a marked reduction of growth in terminal shoots of trees in "on year" while GA increased the growth in "off year" trees about 50 per cent. The surface of the spur leaves was inversely correlated with the respiration rates. it is suggested that the low respiration rate of spur leaves may be a condition for flower bud formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes current trends in international relations research from the viewpoint of the historian, and declares that quantitative methods should follow theory and not precede it in determining the questions posed and the scope of the research. The incorporation of the historical approach in the study of international relations is emphasized while agreeing to maintain the fundamental objectives of formulating explanatory theories and analyzing recurrent patterns. Each of the four distinct types of data: attribute data, action data,articulation data and public opinion data, used in contemporary research, have been elaborately discussed in the article. Comparative analysis in the social sciences is an old and accepted technique. An important point to make about the comparative approach in general is that it enables the scientific analysis of historical data. The role of comparative analysis in sociology has an added dimension in international relations, the systemic or international level.

The article focuses on a study which discusses the internal versus external attribution of task performance as a function of locus of control, initial confidence, and success-failure outcome. The internal-external control construct (I-E) is conceptualized as a generalized expectancy related to a person's belief concerning the locus of causality for events. The utility of the I-E construct in predicting the direction of blame assignment has been tested directly several times. The notion that internals would attribute blame for either success or failure to internal sources and that externals would tend to blame success or failure to external sources was not empirically validated. Internals tended to attribute responsibility for success to their ability, a stable internal source, while externals tended to attribute responsibility for success to good luck, a variable external source. Under failure, the opposite but non-significant trend was found. Internals tended to be more external in their attribution for failure than were externals.

The article focuses on the creation of a systematic approach to organizational development. It comments on the creation of a hypothetical model for the organizational learning process to help organizations change and develop. It mentions that this model lacks a coherent rationale in assisting an entry point for intervention or what aspect of the organization data should be collected. It talks about avenues of research to help fill out the organizational learning process, starting with a comparative study of attempts to induce changes in different types of organizations utilizing similar entry points and strategies. It mentions that a rationale to integrate the body of research findings on organizational analysis should be devised, and to relate differences in system types and states.

The high-Km activity and the low-Km activity of ceruloplasmin have been investigated in serum of pregnant women, newborn infants and normal individuals. using N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine as substrate. The low-Km activity is very low or totally absent in cord serum and very high in the serum of pregnant women. The high-Km activity is slightly lower than normal in cord serum and high in the serum of pregnant women. The results suggest that the two different active sites are located on different enzyme molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on the comparative studies regarding the implementation of Research & Development for the educational recommendations in Great Britain and Sweden. Sweden shows that long-term research should execute a systematic way to the democratic political process. On the other hand, Great Britain needs consistency and coordination in educational research and planning.

Using the data collected from two studies in France and America about the relationships between marital interaction and real number of children, the authors found that in both countries better marital salts faction and agreement are related to the success of the realization of the desired number of children and not to the actual number of children. Furthermore, excessive fertility in France and in America is more damaging to conjugal interaction than negative fertility. In both countries the wife's satisfaction with the standard of living is the single aspect of marital interaction which is related to the real number of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparison is presented of the responses of 741 English children with those of 968 American children, all in their sixth school year, to a questionnaire in which they reported in some detail on the child-rearing practices employed by their fathers and mothers. Although there were many similarities in the reported patterns of parent behavior in the two cultures, there were also many significant differences in English and American child-rearing styles. A speculative analysis, with some research documentation, is presented concerning the consequences of these differences for child behavior in England and the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of earlier work on the comparative analysis of trends in the world literature on the family is followed by a descriptive analysis of trends revealed by a content analysis of the formal structure of the output of family research in the United States between January, 1957, and December, 1967. From the 8,000 items in the bibliography, 800 were sampled and 723 read for this content analysis. Some evidence for increases in the use of more advanced methods of data collection and data analysis is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article makes a comparative evaluation of the Bellevue-Wechsler mental deterioration index distributions of R.M. Allen's brain injured patients and of normal subjects. D. Wechsler does not describe in detail the distribution of MDI's for normals, and Allen had no reason to use normal subjects as a basis of comparison in his study. Consequently, it is difficult to evaluate the discriminative efficiency of the index for the results which he presents from the standpoint of this particular problem. Examination of several other studies and reports concerned with the value of this index also failed to demonstrate the use of comparative data; evaluations of efficiency in each case were based on Wechsler's statements of the significance of critical scores.

The article discusses the ecological and floristic convergence of some plant formations in South America. The author considers certain traits of flora, vegetation and climate as a first approximation to compare corresponding ecosystems. The comparative analysis may be viewed at three different approaches. The first is the assessment of the degree of environmental similarity under which similar types occur. The second concerns the structural and functional convergence of vegetation. The third approach focuses on a morpho-ecological characterization of each of the communities through their main plant components.

This article presents a study regarding the plant growth and distribution in relation to waterlogging. It explores the relationship between transpiration and the uptake of iron in Erica cinerea and Erica tetralix. It discusses that Erica tetralix can survive for long periods in submerged soils without apparent harm, but the concentrations were much lower than those in Erica cinerea. The study also defines a physiological basis for this difference between such morphologically similar species of plant.

The article provides information on the comparative study of the distribution of the roots of Avena Fatua and A. Strigosa in Mixed stands using C-labelling technique. Mixtures of A. fatua L. and A. strigosa Schreb were found during the course of a study of the ecological combining ability of four species of Avena. Results showed that the root systems of Avena fatua and A. strigosa have markedly different distributions with depth in the soil and these differences are maintained in mixed stands of the two species. The autoradiographic technique is also described. This technique allows the identification of the roots of closely related species grown in mixtures.

The article presents comparative studies on the ability of woodland species to withstand prolonged exposure to darkness. This study observed how could woodland species survive even in conditions of prolonged periods of darkness compared to the species of unshaded habitats. Observations were specifically made on growth characteristics in darkness and in the presence of suitable light conditions. Soil nutrition and temperature were also studied. Some important details were noted on seed weight, seed germination, and fungal attack.

The article investigates the spatial relationship of two adult ecologically related tree species, Acer Pseudoplatanus and Fraxinus Excelsior in two ashwoods of the North Derbyshire dales in England, using the plotless sampling method. Findings showed that Acer and Fraxinus are segregated in two populations under observation. Results also reveal that Acer individuals tends to be more isolated than Fraxinus species when segregation was examined in one population observed. Evidence of interspecific competition was also found in the same population.

The article presents a comparative account of structure, physiognomy and floristic of montane and lowland rain forest in Ecuador. It mentions that there is a cooler, wetter season at both montane and lowland rainforest in Ecuador lasting approximately from April to July. It discusses the factors that control the distribution of the Lowland, Lower Montane and Upper Montane rain forest formation-types on tropical mountains and the effects of the Massenerhebung. It implies that the greater profusion of epiphytes in the montane than in the lowland rain forest is connected to the more frequent wetting with liquid water coming from fog rather than to a constantly higher humidity.

The article provides a comparative analysis between the environment and the structure of scrub communities in northern Cyrenaica's limestone plateaux. The three plateaux that are constituted as a result of a system of faults running parallel with the coast are situated as coastal plateau, plateau at about 800 feet altitude, and dissected plateau at about 2300 feet altitude. Compared to the coastal regions, the upper plateaux receive a higher rainfall with lower temperatures and humidity. The disappearance of the maritime element from the vegetation and the development of batha scrub were traced by a line-transecting from the sea to the top of the first escarpment slope. It infers that the redevelopment of a stable soil and vegetation lies upon the protection of the natural communities.

The article reports on a comparative study of ecological observations made during the years 1921-1924 and 1936 on alluvial meadows, such as grazed and mown meadows. These meadows border the River Thames close to Oxford. Historical evidence shows that these alluvial meadows are unique in England. The article also provides comparisons of floristic lists from the two types of meadows and lists of species common and exclusive to the two. A prominent factor for most of the differences observed is the presence or absence of grazing.

The article highlights a comparative study of the alga flora of two salt marshes. It reports on the ecological communities of algae such as the general Chlorophyceae community, marginal community of diatoms, marginal Cyanophyceae community, ulothrix flacca community, Enteromorpha minima-Rhizoclonium community, Anabaena torulosa community, and filamentour diatom community. It reports that an ecological study of salt marsh algae is difficult partly because they do not show sharp zonation with regard to level, and also because there is a definite periodicity according to the season of the year, the same piece of ground thus providing a substratum for several distinct algal communities which follow one another in regular succession as the seasons change.

The tremendous development of sociological analysis of student movements over the last few years has provided with a considerable wealth of information and generated the need for conceptual frameworks for its systematization. Most current aspirations towards a theoretical understanding of student movements share a shortcoming common to much sociological research. They select out intra-institutional variables, leaving in a residual category everything pertaining to the extra-institutional and historical context. As a result, there is a tendency to explain the resurgence of student movements in the decade of 1960 in terms of a world-wide crisis in educational institutions which unfolds differently in various countries. This tendency not only leaves unanswered the question as to what caused this crisis to emerge but also neglects the fundamentally political character of student movements. Analysis should try to be both structural and dialectical in character, it should focus on the interrelationships between basic components of a given society and its position in the world systems.

This article describes the various efforts which have been made by penal administrators and research workers to assess the efficiency of different methods of treatment of offenders after conviction. There is growing recognition of the need for such evaluation studies, and some signs of serious research effort in this direction, but as yet little in the way of concrete results. The different kinds of evaluation studies are discussed under six heads: statistical studies based on bare reconviction figures; statistical studies using the follow-up method; .statistical studies of particular types of offence or offender; studies of particular types of disposition; comparative studies of different methods of disposition; experimental research studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the editor of Comparative Studies in Society and History the author sums up the experience gained from using this periodical as a forum for debate between historians and social scientists. The interests of contributors have been very diverse, covering modernization, intellectuals, the functioning of States, power, imperialism, religion, immigrants, etc. Studies have given rise to theoretical and conceptual discussions even though they may be based on only a few cases. Over the years, the enterprise has proved fruitful in many ways, not least by avoiding the mistake of emphasizing disciplinary differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence is offered in this article on progress in family research to show that the attention of students of the family is turning once again to cross-cultural and comparative studies. Historians of family research remind that the first systematic treatment of the domestic phenomenon in society sought universal common human patterns which transcended the bounds of regions and cultures. These early reports were macroscopic in scope, covering great sweeps of social space and social time, comparing marriage, kinship, and socialization patterns in several societies with a view to establishing phases of evolutionary development of family forms. The study deals with the problems which are more or less peculiar to cross-national research and strategies which have developed to deal with them. It begins by identifying types of comparative research undertaken, the inventorying of already published research of visiting scholars collecting and analyzing data from two or more societies, and the more involved research of collaborative cross-national teams. The article concludes with an analysis of the methodological stance and the theoretical emphases which have characterized comparative family research in the present and the immediate past.

The article summarizes some research work on communication which was carried out in Israel in the years 1950-52 within the framework of wider research projects on the absorption of immigrants. Conditions in Israel in that period were especially favorable for the investigation of some problems of differential aspects and influences of modern types of communication on more traditional groups and on groups in a situation of change. At that time many groups of immigrants were brought into Israel from various countries having different types of social organization and cultural traditions and different patterns of communication. These groups were exposed to numerous types of modern communication, and especially to communications concerning economic situations, cultural and educational communications and political communication and propaganda. The situation in Israel at that time was thus favorable to the study of communication from several points of view. Research has shown that various types of communications were organized in different patterns in communities of different types.

The anatomy and morphology of Leucostegia immersa (Wall.) Presl (type species of the genus Leucostegia) and Araiostegia pulchra (Don.) Copel. (a species which comes very near to the type species of the genus Araiostegia) are described in detail for the first time in order to determine whether the genus Araiostegia is distinct from Leucostegia. The present investigation reveals that Leucostegia differs from Araiostegia in many significant morphological and anatomical details. For example, in Leucostegia both scales and hairs protect the rhizome, while on the rhizome of Araiostegia hairs are absent. Further, the basifixed scales of Leucostegia are sharply different from the strongly peltate scales of Araiostegia. Though the stelar cylinders in the two genera are basically similar in construction, they are markedly different in their modes of production of root-traces and leaf-traces. No tanniniferous cells which are found in Leucostegia, occur in the fundamental tissues of Araiostegia. Young fronds of Leucostegia produce delicate hairs, but in Araiostegia the fronds are glabrous throughout. The rachises and costae in Leucostegia are grooved on the upper surface and never show any raised median bands in sharp contrast to the rachises of Araiostegia which are at least in the upper part narrowly winged on either side of the raised upper surface. All these differences certainly show that these genera are well defined. The relationship between Araiostegia and other davallioid ferns is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European who comes to the United States is surprised to find a more rapid social development in American children than he has been used to seeing in European children. In thought and action American children become independent of their elders at an earlier age than do European children. Not only do they depend less on adult guidance and judgment, but their consciences seem to mature earlier also. the American mother unwittingly transfers some of the child's dependency from herself to his peer group at the preschool age, while the Parisian mother still thinks of him as "baby" constantly needing her to teach him which kind of behavior she approves and which she disapproves. The American child learns to find satisfaction in the approval of his young playmates and strives to avoid their disapproval.

This is a comparative analysis of two contrasting systems of agriculture as they are carried on in the Mexican village of Tepoztlan, Morelos. Hoe culture and plow culture are shown to be distinct culture complexes each with their associated traits. Differences in technology, types of terrain used, land tenure, work cycles, production time, costs and yields are examined. The social aspects of the two systems are also examined. It is seen that hoe culture is identified locally with the poor and backward, plow culture with the better-to-do and more modern. The identification of these systems with distinct socio-economic levels makes for cleavages and some conflict. The implications of this for the concept of the folk culture is briefly indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a comparative analysis of militant and non-militant views of the riots that took place in Los Angeles, California. The author states that in August 1965, the date of the Los Angeles riot, most Afro-American militants did not fulfill the criteria necessary to be identified as a formal political group. They did not have and did not belong to organizations having a systematic political ideology, nor did they have any articulated programs for social change. The Revolutionary Action Movement and the Black Panthers had not been heard from and most of the currently popular local nationalist groups were nonexistent. In the main, those Afro-Americans who are now called radical were simply militantly, that is, vigorously and aggressively, pro-Afro-American. Their militancy laid in their endorsement of Afro-American action that served to provide an image of black strength against white society. In the eyes of most Afro-American and white citizens, the Afro-American Muslims were the only exponents of black radicalism.

This article focuses on the problems and methods of cross-cultural research comparing the Middle East and the U.S. The problems of this cross-cultural research concerns on the following: research design, data collection process, sampling, timing of data collection, and analysis and reporting. Studies within a culture are concerned with individual variation about the norm for the culture while cross-cultural studies provides information about variation of norms as a function of cultural differences. Items that may exist as a problem in cross-cultural compatibility can be identified as objective, subjective, relative, and attitudinal. Frame of reference is significant in comparative research. The correlational approach is needed in studying a cultural area, however, it doesn't differentiate between stimulus and response equivalence but identifies cultural similarities and differences. Inclusion of certain social customs is an important tool in cross-cultural research particularly for studies concerned with attitudes and values. Centers were established to administer the program in the U.S., Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. The studies are concerned with the measurement of variables in broad areas such as family relations, personality, and attitudes. The sample data gathered are treated through subscales and subgroups.

Within a few years, environment has become a top priority issue in a number of countries around the world. Between 1965 and 1973, the environmental crisis produced a number of policies, programs, laws, institutional changes and other responses in the politics of industrialized countries. These countries have many similarities with regard to socio-economic conditions. At the same time, they possess ideological, constitutional and political conditions which exhibit considerable variation. This gives rise to an immense potential for comparative research on environmental policy. Institutional adaptation to environmental problems is one of the problem areas most suitable for comparative study.