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In this article, the author offers a look at certain reprints and manuscripts on the subject of the nature and levels of controls. He also presents an account of the simian method. there are other examples of the simian method. The biographer must examine every scrap of paper, whether printed or manuscript, relating to his subject, in addition to the inspection of physical objects which may be related to it. The historian must hunt and pick his way through a mound of fragments and shards of historical fact, unorganized, unclassified, in order to bring an order and a rationale into them.

Comments on the article "Technique and counter-transference," previously published in the "Journal of Analytical Psychology." Carl Jung's contributions to analytical thought and practice; Need for psychoanalysts' theoretical and technical equipment to the constantly reviewed.

Elliott's comments on the comparability of heart rate measures in cross-laboratory comparisons are discussed. The present paper attempts to show that the comparison of heart rate data across various laboratories in an attempt to infer motivational states may not be justified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thesis of this paper is that there are two styles of creativity; one a measured, problem-solving approach to the development of new knowledge, and the other, an emotional, and comparatively uncontrolled, free expression. This duality has a long tradition, for example, the distinction made in the 18th Century between Enlightenment (or Classicism) and Romanticism, in the 19th Century, and in the zone between the "two cultures," scientific and literary. This paper investigates whether corresponding styles of creativity can be discovered. A study was reported in which two types of behavior appeared a permissive, expressive type, and a controlled, coping type. Both of these correlated positively with self- reported creativity. A second study contrasted the correlates of originality on tests of divergent thinking with originality on projective tests. Two clusters emerged, one representing competent, stable, resourceful personalities who scored high on divergent thinking tests of originality, the other representing impulsive, emotionally expressive, imaginative persons who scored high on projective test originality. It was concluded that there are two creativity styles corresponding to the two types of cognitive process, and these styles were labeled "cold" creativity and "hot" creativity. Both styles play a part, in varying proportions, in any creativity process Performance on the divergent thinking tests of originality is more closely related to cold than hot creativity and, therefore, the distinction does not correspond with that between convergent and divergent thinking. Nor does it correspond with differences between scientific and artistic interests and creativity.

This paper describes an experiment concerned with the investigation of presentation formats for Dialectic Information Systems (DIS). DIS are information systems which generate information for a decision maker by means of intense conflict between proponents of two radically opposing positions, theories, points of view, etc. In a DIS, information is generated through the confrontation between "data" and the world-views (Weltanschauungen) of opposing experts. The particular DIS experiment under discussion investigates the effects of explicit DIS training on an individual's world-view. The perception of drama and emotion, the structure of syntehsizing contexts, and the ability to "think" dialectically are also discussed as important features of the particular experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historical origins and early development of electrodermal research are reviewed in the light of a substantial number of previously unexamined sources. Relevant literature in electrophysiology, neurology, electrodiagnosis, and electrotherapy is examined with regard to the technology and the context of ideas in science and medicine. The first reports of basal skin resistance (BSR) and stimulated skin resistance (GSR) change by Vigouroux and Féré, respectively, are related to their other research and that of other workers. Hermann's early work on the sudomotor system is seen as much more advanced than has been realized, providing a sound basis for theory which the French apparently never noticed. Several additional sources suggest that Tarchanoff's work was performed with awareness of Féré's and was probably not an independent discovery. The growth of the field following "rediscovery" of the GSR by Mueller and Veraguth is seen as a product of interest in indexing "mental events." The earlier work is seen as conceptually closer to current interest in the phenomena as aspects of the arousal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criticizes an article on determinants of emotional state published in the 1962 issue of the periodical 'Psychophysiology.' Levels of arousal for the different conditions compared; Differences of the placebo group from the control groups; Various measures of emotional states; Inadequacy of the self-report indices.

Within the past several years the work of H. Selye and others, demonstrating the marked bodily alterations and changes undergone by an organism in its attempt to adapt to stress, has proved a strong impetus for intensive examination of the entire concept of stress. In the fields of both physiology and psychology intensive investigations have been undertaken recently and the literature of today reflects this trend. Both types of studies have ordinarily employed laboratory situations as their experimental techniques. The assumption has been made, although it has usually remained implicit, that the conditions of experimental stress are analogous to the requirements for adaptation to stress outside the laboratory. The present paper is the introduction to a series of studies which undertakes to estimate the adequacy of these assumed relationships. This seems to be a particularly clear requirement since, in the few studies which have investigated these relationships, the results have been largely negative. On the other hand, it has been observed that individuals diagnosed as schizophrenic perform less well than do normals under conditions of experimental stress. Similarly, it is commonly recognized that schizophrenics and, indeed, all individuals who manifest severe psychopathology, have shown a marked failure in adaptation to society.

The article presents studies which attempt to extend the previous work on social perception, in two main respects. They are primarily concerned with the interpersonal relationship which exists between the perceiver and the perceivee, and secondly, they deal with the phenomena of interpersonal perception. Data about living persons have been utilized as the basic stimuli of perception. The research discussed in this article is based on the assumption that the interpersonal relationship can be considered as a unit for purposes of research. The relationship can be studied by means of interpersonal perception methods if some methodological assumptions are made. The assumption which has perhaps been most widely accepted holds that a person will react to his environment in terms of how he perceives it. However, by "environment" it is usually meant people, especially those on whom the individual depends for gratification of his physical and emotional needs. The particular dimension with which the paper deals with is a by- product of prediction. The degree of similarity or difference which one person assumes to exist between himself and another is a matter of interest. It is hypothesized that this tendency to see another person as similar to oneself will have important consequences to the interpersonal relationship.

This article tests the distinction drawn between highly organized and less highly organized philosophicoreligious sentiments. The genesis of philosophicoreligious sentiments for all of the subjects was a matter of gradual awakening. This awakening had its onset during early childhood years. The first crucial contacts with religion occurred when need-satisfactions or need-frustrations were effected. The data suggest further that it was not the satisfaction or frustration of any need whatsoever that was important, but rather the satisfaction or frustration of strong needs which at the time the individual accepted as belonging to his self. As a consequence of repeated experience with religion during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, experiences at home, at Sunday school, at church, at college and so on, experiences involving new need-satisfactions or frustrations as well as the need-satisfactions or frustrations originally effected by religion, the philosophicoreligious sentiments of all of the subjects have undergone a gradual development. That this development has been a matter of increased organization, resulting from dual processes of differentiation and integration, is suggested by the fact that, for a majority of the subjects, the childhood philosophicoreligious sentiment was simple a matter of belief in a personal God.

Empirical studies indicated little evidence for generational differences on the level of beliefs traditionally referred to as attitudes (see Rokeach's typology). At the intermediate level of beliefs, those concerning authority, there appeared more possibility of generational discontinuity, especially in relation to the legitimacy of national institutions. Although very little research has been done on value orientations, studies of political attitudes have indicated higher parent-child agreement on partisan attitudes than on political value orientations. Data from a sample of college students and their parents indicate striking generational differences on another value orientation, a measure of time perspective. It appears that writers who have argued that a counterculture is emerging among the younger generation are concentrating on the value orientation level, while the debunkers of the notion of a generation gap have focused almost entirely upon the level of attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the development of a mental health agency job function inventory. This report describes the development of an Inventory of Job Functions (IJF) which can be used for descriptive analysis of roles and functions within mental health agencies. A pool of 175 job functions was generated from job descriptions and other sources. Duplicate and ambiguous items were eliminated. Eight mental health agency directors were asked to modify or add to the 125 remaining items. The authors independently classified each item into one of eight content categories. The two judgments were compared and ambiguous items were modified. Items that were placed in the same content category by at least three of four different judges who then independently classified them were retained.

Great part of the daily interaction of marriage partners is talk or other forms of communication. Communication is a much more specialized process than perception. Perhaps among most families everyday talk tends to be evaluative or actional. One has to have some skill to carry on purely objective talk for any length of time without boring the hearer. In these days of radio and television, people have even less patience to listen to narrative, descriptive, or explanatory discourse by the average spouse, parent or teacher. It is too hard to compete with the mass communication boys. Many persons have a strong feeling that they cannot adequately communicate their feelings to their partners. The real difficulty is usually to describe precisely the object or situation which provokes the given feeling, or to gain sympathy when the hearer's feelings are differently directed. This paper has been heavily flavored with evaluations, recommendations and with classifications or typologies. Its objective discourse has been largely made up of broad, commonsense generalizations plus a few facts about individual cases.

The article presents information on studies that focused on the possible uses of Tolserol in psychological testing in a neuropsychiatric hospital. In the first study, effects of Tolserol on twenty-six schizophrenic patients were investigated. A second study of clinical experiences with Tolserol was made on twenty-six patients in various diagnostic categories selected for investigation because emotional factors were dominating their reactions in a fashion which blocked effective therapeutic rapport or general hospital adjustment.

The article presents a study on objective quantification of countertranference attitude. Twenty-two psychotherapists were incorporated for the study. The patient was asked to describe himself by means of an array of seventy-six statements. The therapist was requested to predict how the patient described him-self, using the same statements and the same instructions. The article suggests that therapists' feeling reactions toward their patients are relatively stable over many treatment interviews

A research program is outlined for investigating the laws characterizing emotional dependence in childhood. In particular, emphasis is placed upon the identification of the dimensions operating in behaviors which appear to be employed to gain certain social responses from other persons (like those apparently employed for attention, approval, affection, reassurance, and the like); and the conditions under which they develop. The program proceeds both from simple learning and performance concepts and from such theories as are available for tracing the early development of emotional dependence. Initially, a two-pronged research program is proposed: the dimensional program would catalogue instrumental behaviors, reinforcers and object persons which characterize the dependence process, and such interrelationships as may be discovered among them, stated as a function of age; and the developmental program would employ the catalogue to focus upon the etiologies of different emotional dependence patterns. In particular, these researches propose to focus systematically upon selected aspects of the human caretaking situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of object relations is not just structural, implying the bare bones of situations; it leaves room for variable qualities and changes of affects and feelings. The special advantage of 'object-relations' over archetypal image or affect-object is that number configurations can easily be attached to indicate the level of personal experience. The oscillations in object-relationships, the fluctuations of psychic states, should be taken into consideration when developments or transformations are reported on in terms of long duration and the collective layer of cultural and social influences should not be ignored.

Examines the relationship among countertransference, anxiety and change. Analysis of a regressed patient; Levels of consciousness; Process of differentiation and ego development.

The article informs that the H-T-P whole to space proportion and perspective purportedly assess feelings about environmental relationships. A comparison of H-T-P's of southern Negro and white children revealed that a significantly higher percentage of Negro drawings were space-constricted, too large for the page, without adequate page space framing them, and touching or almost touching the page's side margins, the finding was interpreted as evidence of greater frustration and reactive aggression among the Negroes and was offered in support of the frustration-aggression hypothesis. H-T-P size and placement of 46 Negro and 38 English-speaking Puerto Rican children were compared with those of white children matched for age, sex, grade, and reading level.

Focuses on the impact of multiple analysis on the emotional climate at the psychology training institutes. Identification of the best way to intensify the transference; Association of the contents to the personal analytical situation; Factor that can help to free the analyst from the self-projection; Effect of the gradual development of an analysis on the analyst.

This article presents the author's comments on the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study. The Picture-Frustration (P-F) Study originated largely from the need for a tool to be used in exploring certain concepts of frustration theory. The present survey of research related to the P-F Study is accordingly appropriate to its original intent. While one group of these reports emphasizes the experimental or clinical validation of the P-F, the other stresses the association of the method with ulterior research objectives ranging from problems of personality diagnosis to those of personnel selection. The point was made that the P-F Study is intended to disclose individual dynamics rather than to confirm psychiatric diagnosis in Kraepelmian or other statistical terms. The relationship between a particular score and pattern of scores in the Study, on the one hand, and a psychiatric diagnosis or label, on the other, might therefore be difficult to demonstrate and perhaps even be irrelevant. While a very large group of patients of a designated psychiatric category might be expected to have certain psychodynamic characteristics in common, in any small sample individual variations in dynamics could easily predominate and tend to negate differential diagnosis by means of the P-F.

The article presents a study which investigates the relationship between intelligence as measured on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and perception as measured by the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test (MPD), in a population of emotionally disturbed children. Using a sample of 87 emotionally disturbed children, correlations were computed beticen MPD and WISC scores. Only three significant correlations were found. These were for Arithmetic, Picture Completion and Information. Their relationship to spatial perception and emotional disturbance was discussed. It was suggested that children with emotional problems tend to have difficulty with correct perception of direction, shape of forms, reproduction of number units, and the part-whole relationship of the figures on the MPD.

Reviews the article 'The Place of Fairytales in the Emotional Development of Children,' by Hans Dieckmann, published in the journal 'Prax. Kinderpsycholgie.'

The article focuses on the relationship of help-seeking attitudes to severity of psychological distress; standardized scales were utilized as the measures of severity of psychological problems. Based on previous studies, it was predicted that severity of disturbance and positive help-seeking attitudes would be inversely related. It appears that more disturbed individuals may be less receptive to psychological help. The direction or origin of the causal relationship is unclear, and further delineation of the problem would prove useful.

The article presents an attitudinal survey of an incoming group of first-year psychiatric residents to the Boston City Hospital, regarding their views as to the field of drug addiction. At the beginning of the first year of their psychiatry residency, the residents were viewed as unsure and generally ambivalent in their attitudes towards drug addiction. They felt that emotional factors played a part in the genesis of drug addiction, however felt that drug addicts were able to control their drug intake. After a year of frequent and intensive contact with drug addicts, residents felt less certain that "emotional difficulties" were important causal factors, indeed showed the greatest attitudinal change in this respect. Thus, the resident group relied less at the end of their first year on "emotional" factors, and more on "social" factors in their attempts to understand the problem of drug addiction, and tended to qualify their increased awareness of social factors in a negative way, probably because of their experiences with drug addicts during the year. The addict by virtue of the nature of his presentation extracts a uniformly negative response from the resident, who in turn can revert to standardized, accepted, attitudinal responses.

Evidence is presented that 2 major factor dimensions that jointly account for major proportions of the variance of the social-emotional functioning of young children represent relatively enduring personality predispositions. Kindergarten children (N = 287) were rated by their teachers on classroom functioning and by testers on test-taking behavior; most of the children (N = 271) were rated again by their classroom teacher at the end of the first grade and by testers in the first half of the second grade. The factor dimensions were found to have moderate stability over time and across settings. Longitudinal stability was enhanced substantially when matching factor scores were pooled across settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the definition of theory and its relation to an individual and the society in general. Theory arises out of, flows back into, exists in, and is an aspect of, an active, passionate and willful attempt to secure one outcome rather than another in an external and internal world. Theory is thus only an ingredient in action. It is an aspect of practice, of struggle and of praxis. Theory is what differentiates human from the rest, for humans themselves are in large part, theory. The society is a society constituted as to quality and determined as to degree by the suppositions or theories that individuals have about themselves. While true so far as it goes, society is more than that because individuals each have suppositions and theories about society. And with society, as with persons, the theory, belief, faith or supposition is neither outside nor really in any ordinary sense about society. Theory is therefore, not about an individual but it is the individual and it is not about the society but rather it is the society itself. Apathy, frustration, loneliness and despair relate to the personal and social theories within which people live.

The concept of anxiety has generated a great deal of research and many theoretical and methodological formulations. Little consensus has been reached about the exact nature of anxiety and how it can be reliably assessed. Anxiety has been viewed by different theorists as a stimulus for certain behavior, as a response, as a learned drive, and as a personality variable. For example, anxiety has been regarded by different theoreticians as a conflict between the energy systems of the brain experienced as an unpleasant affective state or condition, a reaction to an internal or external source of danger that results in disequilibrium of the energy systems, a maladaptive response to disrupted relationships with others a physiological state of arousal caused by stimulus conditions the environment and interpreted by the individual a learned drive that creates neurotic conflict and the reduction of drive which can enforce the learning of new experiences.

The article compares samples of normals and schizophrenics on the basis of their perceptions of the emotional content of facial expressions by using psychologist C.E. Izard standardized procedure. Emotion Recognition responses yielded two kinds of scores. The first was accuracy of recognition; the criterion for correctness was the modal categories as determined by the previous cross-cultural research. The second kind of score was based on the distribution of responses without regard for accuracy. The free-response data were subjected to a categorization procedure.

This article presents information on trait anxiety in verbal behavior. Although the prospect of detecting trait (chronic or predispositional) anxiety in verbal behavior has intrigued clinicians for many years, firm documentation of hypothesized relationships has proven rather elusory. Empirical efforts to clarify the speech-anxiety problem have been hampered by two methodological problems: lack of agreement as to appropriate response measures, and assurance of standard conditions in which to obtain a sample of speech.

The article discusses about the book providing information about anxiety. A study for which there is still a steady demand, "The Functioning of Social Systems As a Defence Against Anxiety" -- A Report on a Study of the Nursing Service of a General Hospital, by Isabel E. P. Menzies.

Visual evoked responses (VERs) to slides having different emotional content were recorded in occipital, parietal, motor, and frontal cortex from mental retardates (MRs). Unpleasant stimuli produced the smallest VER amplitudes, neutral stimuli the largest, and pleasant stimuli produced VER amplitudes between unpleasant and neutral values. These results are qualitatively similar to those previously reported for normal subjects, although they occur in later VER components in the MRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychophysiology is just as closely related to internal medicine as it is to psychiatry. "Psychological variable" has two distinct meanings: a) an external sensory stimulus, or b) an organismic state described in psychological language. "Psychological" and "Physical" are names of two different languages. There is no such thing as a non-physical illness. Asking whether emotions cause diseases, or diseases cause emotions, leads to many difficulties and is unprofitable. It is far more useful to ask about stimulus-response relationships. There are more kinds of specificity relations in psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine than are usually recognized, and the usual specificity statements in psychosomatic medicine are not concerned with I-R or S-R specificity. There are many problems in medicine which psychophysiology could help to solve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activation of the neural apparatus of positive emotions results in physiological changes different from those taking place in the ease of negative emotional activation. The stimulation of negative structures was accompanied by a steadily growing bradycardia, not compensated at intervals between stimulations. There is every reason to believe that an adequate compensation of the heart rate changes during stimulation of positive structures and allows us to understand the physiological cause of complete harmlessness of even intense positive emotions for a person's health.

Three studies involving quantitative changes in alpha activity are reported. Sixteen normal volunteers were shown neutral or emotionally provoking words appearing with slowly increasing intensity on a frosted glass pane in a darkened room. A differential reaction was observed, i.e., with emotional words there was a higher alpha percentage from the time before the Ss perceived the light until after they could read the word. In the second study 10 normal volunteers were stimulated with closed eyes for 2-sec periods of diffuse light after the hypnotic suggestion of blindness. Compared with the prestimulus interval there was an average increase in alpha amplitude, whereas the control condition showed the usual alpha decrease during stimulation. In the third study 32 chronic schizophrenic patients were given a Phenothiazine derivative over 3 months after a 2-month placebo period. Ratings of alpha activity as to occipital amplitude, group length, topographical extension, and occurrence in synchronous groups showed a progressive increase from the placebo condition to the third month. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey of the literature on human salivation is presented with emphasis upon the influence of normal and psychopathologic emotional states as they affect alterations in factors relating to flow rate. Discussion includes neurolollical and physiological features of the gland, individuality of response, results of classical and operant conditioning, and suggested areas for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an attempt to improve the scoring of physiological responses, in terms of higher inter-correlations of physiological variables and correlations with self report measures of mood change, three new scores were compared with Autonomic Lability Scores. The first score was produced by changing the sampling of physiological records to minimize spontaneous fluctuations. This increased the physiological-mood correlations. The second and third scores provided, additionally, corrections for individual prestimulus variability. Such corrections, done by covariance adjustment, tended to increase the physiological-mood correlations further. When done by a division procedure, no improvements were observed. None of the three scoring methods affected substantially the inter-correlations of physiological variables. Heart rate, skin conductance, and forehead muscle tension were measured during two stimuli: a noxious movie and a mild noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomic activity was recorded from 16 male subjects as they read sexually stimulating material. The resulting physiological response patterns included increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressures, palmar conductance and number of galvanic skin responses. Heart and respiration rates remained relatively constant, and there was some indication of peripheral vasodilatation subsequent to initial constriction. The results suggest a differential change in the activity of both branches of the autonomic nervous system, in which neither the parasympathetic nor the sympathetic nervous system may be considered dominant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physiological measures -- breathing amplitude (BA), breathing cycle time (BCT), galvanic skin response (GSR), skin potential response (SPR), systolic blood pres- sure (BP), oxygen saturation level (O[sub2]S), finger volume (FV), and pulse volume (PV) -- were compared with respect to their relative efficiency in discriminating deception in a lie detection experiment. Thirty Ss were tested. Stimuli consisted of personal words and neutral words made relevant in the context of a mock crime paradigm. Only GSR, SPR, and FV consistently discriminated better than chance, with GSR and SPR significantly superior to FV. BA and 02S yielded some evidence of discrimination, but were inconsistent across stimulus material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose was to determine whether instructional sets would influence the pattern of autonomic response. In the first study sound and pain were compared in three groups instructed as to expected effects of the sound: (a) "neutral," (b) analgesic, (c) hyperalgesic. Palmar sweating, heart rate, and finger pulse were recorded. In the second study group was tested three times with instructions as to expected effects on stomach of 3 "drugs," (a) "relaxant," (b) "placebo," (c) "stimulant." All 3 drugs were the same capsule containing the magnet for recording stomach motility. It was found that the instruction produced the expected autonomic response pattern in the majority of subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this report is to account for differences in measures of sweating, resistance, skin potential, and conductivity at high and low levels of bodily excitation by simultaneous measurement of the variables and to explain why conductance provides a satisfactory over-all measure. Relations between simultaneously recorded sweat, resistance, skin potential and conductance changes are shown graphically. Two distinctly different response processes occurring respectively at high and low levels of resistance are seen to overlap in the middle range. Together the resistance measurement of these two widely different levels span the gamut of reactivity from the low to the higher levels of bodily excitation. The differing magnitudes of the measures of these two reactive phenomena can be meaningfully combined in, and quantitatively represented on a single scale of measurement when using units of conductance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this essay is to identify the research area of psychophysiology by abstracting the goals and methods from reports which this author believes are properly called psychophysiological. The general goal of psychophysiology is to describe the mechanisms which translate between psychological and physiological systems of the organism. Specific goals are to identify and describe the physiological processes directly relevant to such psychological constructs as drive, motivation, attitude, emotion, and their modification by learning. Findings include the description by physiological patterns of several emotions, sleep, dreaming, hypnosis, psychiatric and psychosomatic conditions. Principles conceived are individual, stimulus, emotion and attitude specificities and the law of initial values. The progressive theme of psychophysiological method has been to extend measurement to more covert behavior with decreasing interference with the organism. Methods and special problem areas are reviewed under the categories of (a) the stimulus situation, (b) observation (sensors, recorders, signal transformation), and (c) analysis, synthesis, and interpretation. The major unsolved technical problem is the automatic detection of artifact. The chief theoretical problem is to "break the code" by which the organism translates between experience and physiology. The psychophysiological method is seen as having useful application in classification and training for motivational abilities and stress tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a study of the association between mother's level of advance information about her child's hospitalization for tonsillectomy and her level of distress and adaptation to the child's hospitalization. The data support the hypotheses that: a child's hospitalization for tonsillectomy is a distressful event for the mother of the child; and mothers who are given a great deal of advance information from a physician about their child's hospitalization will suffer less distress and make a more rational adaptation to the hospitalization than mothers who are given very little or no advance information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the teacher's attitude and children's performance on the Lauretta Bender Gestalt test and human figure drawings. In trying to understand and predict a pupil's behavior and achievement in elementary school one must not only consider his endowment and home environment but also his teacher. The present study explores the effect of the teacher's attitude on the performance of the Bender Gestalt Test and Human Figure Drawings by first graders. The observed behavior in the class rooms revealed a marked contrast, and the expressed attitude and stated preference of school activities by the Ss in the two classes indicated a significant difference between them.

The article presents information on a study that examines the persuasive doll therapy as a technique of directive psychotherapy for use with children using illustrative medical cases. The authors' claim that they were frequently able to induce modifications in behavior through doll play, where attempts at direct persuasion failed. The projection of the child's problems onto the doll stage bypasses the usual resistances to their discussion. To recommend persuasive doll play is its frequent ability to effect quick changes in behavior, and its suitability to children who are unable to benefit from standard therapeutic procedures, whether because of emotional resistances or physical handicaps.

This article discusses how important is psychotherapy to the hospitalized psychiatric patient. The process of psychotherapy consists of a series of verbal communications between a therapist and a patient. This involves not only the mutual comprehension and manipulation of concepts and symbols but also the ability to utilize words as a medium for expressing emotions. Significant differences have been found between middle class and lower class subjects in preferences for verbal and motoric orientations, with middle class subjects being more verbally and conceptually oriented, while lower class subjects are more motorically inclined.

The article presents the Cornell medical index health questionnaire as the recognition of emotional disturbances in a general hospital. Physicians generally recognize that a patient's symptoms are often significantly related to an emotional disturbance. Physicians generally recognize that a patient's symptoms are often significantly related to an emotional disturbance. Yet, because of their interest in other aspects of the patient's medical problem, some physicians may overlook these disturbances.

The article cites an experiment that studied the influence of body position on mental processes. In the experiment six subjects were asked to interpret the same plate--8BM of the TAT--and six were asked to respond to a personal letter, five unmarried men to identical letters supposedly written by their girl friends, a married man to an anonymous letter concerning his wife. The hypothesis is formulated that body position exerts considerable influence on. apperception, thinking, and emotions. The reclining position has a tendency to remove these processes from reality considerations and consequently allows greater complacency.

The article examines the reliability of the scoring of the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study. The Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study (P-F) is a controlled projective technique designed to assess typical reactions to frustrations. The Study consists of 24 cartoon-like drawings depicting a variety of mildly frustrating situations; the subject is required to respond for and presumably to identify with the victims of these incidents. The scoring of responses involves two chief dimensions--direction of aggression and type of reaction. Under direction of aggression it is considered whether the subject turns his aggression outward upon the environment, turns it inward upon himself, or avoids expressing it by smoothing over the situation.

The article presents various cases of hostility syndrome. Much has been written about anxiety patterns, including anxiety hysteria, anxiety neurosis, feelings of inferiority, etc., but in comparison there is a paucity of material in regard to hostility. Not only are feelings of hostility and aggressive behavior of theoretical importance but experience indicates that individuals with feelings of hostility are more difficult to work with therapeutically than those with comparable degrees of anxiety.