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Fifty-eight patients with acne were studied in regard to the microbial flora of the scalp, forehead, cheek, anterior nares, and open and closed comedones. Males carried higher numbers of aerobic bacteria and Pityrosporum at all sites. Patients with inflammatory acne also supported larger populations of these organisms in comparison to those with dominantly comedonal disease. Corynebacterium acnes density was not clearly affected by sex or type of disease. Group II C. acnes occurred most frequently in the nose and in comedones. Greater densities were found in patients with inflammatory disease. Bacteriophage against group I C. acnes was recovered from all but three patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-three newborn infants with anaerobic bacteremia were seen during a 3 1/2-year period, an incidence of 1.8 cases per 1,000 live births, and 26% of all cases of neonatal bacteremia. Clinical manifestations of neonatal anaerobic bacteremia were indistinguishable from other causes of neonatal sepsis. Prolonged rupture of membranes, maternal amnionitis, prematurity, fetal distress, foul odor at birth and respiratory difficulty were the most commonly associated conditions. Although all infants were ill appearing at or shortly after birth, only one death occurred. In our experience, anaerobic bacteremia in the newborn infant may be self-limited with a favorable prognosis regardless of antimicrobial therapy. Anaerobic pathogens, however, may occasionally be associated with serious perinatal morbidity and mortality. Anaerobic cultures employing special media should be performed routinely in all neonates with suspected sepsis, particularly when aerobic cultures have been negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum which is characterized by two clusters containing four sulfur-linked iron atoms each, was studied by Mößbauer and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The iron of oxidized ferredoxin is high-spin Fe(III) (S = 5/2) coupled antiparallel magnetically as concluded from the magnitude of the quadrupole splitting and its slight temperature dependence. Thus the net spin of the cluster is S = 0. This explains why no magnetic hyperfine splitting was observed in the Mößbauer absorption spectrum of oxidized ferredoxin at 4.2 K. The observation of at least two quadrupole doublets with a ratio of intensities deviating from unity points to a slight inequivatence of the ligand field symmetry of the individual iron atoms. Reduction of oxidized, ferredoxin leads to an uptake of one electron per cluster. The net electron spin of each cluster of reduced ferredoxin is thus S = ½. Spin-spin coupling of both the clusters prevents the appearance of a magnetic hyperfine splitting at low temperature. In an external magnetic field of 20 kG the coupling is removed and a hyperfine structure is observed. Under the conditions of X-band electron spin resonance spectroscopy, i.e. in a magnetic field of 3.5 kG, the spin-spin coupling is not totally removed. Therefore, an anisotropic 7-line spectrum originating from a system with S = 1, is observed. Under chemical conditions producing partly reduced ferredoxin a 2-line spectrum from the uncoupled S = ½ systems is also found. It indicates axial symmetry of the innermolecular electric field, Mößbauer spectroscopy enabled the detection of various amounts of non-cluster iron in samples of oxidized and reduced ferredoxin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of the total sterol content has been made of a yeast strain during aerobic adaptation. Transmethylation occurs principally at the 4-demethylsterol level, but conditions were obtained wherein a small fraction of the transmethylations were with 4&aalpha;-methyl precursors. A Δ7-Zymostenol has been tentatively identified as a product previously unreported in yeast. Esterification was observed in all sterol intermediates and products. Cell-flee cyclization of 2,3-epoxy-22-methylene squalene to 24-methylene lanosterol occurs with yeast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study which examined infections induced by Eikenella corrodens (E. corrodens), an anaerobic bacillus of uncertain pathogenicity. Overview of previous studies on E. corrodens; Characteristics of the patients with E. corrodens infections involved in the study; Types of antibiotics in which E. corrodens are susceptible with.

Q fever was first described in Australia and has since been reported from many countries. infects numerous species of mammals and has been isolated from ticks. Infected cattle, sheep and goats remain healthy but excrete the organism, which is present in high concentration in products of conception and survives in dust for long periods. The ways in which humans may become infected are considered. Many of these infections do not cause symptoms, but some are fatal and the prevention of this disease remains a challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

, , 377-381. A 38-year-old man had a mitral valve replacement for rheumatic calcific mitral stenosis and regurgitation; following this operation he remained well for 10 months. He then presented with cough, abdominal pain, and rigors, and type 3 was repeatedly isolated from blood cultures. His clinical condition deteriorated rapidly and an emergency valve replacement was performed. He was then treated with co-trimoxazole for 12 months and made an excellent recovery. This is the first reported case of brucella endocarditis arising on a prosthetic heart valve. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Details of aerobic small intestinal cultures are provided and brief reference is made to the complex methods used for anaerobic cultures. The results of aerobic and anaerobic cultures in 17 control subjects and 11 patients with variants of the blind loop syndrome (BLS) are provided. The marked anaerobic predominance encountered in normal human feces was not found in small bowel aspirates of either control subjects or patients with the BLS. Treatment directed against the predominant aerobic (facultatively anaerobic) flora recovered from small bowel aspirates of patients with the BLS was found effective in the majority of patients and two representative case summaries are provided. The obligately anaerobie bacterial flora was consistently reduced together with parallel reductions in aerobic flora following antibiotic treatment directed against aerobic organisms. It is concluded that quantitative aerobic cultures of small bowel aspirates are relative y easy to obtain and are essential for correct diagnosis and management of patients with variants of the BLS. The complex anaerobic culture methods presently available are not feasible for clinical usage and are not essential for clinical purposes in the management of patients with the BLS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies were made to determine the effects of hexachlorophene on aerobic bacteria of normal human skin. A test group of adults exposed their toe webs to the exaggerated use of a detergent containing 3% hexachlorophene. A control group followed the same regimen with a similar detergent containing no hexachlorophene. A membrane filter culture technique was used to make semiquantitative and qualitative estimations of the skin bacteria present before and after detergent usage. Both groups of subjects had a significant decline in numbers of cutaneous diphtheroids upon detergent usage. The test subjects showed significantly decreased densitites of staphylococci accompanied by significantly increased numbers of Gram-negative bacilli, a trend not observed among the control subjects. When coagulase-negative staphylococci were inhibited, there resulted an emergence of the Enterobacter-Klebsiella and Pseudomonas groups of Gram-negative bacilli on a moist skin area of adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative study of the microflora of 5 open and 5 closed comedones in each of 15 acne patients yielded anaerobic diphtheroids in 92 percent of lesions at a geometric mean density of 8.2 × 104 organisms per lesion. Open comedones (blackheads) contained higher numbers of yeasts and aerobic bacteria than closed ones (whiteheads). Study of individual comedones yields no more information than pooled samples. An association was found between severe acne and the incidence and density of Coryrnebacterium acnes group II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for the isolation of anaerobic bacteria from endodontic specimens under Continuous anaerobiosis is described. A mobile anaerobe unit supplies a gentle stream of oxygen-free gas over the tooth when the bacteriologic sample is taken. The paper-points are then, under oxygen-free gas, immediately transferred to prereduced, anaerobically sterilized roll tubes. The different isolated anaerobic bacteria are typed with biochemical tests, antibiotic susceptibility testing and gas chromatographic analysis of volatile fatty acids and alcohols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An anaerobic strain of corynebacteria resembling Corynebacterium anaerobicum was cultured in a fermentor at constant pH. The growth medium was a glucose-proteose-peptone broth. Active hyaluronidase was liberated into the extra-cellular medium during growth as long as glucose was present in the medium. The pH optimum of the enzyme was between pH 5.0 and 6.2. The enzyme was stable between pH 5.0 and 9.4 and it was found to be heat labile. No gelatinolytic, caseinolytic, nor aminopeptidase activity of the extracellular medium of cultures of this strain could be demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. A stopped-flow technique was used to study the anaerobic reduction of fungal laccase B by hydroquinone, ascorbate and Fe(CN)4-6. The reactions were followed by measurements of the intensity of absorption bands at 610 and 330 nm, related to a one- and a two-electron acceptor, respectively. 2. The experiments confirmed earlier results indicating a second-order reduction of the 610-nm chromophore. The reduction of the 330-nm chromophore was found to be constant with the concept that the rate is limited by an intramolecular step. A model for the anaerobic reduction of laccase was formulated. 3. The effect of F- on the anaerobic kinetics implies that this inhibitory anion changes the rate constant of the rate-limiting step. 4. The reduction of the 330-nm chromophore, as it appears under anaerobic conditions, cannot be part of the normal catalytic mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wide range of different strains of anaerobic coryneforms and classical propionibacteria have been surveyed for some of their macrocytostimulant effects (included under this term are the ability to increase the rate of phagocytic uptake of carbon after intravenous injection of the latter into mice, ability to stimulate an increase in lysosomal hydrolases and ability to exert directly a chcmotactic stimulus on macrophages) and their ability to increase humoral and cellular immunity when admixed with an immunogen. Of twenty-one strains of anaerobic coryneforms tested, fifteen strains were able to produce an increase of the phagocytic index in mice of at least 50 per cent. Micro-organisms that were effective in these tests occurred in each of the four main serological groups. Although no single serological group showed outright superiority in causing an increase of K, three of the five strains which had highest activity belonged to serological group I. Four organisms representing the ‘classical’ propionibacteria were also tested, but none of these caused an increase of phagocytic index in mice. Many of the strains that stimulated a rise in phagocytic index also caused an increase in the weight of the spleen measured at 10 days after injection and a moderately good correlation was apparent between the magnitude of the two effects, Tests in mice and chickens for an adjuvant action on serum levels of antibody failed to show any enhancement of primary responses, although a barely significant elevation of the secondary response in the mouse was observed. In the guinea-pig, a clear adjuvant effect on the levels of serum antibody in a primary response was observed. However, no evidence could be obtained that any of several anaerobic coryneforms was able to enhance cell-mediated hypersensitivity, as shown by delayed-type skin tests or corneal reactions. A study of the histological responses to a footpad injection of various anaerobic coryneforms (in water-oil emulsion with ovalbumin) showed that the regional (popliteal) node underwent a considerable expansion of the lymphoid-cell content of the paracortical (thymus-dependent) area. This was accompanied by extensive sinus plugging by lymphocytes and endothelial hypertrophy of post-capillary venules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chemotactic factor has been isolated from cultures and culture filtrates of many members of the group of anaerobic coryneform bacteria which includes various strains of Corynebacterium parvum. This factor attracts guinea-pig and mouse peritoneal exudate macrophages specifically and fails to attract either human blood neutrophils or guinea-pig peritoneal exudate neutrophils. Its activity is serum-independent. It is non-dialysable and destroyed by boiling. There is strong, positive correlation between the capacity of individual strains of anaerobic coryneforms to produce this macrophage chemotactic factor and the capacity of the same micro-organisms, when injected in vivo into mice, to enhance the clearance of carbon from the circulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies the inhibition of bacterial sulphate-reduction in presence of short chain fatty acids. First evidence of the occurrence of hydrogen sulphide in the course of methane fermentation of cellulose by impure enrichments cultures of anaerobic bacteria; Study methods.

Provides information on a study that evaluated clindamycin, a derivative of lincomycin with a broad in-vitro antibacterial spectrum against most strains of anaerobic bacteria, including Bacteroides fragilis for the therapy of various severe anaerobic and mixed anaerobic-aerobic infections. Methodology of the study; Results and discussion on the study.

Presents a study that investigated cases of pyogenic liver abscess caused by anaerobic bacteria. Characteristics of anaerobic liver abscess; Information on the strains of bacteria discovered in patients with pyogenic liver abscess; Details on signs of the presence of anaerobic infection among the patients.

Describes the case of a woman with rheumatic heart disease who developed Brucella canis. Pathogenesis of Brucella canis; Medical history of the patient; Results of bacteriological and immunological studies.

During 12 selected years from 1933 to 1965, 337 patients were documented as having bacterial endocarditis at Boston City Hospital, 43 of them with 2 organisms and 10 with 3 in their blood, or heart valves, or both. Streptococcus viridans was the most frequent organism found and occurred in every year and Pneumococcus and Staphylococcus aureus in each year but one. The finding of Staph. aureus, gram-negative bacilli (not Salmonella or Shigella). Enterococcus, and Staph. epidermidis appeared to be related to extensive usage of antimicrobials and was predominantly nosocomial. Only two patients with Enterococcus and one in whom Staph. epidermidis as found were seen before 1947. Rheumatic valvular disease was present in more than two thirds of the patients with S. viridans or Staph. epidermidis but 4 only one third or less of those with other organisms. Staph. aureus, Enterococcus, and gram-negative bacilli more often affected patients over 60 and S. pyogenes and S. viridans, those under 40 years old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerobic bacterial cultures of upper gastrointestinal aspirates were performed in 10 patients with diabetes mellitus and gastrointestinal disturbances. All but one had diarrhea, five also had steatorrhea. ‘Normal’ bacterial growth as previously defined was encountered in seven patients. One of the three patients with excessive bacterial growth had gastric atony without diarrhea. Two patients with diabetic diarrhea and steatorrhea had excessive small-intestinal bacterial growth (106 to 107 colony-forming units (cfu)/ml). Their diarrhea and steatorrhea were controlled by antibiotics selected according to the sensitivities of the recovered organisms. Thus, these two patients, In contrast to the remainder of the group, represented another variant of the blind-loop syndrome responsive to antibiotic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a case study in which nocardial infection gave rise to purulent constrictive pericarditis. Background on the identification of Nocardia asteroides; Clinical history of the patient; Pathological findings obtained; Review of related literature.

Until 1960, 179 cases of infection with had been described in the world literature. Seventeen cases in children were reported by 1963. The organism is a common saprophyte in nature with probably a world-wide distribution. Infection can be primary but is more common in patients with underlying malignancy, auto-immune disease or preceding tuberculosis. Sulphonamides, particularly sulphadiazine, are the drugs of choice in treatment; the value of antibiotics is less clearly established. The indications for surgical treatment have not yet been defined. We record a further case of primary pulmonary nocardiosis in a 3-year-old child. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A method to determine the potential of microbial nitrogen fixation in soils under aerobic conditions is described. Four different soil types were studied; loess, lime, mull and calcareous soil. The soil samples were collected in three different areas in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of the brackish water ostracod Hirschmannia viridis O. F. Muller is found to be salinity- and temperature-dependent. OCR is at its minimum at the average salinity of the area (The Sound, Oresund) (10-15%...) and an increase in the values is found both in sub- and supranormal salinities. This increase is enhanced by an increase in the temperature. The correlation between OCR and external temperature does not follow Arrhenius' law over the whole temperature range. Between 10°C and 20°C the increase in OCR is very small or absent but above and below these temperatures a clear correlation is found. There is no correlation between OCR and oxygen saturation of the surrounding water. In the range 20-80% saturation OCR is relatively constant, while a rapid decrease in OCR is found below 20% saturation (the incipient limiting point). Anaerobic conditions are survived for 13 hrs. in water of 10...%, salinity and 20°C. The time of survival is raised to 160 hrs. in water of 10% oxygen saturation and around the incipient limiting point (20% saturation) no excess mortality is found. The locomotory activity pattern of H. viridis is of the nocturnal bigeminus type. This pattern persists during dark periods of sufficient length (autumn and winter nights) but when the dark periods are shortened (spring and summer nights) only a single activity peak is found. The change between light and dark was found to be the Zeitgeber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aerobic and anaerobic microbial flora in the urine were studied in 44 hospitalized geriatric patients for a five-week period. The results of cultivations performed weekly showed a marked, spontaneous variation in the bacteriological flora, aerobic as well as anaerobic. Anaerobes were especially common in females. Multiple strains of bacteria were found more frequently in female patients. Escherichia coli, Proteus, and enterococci were the most common bacteria in the female patients while in the males E. coli and Proteus prevailed. The fact that the urinary bacterial strains change spontaneously at short intervals makes quantitative cultures and sensitivity tests irrelevant bases for therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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This article reports on lactobacilli in the female human body. The article discusses the presence of this anaerobic bacteria in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and vaginal tract, noting how it is different from lactobacillus in men. Information is also provided on the role of hormones, as well as on dental caries, bacterial cultures, and saliva.

The article presents research examining the selection of a suitable medium for culturing root canals. Research is needed for a more efficient medium for culturing root canals that would promote growth of aerobic and anaerobic types of organisms. Results revealed that trypticase dextrose and brain heart infusion proved to be the two media sufficient for practical cultivation of bacteria from root canals.

The article presents a study of the cultivation and isolation of spirochetes in the mouth. The need for specific conditions and media for the growth of mouth spirochetes is noted, mentioning that cultivation can only be achieved in anaerobic conditions using media with an enriching substance such as ascitic fluid, serum, or blood.

The article focuses on an anaerobic method of growing anaerobic organisms. It states that the method is a modification of A. W. Sellards' technique where anaerobic conditions were secured with phosphorus combustion. It talks about methods of safely storing phosphorus using a mason jar and water to prevent it from combusting. It comments on the need for the combustion chamber's design prevent the reignition of the phosphorus.

The article presents the results of a study which investigated the bacterial causes of pyorrhea, focusing on the anaerobic bacteria found in apical abscesses. Details of the experimental protocol are provided, and the distinctive bacteria found in such conditions, such as Gram-negative coccobacillii, are described.

Studies cases of community and hospital-acquired aspiration pneumonia, focusing on their bacteriology. Criteria for the classification of pulmonary infections; Clinical differences between the two groups; Anaerobic bacteria which were found frequently in the groups.

Corynebacterium acnes was found to be a resident member of the skin flora at 18 different sites. Great individual variation in numbers of recovered organisms occurred; chance factors in the recovery technique probably accounted for this variation. The minority of patients studied had very low numbers of C. acnes at all sites studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of a study which investigated the establishment of typical microbiota in the mouths of human infants. An overview of related previous research is provided, along with details of the experimental protocol. Fusiform Gram-negative bacteria, including anaerobic strains, were found in the saliva samples of most healthy infants by six months of age.

The presence of anaerobic diphtheroids in subgingival plaque isolates from 79 individuals was analyzed on a statistical basis; a 26% incidence was found in periodontally diseased patients, compared with 4% in clinically normal individuals. No statistically significant increase was observed with increased severity of periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a response by Joseph Head and C. Roos to a critique of their research paper "On the Bacteriology of Apical Abscesses: A Preliminary Report." Both the original research paper and the critique to which they are responding are published elsewhere in the same issue. The topics under discussion include the role of antibacterial vaccines in dentistry and anaerobic bacteria found in apical abcesses.

The article presents a critique of a research paper by Joseph Head and C. Roos, published elsewhere in the same issue, titled "On the Bacteriology of Apical Abscesses: A Preliminary Report." It is said that the paper contains suggestive findings, particularly regarding anaerobic bacteria in apical abscesses. The research is said to be inconclusive, however, especially in regard to the development of antibacterial vaccines.

The article compares two methods for detecting obligate anaerobic bacteria in necrotic dental pulps. One method is a prereduced "E" medium and endodontic culturing conditions at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University's Anaerobe Laboratory and the other is a fluid thioglycolate culturing medium. The pilot study found that more specimens were obtained in the E medium.

The article presents notes from research into the degradation of lactate by Bacterionema matruchotii in dental plaque under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The various methods and techniques used to isolate several strains of dental plaque into cell cultures is described. Results of the study suggest that Bacterionema matruchotii may convert lactate to weaker acids such as acetate and carbon dioxide in the dental plaque only if oxygen is present.