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Antilymphocytic globulin (ALG) depressed the antibody responses of mice to SRBC as measured in terms of splenic PFCs of IgM, IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b specificity. This effect was apparent over a range of antigen does. ALG also reduced the antibody responses of congenitally athymic mice to SRBC and SHI. The possible mode of action of ALG is discussed in the light of these, and other, observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immunodepressive effect of transplanted methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma cells on the humoral response to alum BSA could be potentiated by delaying the injection of antigen until several days after tumour transplantation. Cell transfer studies indicated that the spleen cells from animals exhibiting depressed responses to BSA were us effective as normal spleen cells at restoring the response to this antigen in sublethally irradiated syngeneic recipients. Other experiments showed that the simultaneous administration of tumour cells preferentially suppressed the IgGl splenic PFC response to SRBC, while in animals with established tumours the IgM and IgG2b responses to this antigen were elevated. There was no evidence that simultaneously transplanted or established tumour depressed the PFC response of draining lymph nodes following SRBC challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunoprecipitation studies with antisera to alpha2-macroglobulin (α2M) were undertaken on the supernatants and extracts of human peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured in serum free medium containing [14C]glutamine. These studies revealed that an appreciable amount of the [14C]glutamine was recovered in the α2M precipitate, suggesting that this protein was synthesized by lymphocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ALG has been isolated from the sera of four horses immunized with mouse thymocytes and its ability to suppress the immune response to SSS-III investigated. All four preparations suppressed the response to this antigen in BALB/c mice but only one was effective in CBA mice. Other ALGs were isolated from sequential bleeds obtained from a single horse. Preparations obtained after only two injections of the donor with mouse thymocytes, were able to suppress the immune response to SSS-III in CBA and BALB/c mice. Studies with selected ALG preparations indicated that they were less effective or ineffective if their administration was delayed until just before challenge with SSS-III. These results indicate that the ability of ALG to suppress thymus-independent immune processes is a variable one, but it is not necessarily a consequence of hyperimmunization of the donor animal. It is however influenced by the ALG protocol used and the strain of animal under test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on the critical examination of the profession a standard clause designed to avoid violations, either in the primary instrument or in secondary instruments exercising powers, of the Rule Against Perpetuities and related rules. Purpose of the Clause; Features of the saving clause; Depiction of the division into classes and the geographical sources from which students at the Harvard Law School have been drawn over last half-century.

Researchers have long been aware that when they become part of the system they are investigating, their own behavior may a.fleet the behavior they wish to study. Little data has been collected on the effect of respondents on the researcher and the consequences of this on tho research process. The problem is described and analyzed in this paper. We contend that respondents who have special qualities may intrude upon the researcher's role and make it difficult for him to collect necessary data. An illustration is presented from the authors' study of stripteasers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many years sociologists have done research on race relations in the United States, especially between Negroes and whites. In the past decade, hospitals and the health professions have also been popular objects of sociological inquiry. But thus far, there has been relatively little study of race relations in health organizations. Although some attention has been paid to the contribution of low-status hospital workers to the therapeutic process, the extent to which the race of the low-status worker may influence the contribution has not been studied. This paper presents some data contrasting patient perceptions of subprofessional low-status Negro hospital workers with patient perceptions of the professional high-status white hospital staff. The data suggest that from the patient's point of view (1) Negro aides, orderlies, housekeepers, food service personnel, etc. are more effective in meeting the patients' needs for expressive care than white nurses and physicians; and (2) these individuals' low status, Negro race, and sub-professional affiliation directly contribute to their effectiveness. If supported by further research, these hypotheses would have important implications for the sociology of race relations and for professional practice in patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods are described for the intravenous administration of equine antilymphocytic globulin (ALG) lo renal transplant recipients, the development of circulating antibodies to the equine IgG has been investigated using primary and secondary immunological procedures. The need for primary immunoassay procedures to assess both the immune response and induction of tolerance to equine IgG in ALG treated patients is extensively discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major disadvantage of using mail questionnaires to obtain research data is the possibility of a very low rate of return. In a study of hospitalized patients, personal face-to-face contact with respondents by a sponsor of a study before questionnaires were mailed was found to be an effective method for increasing returns. This technique appears suited for research in the health fields where patients may be contacted while they are under medical care, and then later mailed a questionnaire concerning information about their activities and behavior when they are no longer under treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most universal complaints of hospitalized patients in Western society is that they do not have enough communication with hospitalized functionaries. This paper briefly reviews the meaning and function of communication to hospitalized patients and some barriers to that communication. Possible reasons for lack of communication between patients and hospital functionaries are examined from the standpoint of their relation to the ends of the hospital as a social organization and the possible anticipated and unanticipated consequences of such a policy for the therapeutic process. Finally, a series of propositions are developed in regard to communication between nurses and hospitalized patients, and physicians and hospitalized patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the role of nurses in treating a patient. Researchers postulated that the pattern of expectations constituting the nursing role is characterized by disinterest, functional specificity, affective neutrality, universalism, and performance-oriented achievement. The therapeutic process requires as a condition of its effectiveness that the patient's functionally diffuse needs for response and sup port be met in part. To this extent the patient must be treated as a person. Thus nurses should treat patients as cases, except when it is therapeutically necessary to treat them as persons. Since patients are often demanding, unreasonable, irritating, suffer and die, the nurse, to keep from collapsing under the strain, should not be allowed to become emotionally attached to her patients. In recent years, the concept of "comprehensive medicine" has mushroomed. Today the idea that a patient is more than just an organism, that he is an individual acting and interacting in a social context that his loves, hates, likes, dislikes, understandings, misunderstandings, and fears, affect not only his attitudes toward medical care, but also his motivation to stay well, his very desire to live or die is commonly known if not totally accepted. The fact that many schools of nursing now include courses in psychology and sociology is testimony to the influence of this concept of medical care upon the training of nurses.

The effect of a single batch of horse anti-mouse thymocyte globulin on the immune response to type III polysaccharide antigen bas been investigated in 2–3-month-old male A/HeJ, C57BI, BALB/c, DBA/I, CBA and C3H mice. In almost all cases the intraperitoneal administration of 5 mg of this material on days -4 and -2 significantly suppressed the immune response to 0·1, 1·0 and 5·0 μg of antigen injected i.v. on day 0. Further studies undertaken in BALB/c mice indicated that effective suppression of the immune response to type III polysaccharide antigen could also be achieved by injecting 5 mg of this product (i.p.) some 15–30 minutes prior to antigenic challenge. Preliminary cell re constitution studies in antilymphocytic antibody-treated CBA mice indicate that the ability to respond to type III polysaccharide can be partially restored by the injection of syngeneic thymocytes, bone marrow cells or spleen cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of an horse anti-mouse thymocyte globulin (ALG) preparation on the primary and secondary immune responses to sheep erythrocytes (RBC) was studied in 2-3-month-old male A/HeJ, C57B1, BALB/c, DBA/1, CBA and C3H mice. A wide variation in the primary and secondary responses of the individual strains was noticed but in ail cases these were significantly suppressed by ALG pretreatment. The capacity of the ALG to suppress the primary immune response was not overcome by increasing the antigen dose from 3 × 107 to 3 × 109 sheep RBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of a single batch of horse anti-mouse thymocyte globulin on the humoral immune response has been extensively investigated in 10-12-weekold male mice of six inbred strains. The preparation under test readily suppressed the primary immune response of A/HeJ, C57B1, DBA/1, CBA and C3H mice to 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mg doses of alum precipitated bovine serum albumin (alum BSA). However, at the doses used it generally failed to significantly suppress the primary immune response of BALB/c mice to 0.1 and 1.0 mg doses of this antigen. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the suppression was somewhat diminished by the incorporation of bordetella pertussis organisms into the alum BSA inoculum. The product also suppressed the secondary immune response to alum BSA in C3H mice and C57B1 mice but, at the same doses, was without significant effect on the secondary responses of A/HeJ and CBA mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gamma 1 (fast) and gamma 2 (slow) sub-fractions of an anti-lymphocytic IgG, preparation have been isolated and their immunosuppressive properties compared with that of the original IgG. The strongly cytotoxic gamma 2 component markedly suppressed the primary immune response to sheep erythrocytes and alum precipitated bovine serum albumin in Hooded strain rats. In contrast the weakly cytotoxic, strongly agglutinating gamma 1 component, failed to suppress the primary immune response. The practical and theoretical significance of these results is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-lymphocytic IgG given immediately after the injection of thyroglobulin in Freund's complete adjuvant suppressed the development of cellular and humoral immune reactions to thyroglobulin in rats immunized into a hind footpad but failed to exert a significant effect when the antigen was injected into two cervical lymph nodes. However, treatment with anti-lymphocytic IgG for 3 days prior to intra-lymph node immunization with thyroglobulin prevented the development of cellular and humoral immune responses to this antigen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antigenic relationships between the α2-macroglobulin homologues of a large number of species (predominantly mammalian) have been studied by the gel diffusion precipitin technique using a specific antiserum to human α2-macroglobulin raised in a rabbit. This antiserum has been absorbed with eleven different mammalian sera and the ability of the absorbed samples to cross-react with all these sera has again been tested. From these results an attempt has been made to calculate the minimum number of antigenic determinants on each α2-macroglobulin homologue recognized by this rabbit antiserum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of pre-stimulation treatment with anti-lymphocytic globulin and phytohaemagglutinin on the primary humoral response to bovine serum albumin and sheep erythrocytes were studied in Hooded and Wistar rats. Phytohaemagglutinin stimulates the immune response to sheep erythrocytes in Hooded rats while initially inhibiting agglutinin production iii Wistars. Phytohaemagglutinin also potentiates the immunosuppressive effects of anti-lymphocytic globulin in Wistar rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accuracy of approximations for the null distribution of the chi-square goodness of fit statistic, X[sup 2], is examined numerically for many different multinomial distributions. Some of these approximations are terms of a new asymptotic expansion which provides much greater accuracy than the usual x[sup 2] approximation. When there are too many small expectations, even these are inaccurate, and a different type of approximation must be used--the C(m) distribution. It is proven that the latter is the limiting distribution of X[sup 2] when some expectations remain finite while the rest increase without limit., and the limiting multivariate distribution of the multinomial under these conditions is also derived. The C(m) approximation is used to study the error in the x2 approximation when some expectations are small, resulting in a new rule for the use of the upper one and five percent points of the x[sup 2] approximation. This rule allows the use of arbitrarily small expectations, e.g., 1. Similar results are obtained for the Poisson variance test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study wherein "brain damage" is defined as recorded EEG abnormalities in temporal lobe epileptics and "without brain damage" is defined as affective disorders with no neurological deficits. Thus, the study explores the apparent implications of the degree of impairment in serious psychological disorders. Since temporal lobe epileptics generally show less neuropathology than other types of brain damage and since most subjects with affective disorders were diagnosed psychotic, expectation would favor a similar degree of impairment in both diagnostic groups.

The apparent first-order rate constant (kobs) for the deacylation of α-benzamido-transcinnamoyl-chymotrypsin, determined by direct observation at 310 nm, pH 7.9 (kobs = 0.102 s-1; K. Brockelhurst and K. Williamson [1967] Chem. Commun., 666), differs from Kcat determined under the same conditions with [S]0 ... [E]0 (kcat = 0.033 s-1). This result is contrary to other evidence indicating that kcat is a measure of the deacylation rate constant. The discrepancy has been shown to be due to the presence in commercial samples of α-chymotrypsin of impurities which catalyse the deacylation reaction under the conditions used for the determination of kobs ([E]0 [S]0). The impurities, which may be removed from enzyme solutions by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 or G-50, have been shown to be autolysis products (presumably peptides) of α-chymotrypsin. Catalysis of deacylation results from attack of the free α-amino groups of these peptides on the acyl-enzyme, to give N-α-benzamido-trans-cinnamoyl-peptides. The consequences of these findings must be considered in interpreting any experiment in which deacylation is observed directly at high enzyme concentration, with [E]0 [S]0. Particularly susceptible to error are experiments designed to determine the effect of pH on the deacylation rate constant, and literature results of some such experiments are critically assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antigenic and immunosuppressive properties of normal and antilymphocytic equine globulin subfractions were investigated in the rat model in an attempt to increase the efficacy of prolonged ALG therapy by limiting the immunogenic stimulus of 'inactive' subfractions. Chromatographic separation of equine IgG components yielded an electrophoretically slow gamma 2 fraction consisting of IgG2a and IgG2b and a more heterogeneous fast gamma 1 subfraction. Immunosuppression resulting from the administration of isolated subfractions was measured by the response to alum- BSA and skin allograft survival. Antigenicity was determined by a variety of immunological procedures. The immunosuppressive character of the ALG was confined to the gamma 2 fraction, however this fraction also proved antigenic in our system. The administration of normal equine IgG subfractions in combination with Freund's complete adjuvant resulted in the demonstration of antigenic differences between the fast and slow IgG components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of Carworth Wistar rats with normal equine IgG or ALG pre-absorbed with sheep erythrocytes sensitized the rats to sheep erythrocytes and prevented ALG from suppressing the primary immune response to this antigen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]