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This paper presents several methods of analyzing a time series in conjunction with variables which are available only for census years. Within the framework of diffusion theory, the time series of automobile registrations per capita is examined first in terms of the existence, extent, and pattern of variation over the years 1910 to 1969. By means of simple graphic techniques, measures of central tendency, interannual correlations, and smallest-space analysis, turning-points in temporal variation are established. Cross-sectional path analysis with collateral social and economic variables at these important junctures permits substantive interpretation of the pattern of automobile diffusion in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Howard G. Brunsman has written an interesting and stimulating paper on the 1940 census of housing. He has been closely associated with the field of housing statistics for some time and has made many contributions to its development. While he has pointed out a wide number of uses to which the materials of the 1940 census of housing have been put, it is probable that these materials would be used even more widely if more complete information were disseminated about them and their potential uses. For example, one would expect a rather widespread use of these materials by real estate men and by mortgage lenders. While there are evidences of such uses, it is also apparent that many people in these fields do not know what kinds of materials are included in the census of housing and they have never used them. In order to secure information about the uses of these materials by real estate operators and mortgage lenders, a number of letters were sent to representative firms, associations, and individuals.

This paper studies the design effect of counting rules, for linking deaths to housing units where they are enumerated in the survey, on the sampling variance of dual system and single system estimators of death registration completeness. It investigates estimators based on conventional rules that uniquely link each death to a single housing unit as well as estimators based on multiplicity rules which permit deaths to be linked to more than one housing unit. Sampling variance formulas are derived containing parameters that reflect the efficiency of the counting rule. Estimates of these parameters for different counting rules are compared utilizing information that was collected in a mortality survey experiment. Finally, the design of a national death registration test is considered and the sample size implications of different counting rules are compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Place-of-birth-by-residence data, tabulated by age and sex for the same areal units in two successive censuses, have been used to estimate intercensal net migration flows. However, a fuller use of the same data permits the estimation of place-to-place flows. This paper describes a method for estimating intercensal migration streams from place-of-birth- by-residence data and illustrates its application with data on the white female native population of the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents information about distribution and extent of unemployment among farm laborers in the U.S. The present paper is an analysis of unemployment among farm wageworkers based on data from the 1937 Census of Unemployment, Bureau of Agricultural Economics employment estimates and other Census data. The Census of Unemployment taken in November of 1937 gives data on total and partial unemployment by occupational classes. These data provide a base for the determination of the total number of unemployed farm laborers in the U.S. at that time. The data, however, require definite appraisal before they can be used intelligently in any analysis. In making its estimates the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, like the Census, classified croppers as farm operators rather than wageworkers and they are therefore not included in their figures. On the other hand, it is quite possible that many croppers, tenants, and even owners designated themselves as unemployed laborers when reporting for the Census of Unemployment. It should be noted, however, that in classifying the returns, an attempt was made to separate the unemployed farm "owners" and "tenants" from laborers as such insofar as possible. Also, a category for "new workers" was set up to include those who had not yet chosen an occupation.

The article discusses that any attempt to coordinate or give an overview of three papers about the 1970 census would result in a very contrived product. They are three independent papers about three very different aspects of the forthcoming census. A prerequisite of a census is that it cover the entire population under study. Only after there is an assurance that this has been achieved does the importance of accurate information on any given subject loom large. By the measures now employed, the United States censuses have generally met the prerequisite. Techniques available for measuring completeness of the census count are limited. In 1950 and 1960 post-census evaluation sample surveys were conducted; checks were made against other sources of information, such as birth registration records; and demographic analyses were employed. The second coverage-improvement method already incorporated in the design of the 1970 census by 1966 was the use of an address register. In past censuses, enumerators were told to cover their assigned areas completely, but controls on their canvassing operation were less effective than they should have been. By comparison, the 1970 method has a number of sequential checks and built-in controls.

In early 1973, the Bureau of the Census announced the discontinuation of the Survey of Consumer Buying Expectations. The Bureau of the Census had conducted quarterly surveys of buying plans since January 1959; first, through the Quarterly Survey of Consumer Buying Intentions (QSI) and, since 1967, through the Survey of Consumer Buying Expectations (CBE). This article describes the development of the Federal program and summarizes the evidence that led to the decision to discontinue the program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study, discusses the trends in fertility of Mexican Americans. The present paper will examine trends in Mexican American fertility in comparison to Anglo American fertility from 1950 to 1970 in the southwestern states. Attention will be devoted primarily to cumulative fertility rather than current fertility since the former measure is the only one available for all the time periods and areas studied. The principal obstacle to investigation of the dynamics of the Mexican American population is the inconsistency in definition and identification of the population over a substantial time span. The Mexican American population has been variously defined operationally by race in the 1930 Census, by Spanish mother tongue in the 1940 Census, by Spanish surname in the 1950 and 1960 Censuses, and by questions on origin or descent in the November 1969 Current Population Survey. Information compiled in the 1970 Census will allow tabulations of data according to varying combinations of mother tongue, Spanish surname and Spanish origin or descent. At the time this paper went to press, the materials published from the 1970 Census relating to the Mexican American population consisted only of data for the population of Spanish language or Spanish surname.

The article presents a paper that attempts to summarize briefly and appraise the available information on educational achievement and family stability, with particular attention to divorce, and in addition offers some new findings drawn from a study of 4,648 divorces recorded in Atlanta and Macon, Georgia. The idea of family stability fundamentally refers to the unity of the family as a going concern. Although population census data have been widely used to show a relationship between family stability and education, very few researchers and textbook writers have inquired into the serious limitations and deficiencies of census data in this regard. The events themselves--namely divorce and desertion--have not been studied directly from official registrations. In line with the pattern of birth and death registration, the practice is not to ask for educational background in marriage and divorce registration in the United States. Academicians and other professional persons favor getting such information, but the state and local registrars are opposed to the idea because of anticipated resistance and resentment from the parties concerned.

Presents a census of the Puget Sound area in Washington conducted by the Hudson's Bay Co. in the early 19th century. Proportions of males, females, slaves, horses, guns and canons by tribe; Recount of the initial contact of Europeans with the Puget Sound Indians in 1792; Benefit of the census of providing information on the Puget Sound Indians.

The primary purpose of this paper is to analyze the "determinants" of migration between Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA's) in the United States. The magnitudes in which various factors have influenced inter-SMSA migration are estimated both for the country as a whole and for individual SMSA's. The "migration elasticities" estimated for individual SMSA's are in turn used to test several additional hypo- theses concerning migrant behavior. Other similar migration studies have found "wrong" signs or insignificant coefficients on certain variables a priori thought to play a crucial role in the migration process. Finally, we present clues to the causes of such "surprising" results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article summarizes findings on the nature of long swings or Kuznets cycles in the growth of U.S. population and labor force and on their apparent cause-effect relations in the period prior to World War I to similar movements in the rate of economic development. Many of the findings for population and labor force are based on the decennial population censuses of 1870 to 1950. The timing of the censuses during this period occurred sufficiently close to turning points in the demographic swings to permit use of this valuable detailed source. The growth of both population and labor force has been characterized by roughly synchronous long swings since at least 1870 and probably since early in the nineteenth century. The swings were typically of substantial amplitude and averaged around 15-25 years in duration. The color-nativity components of population and labor force reflect the predominant influence that immigration has typically played in the swings. Historically the swings are most apparent in the growth of the foreign born population and labor force.

In this paper the author proposes to reexamine the relationship between institutions or institutionalized services and population. The customary approach to the question of relation of institutions to population has been that of computing the ratio of all institutions of each type to the total population in the community. This procedure was used, in the year I917, by the United States Bureau of the Census in tabulating results of an experimental survey of service institutions in eleven metropolitan cities. The author intends to examine the relationship of institutions with certain population variables other than size. There is reason to believe that differentials within a population exert an important influence on institutions serving the population. An investigation of this kind has not been made before, and the attempt here is concerned primarily with outlining the problem. The term "institution" is used to refer to any agency established for the service of needs of the general population. Actually, the term is restricted to twelve classes of retail and service establishments for which data were available for all sizes of cities in the United States Census of Business, 1935.

Metropolitan versus nonmetropolitan has emerged recently as an important residence dichotomy, tending to replace the traditional rural versus urban breakdown. The two approaches are not competitive but rather complementary. This paper presents the rural population in each census year from 1900 to 1960, by metropolitan and nonmetropolitan status, for each census division and region in the coterminous United States. Bogue's ‘retrojective’ technique was employed to obtain metropolitan (on 1960 boundary lines) population for each state back to 1900. The nonmetropolitan counties were then obtained by subtraction and were broken down into rural and urban (using the 'old' or pre-1950 definition). Metropolitan rural was obtained by subtracting nonmetropolitan rural from total rural. The following major conclusions are reached: (1) rural population contained within the metropolitan areas has been growing well above the national average growth rates, while the nonmetropolitan rural has been virtually constant in absolute terms since 1900; (2) About one-third of the total rural population of the United States is metropolitan and this metropolitan rural makes up about 22 percent of the total metropolitan population. Some 64 percent of the nonmetropolitan population remains rural in character; (8) Regional differences in growth rates and in the rural-urban balance within metropolitan and nonmetropolitan populations have been diminishing over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper utilizes state of birth data from the 1940 and 1950 Mexican censuses to analyze Mexican internal migration. The rate of "net lifetime migration" in Mexico, in 1950, was only about half that in the United States in the same year. The Federal District, which includes Mexico City, experienced the greatest volume of net lifetime migration gain, a gain which was experienced also by the tier of states along the northern border contiguous to the United States. Interstate migration between 1940 and 1950 probably was responsible for more than a fifth of the population increase experienced by eight Mexican states including the Federal District. Large-scale rural-to-urban migration is indirectly indicated by this analysis. Correlation techniques strongly suggest that interstate migration in Mexico, between 1940 and 1950, improved the distribution of population in relation to the distribution of economic opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper an attempt is made to estimate the degree of inequality of educational opportunity at the secondary school level. Data from the 1⁄1,000 sample of the 1960 Census are used to estimate the probabilities of falling behind in school or dropping out for children from different family backgrounds. For children whose parents have little education or income, the probabilities are more than 20 times greater than for children from well-to-do families where both parents have graduated from high school. The determinants of the dropout and retardation rates are also investigated, with the discussion focusing on the possible effects of new transfer programs, such as the negative income tax. While the short-run effects are likely to be quite small, the long-run effects may be important, especially for the Negro retardation rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates determinants of school enrollment and school performance of children in the United States. School enrollment here refers to whether a child is or is not enrolled in school, and school performance refers to whether an enrolled child is behind, with, or ahead of his age group in years of schooling completed. The investigation is based on data from the 1960 Census. Variables describing age, color, sex, rural-urban status, education of parents, and income of parents are used to explain variation in school enrollment and school performance across the school age population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on educational selectivity of net migration from the south. A recent bibliography on internal migration in the United States during the period 1940-1957 lists 29 references on selectivity of internal migration. A few of these sources deal with educational selectivity of internal migration and thus provides with base lines and hypotheses for further study. However, none of them deals specifically with education selectivity of migration to and from the southern region of the United States, the specific focus of this article. The focus of this article is on net migration during the decade 1940-1950 among people 15 years or more of age in 1940 by region, residence, age, sex, color, and educational level. The basic data are taken from the United States Census of Population, 1940-1950. The method of analysis is the now familiar residual or survival rate method. The strengths and weaknesses of this method have been discussed by a number of demographers. There are 1,728 primary cells in the tables showing the results of the analysis.

This article focuses on the birth statistics of Massachusetts during the nineteenth century. The present paper is a report of an investigation which goes part of the way in surmounting the obstacles to our understanding of the trend of American fertility during the nineteenth century by trying to consider the very difficulty which one of these studies was forced to ignore. The difficulty referred to is the degree of under-registration of births in the statistics collected by States. Economist Joseph J. Spengler did try to take this question into account, but the method he used to answer, it failed to produce meaningful results. It should also be pointed out that whereas Spengler was concerned with all six New England States, this study is concerned only with the birth statistics of Massachusetts, which was the first State to inaugurate a registration system and whose birth records are generally considered to comprise the most reliable American statistics of the last century. The investigation covered the years between 1842, when the system was established, and 1901, making a 60-year period extending through the century.

In an earlier paper published in the November 1974 issue of "Review of Economics and Statistics," an empirical investigation was conducted treating diversification as an industry structural variable rather than using the traditional approach of examining diversification in the context of the firm. The results of the regression analysis revealed a positive relationship between industry price-cost margins and the degree of diversification of firms in the industry. In addition, one of the variables used in the study appeared to provide a general measure of barriers to entry. This paper re-examines a diversification measure as a structural variable and a general measure reflecting the condition of entry with the more recent 1967 Census data. Along with providing a more recent cross section of industry data for re-evaluating the earlier findings, the 1967 Census data were tabulated by the United States Census Bureau in a manner which permits a considerable improvement in the measure of diversification. Specifically, the 1967 data allow to account for the number of other industries in which the primary firms of an industry are engaged, as well as the ratio of the nonprimary sales to total sales. They also permit diversification to be measured if it occurs outside of the primary Enterprise Industry (approximately a 23/2-3-digit industry) classification of the firms and are, therefore, more likely to reflect pure diversification than when diversification is measured if it occurs outside of the considerably narrower 4-digit industry classification.

Reports on the results of the census on subsidized family planning in the U.S. in 1970. Market for family planning services; Quantitative factors for components of formula of population requiring family planning care.

This paper investigates the relationship between the in-migration and out-migration of employed persons to and from specific metropolitan areas. Utilizing data from the 1960 Census of Population, it presents evidence that this relationship is close, that is, that areas gaining large (or small) numbers of employed persons through migration tend also to lose large (or small) numbers this way, whether the gain and loss are measured on a relative or an absolute basis. Moreover, the correlation between the two flows remains high whether one examines the data for ail employed persons in combination, or breaks the employed total down into its specific color-sex and major occupation group components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regression upon principal components of the percentage points of the income and education distributions for 1950 census tracts in the city of Chicago led to the estimation of "beta coefficient profiles" for television receiver and refrigerator ownership, for central heating system usage, and for a measure of dwelling unit overcrowding. The betas are standardized coefficients of regression of a dependent variable upon the proportions of families in the classes of the marginal income and education distributions. They measure the relative contribution of families in these classes to the over-all per cent saturation of the dependent variable in the tract. The coefficients were estimated by techniques developed in the first portion of the paper; estimation by classical regression methods would have been impossible because of multicollinearity. The empirical results are in substantial agreement with findings from regressions of the dependent variables upon the mean values of income and education, and their squares. The statistical devices appear to be useful in exploratory empirical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article employs the theory of Markov chains in constructing a probabilistic migration model to project the future populations of census divisions in the U.S. It applies the theory of Markov chains to 1955-60 geographic mobility data to make long-range projections of the white and non-white populations of the nine census divisions. This regular stochastic process contains the following four assumptions: first, that future migration rates correspond identically with those during the observed 1955-60 interval; second, that the migration rates prior to the observed five-year period have no affect upon future mobility; third, that the total population is constant and birth and death rates after 1960 produce no major differences in the relative distribution of the population of the nine census divisions; and fourth, that the long-range populations of the various geographic areas tend to stabilize eventually to values independent of the original distribution. The regular Markov chains enable one to determine the future populations of each census division at any future date or at the time when the population stabilizes, should the observed movements during a specified interval continue indefinitely.

The article summarizes the findings to date of the work on the evaluation of the quality of the 1960 Censuses of Population and Housing. It analyzes of the accuracy of the 1960 Census count of the total resident population of the United States relative to that of the 1950 Census. The discussion relates to the net change in total resident population of the United States as indicated by the 1960 and 1950 Censuses and to independent estimates of components of change during the decade, providing some evidence about whether the 1960 level of net undercount differs appreciably from the 1950 level. On the whole, it is concluded that there were improvements in the quality of the 1960 Census as compared with 1950. Some of the indicated improvements have been substantial and some have been minor. Publication of results has been much earlier than in the comparable period following 1950. Costs were less than would have been indicated by the changes in price levels and the growth of the population and there was an increase in the amount of information that was made available.

This article endeavors to determine the relationship existing in the city of Chicago, U.S. between schizophrenic rates and the factors of occupational income and Occupational prestige. The data consist of 3,332 white male first admissions with schizophrenia in the age interval 20-49 years inclusive from the City of Chicago during the time period 1922 to 1934 inclusive, to Chicago, Elgin, and Kankakee State Hospitals for the Insane, and to a number of private mental hospitals which accept mental patients from Chicago and the Chicago region. These data were collected by W.P.A. Project 3664, carried on under the sponsorship of the Illinois Psychopathic Institute at the University of Chicago under the direction of Miss Ethel Shanas. Funds for the machine sorting of the Hollerith cards were provided by the Social Science Research Committee of the University of Chicago. The cases were tabulated by race-nativity, occupational group, type of psychosis, and age. Special census data for the City of Chicago for the year 1930 were obtained by race-nativity, occupational group, and age to provide a base upon which the occupational rates could be calculated and adjusted for age.

This article explores the emerging family trends in the U.S. The first census of the U.S. showed that in 1790 there were more families consisting of five persons than any other number. By 1900, there were more three-person families in the population and by 1930 more two-person families than any other size. In brief, the model or typical family size, changed from five persons to two persons in the course of 140 years. Now, in all probability, the two-person families are expected to remain the most frequent for several decades. The extent of this change in family size can also be pictured in terms of the mean or average size of family. Thus, in 1790, the average number of persons per family was 5.7, by 1890, it was 4.9, by 1930, it was 4.1 and by 1940, 3.8. In other words, there was an average loss of almost one person per family during the first hundred years of the U.S. social history, and a loss of one than another during the last 50 years. As a consequence, the average family in 1940 was one third smaller than the average family in 1790. The most rapid decline in the average size of family since 1890 occurred during the last decade, when three tenths of a person were lost from the average family.

Copyright of Review of Income & Wealth is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study employs a multiple covariance regression model to determine the significance of one independent variable and six covariables in explaining 1950-60 net migration rates of counties and county equivalents in the United States. The mathematical model which the study fits accounts for over 50 percent of the variability of the county migration rates, the multiple correlation coefficient (R²) being significant at the one percent level. Five of the variables (census division, percent nonwhite, median family income, percent under 20 years of age, and percent employed in construction) explain an appreciable amount of the variability of the rates of net mobility; two variables (median years of school completed and percent completing four or more years of high school) are not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper suggest a method of bringing a number of census materials together in order to describe rural, rural-nonfarm, and urban differences in the life cycle stages. The authors identified the stages of life cycles that are ordinarily experienced by the average family in the U.S. This study analyzes data together with a graphic representation to determine the marrying age of children and the life expectancy of parents in an American family. The authors concluded that additional refinements in the census data are needed to determine the precise differences in the life cycles of rural and urban families.

This article discusses trends of the marriage rate based on the study of 1,703 families located in open-country areas of five North Carolina counties. The trend in the marriage rate of a given population may be determined from a simple population census. Two basic items of information that are needed are the year of birth and year of first marriage. It was found that, during the period from 1915 to 1919 the marriage rate of the relief population was 13.0 per 100, as compared with a nonrelief rate of only 8.1. The difference of 4.9 is approximately four times its standard error of 1.2. Among the non-relief population, where incomes are higher and more secure, marriage rates were found to be closely related to the business cycle. It was seen that the marriage rate of the non-relief population rose substantially in 1933; whereas the marriage rate of households continued to decline. This study, it has been emphasized, analyzes the marriage rates of only the living population and its increase in a given area. All migrants from the area who are offspring of parents living in the area are included; but migrants having no parental home in the area could not be included.

Evaluates the methods and procedures used by the U.S. Census Bureau in the 1960 census. Pre-enumeration techniques; Post-enumeration and hand-processing operations; Allocations for missing information.

This paper develops an alternative index of market size based on the Census of Transportation. Some attempts are made to evaluate various measures of market extent by comparisons with indexes of output dispersion and with an element of transport cost. It also presents a brief summary of the geographic market sizes of U.S. manufacturing industries. The index to be presented here was motivated by a need to identify geographic markets appropriate for the measurement of industrial concentration, such measures reported by the Census or those used by the antitrust authorities in merger cases. To the extent that the index meets this need, it should also be useful when answering other questions about spacial competition. For instance, it might be introduced as a correction for national collective bargaining coverage or union membership measures in evaluating effects of unionism, or it could be used to evaluate the ability of state or local governments to pursue independent tax and regulatory policies in particular industries. Perhaps it can also be of use in the projection of regional growth patterns or in judging which industries might be viable in a particular community.

The central hypothesis of this paper is that as the Negro in the deep South becomes more urban, he becomes less equal to the white population around him in terms of education, occupation, and income. The concept of relative deprivation is used in this regard to examine the position in which the Negro finds himself in relation to whites who live in the same general area. The data obtained from the 1960 United States Census tend to support the hypothesis. Although the urban Negro in the deep South ranks higher than his rural counterpart on any absolute educational, occupational, or economic scale, the discrepancy between Negro and white in these variables is higher in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass data on numbers, places, and kinds of people, and particularly of their movements in space and time, accumulate in the U.S. at an accelerating rate, and demographers have achieved high competence in their analysis of large-scale observations. There is available much objective and statistical material about the populations of states, regions, and nations. The accessibility of this material makes possible the single argument of this paper, which is, to use analogy, that the U.S. population information is like an unfinished painting. This article presents a running sketch of proposals for socio-demographic research with one further comment on the implied conditions of investigation. The search to which each study relates insofar as population analysis is concerned, is two-fold. On the one hand, it is for clusters of factors that operate as patterns within a migration or fertility trend. On the other, it is a search for the of elements which are capable of independent variation.

This paper reports the characteristics of the migrant population and compares them with those of non-migrants in six cities—Chicago, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Saint Paul, and New Haven. The data on migrants and non-migrants are based on a sample survey of some 4,000 to 5,000 persons 14 years and older in each of the six cities in January 1951. For the most part these persons were located in about 1,900 households in each city which were enumerated in the 1950 Census of Population and Housing. The six cities for which findings are reported differ considerably in their occupational and industrial structure. Characteristically, Chicago and Philadelphia are referred to as mature metropolitan centers with a relatively stable population and as industrial centers with a diversified economic base where employment in manufacturing is predominant, while employment in wholesale and retail trade, though second in importance, is substantially below that in manufacturing. The rapid growth of urban centers in the United States during the 19th and early 20th centuries was made possible by immigration, a high birth rate, and internal migration.

This article presents a report of the Committee on research. This report might be titled, "Committee in Search of a Function," for so it is. The Committee on Research met during the 1962 annual meeting of the Association in Washington D.C. The chief agenda item concerned the continued existence of the Committee and of the annual census of research. Committee members expressed the opinion that the annual census of research is useful to program chairmen in recruiting papers. The Committee agreed to help the Administrative Officer in classification or rejection of dubious cases. Concerning the first problem, it was suggested that a specific disclaimer of representativeness be printed prominently on the report of the annual census.

The article seeks to define the relationship between per capita income and retail sales according to geographic location and to describe the limitations of income statistics when reaching these conclusions. The article distinguishes between the uses of income data, to both indicate standards of living and to determine markets for certain goods and services. The article reports a lack of correlation between the median income per family and retail sales per capita and shows the results of a study to prove this. The article compares the suburban and urban relationship of income and retail sales, but points out that while cities are largely self-sufficient (not closed), they too rely on markets beyond their geographic boundaries.

The article discusses World War II U.S. population shifts and their relation to postwar population. The U.S. civilian population decreased by over 2% during the period of 1940-1943. Census figures show that as a result of the War the civilian population in the South increased while the populations of the North and West decreased. Researchers used population figures from World War I to approximate whether or not population shifts would continue in the U.S. in the post World War II period. They estimate that the postwar redistribution of labor from war to civilian production will provide some insurance against permanent population loss.

The article discusses the use of small area census data in marketing research. The author believes that as units of measurement, cities, metropolitan areas and counties are too small to base per capita figures on. According to the author, the same problem applies to the designation of trade areas using published census data at the time of publication. The author suggests instead, discovering the expenditure patterns for families, and family budget information through the use of consumer panels or consumer interviews.

The article addresses changes in U.S. wholesaling from the years 1929 through 1939 as found in four censuses taken during that time. The article illustrates and analyses the number of establishments and their sales volume, sales with volume, employment and pay roll, operating expenses, geographic changes, changes in operation, and kinds of business. A series of conclusions are drawn based on the data, including that there has been a significant increase in the number of wholesale establishments since 1929, the number of retail stores in the U.S. exceeds the number of persons employed in wholesaling, and between 1935 and 1939, payroll increased more than sales.

The article presents information about various marketing research works in progress across several universities and organizations. At the University of Akron, Professor W. W. Leigh has been preparing a report titled "Tire Distribution Survey for 1939." At the University of California, California, John B. Schneider will complete a doctoral dissertation on the California tomato industry with special reference to marketing. The U.S. Bureau of the Census reports that the income inquiry on the 1940 population schedule is expected to be of major importance to all fields of marketing. An inquiry conducted by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission aims to ascertain and assemble pertinent facts concerning the whole subject of distribution in a number of industries.

The article uses U.S. Department of Agriculture census data to analyze the growth in income and population seen in the farming population between 1930 and 1935. The article presents data on the income produced by different industrial divisions in the U.S. from 1929 through 1936. The article states that the farm population in the U.S. grew 4.5% between 1930 and 1935, and that most growth took place near industrial regions where unemployment was the highest. The article analyzes the birth rates in rural areas and states that in 1934, 30% of farm workers had part time employment in other areas of work. The article also discusses changes in the amount of land dedicated to farming in the U.S.

The article discusses some possible uses for the U.S. Census of Business Data. To economists the Census provides the factual basis which is essential in the appraisal of economic life in the U.S. The Census shows tendencies toward geographic concentration, migration, and decentralization. These factors are of importance to industrial sectors. Through migration demand changes can be determined. General business conditions throughout the U.S. can also be ascertained through this analysis. The Census provides a comparison of salaries and wages broken down by business type and region in the U.S.

This study examines the extent and nature of pay discrimination against women in the United States in 1949. Using 1950 Census and other data, the author adjusts for such factors as productivity differences, quit and absence differences, differences in work experience, and the like. The results of these adjustments lead the author to conclude that, whereas sex-discrimination on the part of consumers and fellow employees is compatible with his evidence, a strong degree of employer discrimination against women appears unlikely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]