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A collection of papers concerned with the Federal Government's efforts in the area of executive development are presented. The booklet is organized in three parts. The first three essays deal with problems, needs, and theories of executive manpower management. The problems of the Federal Government, as seen from an analysis of a small sample at the Federal Executive Institute, comprise the subject of the first paper. In the second, a fairly comprehensive view of both problems and strategies for both state and local governments is attempted. The third chapter contains the substance of a lecture given at the University of Alabama in 1969, as part of a series on the public executive. The second section of the booklet contains papers specifically on the Federal Executive Institute. The third section is composed of one essay and embraces the subject of evaluation. (Author/DB)

The papers included in this compilation were presented at the 1971 meeting of the Panel on Science and Technology of the U. S. House of Representatives Committee on Science and Astronautics, and concern various aspects of international science policy. The papers include an address by the Secretary of State on "U. S. Foreign Policy in a Technological Age," and reports by U. S. and foreign scientists and administrators. The reports concern international cooperation in the physical, social, life and environmental (including marine) sciences; administrative mechanisms for increasing cooperation, including the necessary prelude of a national science policy; the role of legislation in advancing cooperation; the role of a science policy in solving social problems, military and arms control, and the potential consequences of experimentation with human eggs. Although all papers have international implications, one deals specifically with science, technology and the developing countries. (AL)

Government appeals for private employers to hire the hardcore unemployed are logically answered by the query: "Does the Federal Government, the Nation's largest employer, have its own house in order?" This paper explores the extent to which permanent civil service jobs have been opened to the disadvantaged. Problems discovered are similar to those faced in the private sector--employing the disadvantaged conflicts with the desire to hire the best personnel, and it challenges the merit system. An understanding of the philosophy and procedures of the civil service and the constraints they impose on efforts to hire the disadvantaged is necessary to evaluate the attempts being made to resolve the inherent conflict. Washington, D.C. and San Francisco provide contrasting studies of the efforts and the constraints within the service. The paper concludes with proposals for widening access to federal employment for the disadvantaged without abandoning the essential objectives merit employment was designed to accomplish. (Author/BH)

REPORTED ARE THE SEMINAR PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE WHICH INVESTIGATED THE FIELD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND MADE RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE COURSE AND DIRECTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES STUDY AT THE COLLEGE OR UNIVERSITY LEVEL. THE CONFERENCE AND SEMINARS HELD AT COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY DURING 1963-64 GAVE PARTICIPATING FACULTY MEMBERS AN OPPORTUNITY TO DRAW UPON THE IDEAS AND EXPERIENCE OF KNOWLEDGEABLE PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE STUDY AND PRACTICE OF RESOURCES MANAGEMENT. PART 1 IS A COMPENDIUM OF A CONFERENCE, "TRAINING IN NATURAL RESOURCES FOR GOVERNMENTAL PERSONNEL," ATTENDED BY REPRESENTATIVES FROM THE VARIOUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENTS AND FROM STATE AND FEDERAL AGENCIES. PARTS 2-5 RELATE THE TEXTS OF SEMINAR PAPERS, PRESENTED BY RECOGNIZED AUTHORITIES WHO DISCUSSED PROVISIONS FOR DEVELOPING TRAINED, PROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL IN THE NUMEROUS FIELDS OF NATURAL RESOURCES. UNANIMITY WAS NOT PRESENT FOR ALL ISSUES. HOWEVER, IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT (1) AN UNDERGRADUATE CURRICULUM IN NATURAL RESOURCES IS DEFENSIBLE AND MAY BE DESIRABLE AS A "GENERAL EDUCATION" OR "LIBERAL ARTS" TYPE PROGRAM, (2) MOST PRESENT UNIVERSITY PROGRAMS ARE INADEQUATE IN PROVIDING NECESSARY TRAINING FOR RESOURCE MANAGERS, (3) A SPLIT-MAJOR MIGHT BE AN ANSWER TO THE PROBLEM POSED IN ITEM 2, (4) THERE IS A NEED FOR REVISION OF THE GRADUATE PROGRAM (SUGGESTED REVISIONS ARE INCLUDED), (5) INCREASED EXCHANGES OF PERSONNEL BETWEEN RESOURCE ORGANIZATIONS AND THE UNIVERSITY WOULD BE DESIRABLE, AND (6) THERE SHOULD BE BETTER COORDINATION OF RESEARCH BETWEEN THE UNIVERSITIES AND COOPERATING AGENCIES. (DS)

Educators concerned with improving educational opportunities for the gifted need to consider ways to achieve their ends within the realities of the political system. Federal programs cannot be expected to provide ideas which will dramatically improve education for the gifted nor to provide large quantities of money. The federal government can serve as a catalyst to ideas through research and demonstration programs and support of leadership training. A federal survey on the gifted has shown the degree to which existing legislation is not serving gifted children. In contrast, gifted and other children in the Soviet Union are exposed to an extracurricular program of clubs using notable professionals as instructors. Though gifted students can be found in every racial group and social class, the search for a culture free intelligence test is not useful. Development of the art of scrounging can lead to innovative ways to obtain funding. Educational support services such as research and development and training activities are an unrecognized part of the educational delivery system. A bill for educational assistance to gifted and talented children has been introduced but must overcome political hurdles before it is passed and appropriations gained. Political allies need to be nurtured in organizations such as the National Education Association. (DB)

THE 1965 UNIVERSITY-FEDERAL AGENCY CONFERENCE FOCUSED ON THE MIDCAREER TRAINING AND EDUCATIONAL NEEDS OF FEDERAL SCIENTISTS. PARTICIPANTS REPRESENTING GOVERNMENT, INDUSTRY, AND UNIVERSITIES EXPLORED IN DEPTH THE POTENTIAL UTILITY OF CLOSER COOPERATION AMONG ALL THREE SECTORS TO PREVENT OBSOLESCENCE OF VALUABLE SKILLS AND, BY USING THE UNIQUE FACILITIES OF ALL THREE TYPES OF INSTITUTIONS, TO DEVELOP INDIVIDUAL CAPABILITIES AS EFFICIENTLY AND FULLY AS POSSIBLE. THE PROCEEDINGS COVERED THE DIMENSIONS OF OBSOLESCENCE, THE NEED FOR A TECHNOLOGICAL STRATEGY, SKILL NEED AT VARIOUS LEVELS, REMEDIAL OR CONTINUING EDUCATION, TRAINEE SELECTION AND MOTIVATION, COMMUNICATION AND COOPERATION BETWEEN UNIVERSITIES AND FEDERAL AGENCIES, AND PROPOSED FACILITIES. THREE PAPERS WERE PREPARED ON THE RECRUITMENT AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT OF ENTRY LEVEL (GS-5 - GS-11) SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS, MIDCAREER AND SENIOR FEDERAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EMPLOYEES (GS-3 - GS-18), AND FEDERAL LABORATORY, SCIENTIFIC, AND TECHNICAL DIRECTORS. ALSO INCLUDED WERE NUMEROUS CHARTS AND TABLES AND A LIST OF CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS. THIS DOCUMENT IS ALSO AVAILABLE, FOR $2.00, FROM THE INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, INDIANA UNIVERSITY, BLOOMINGTON 47405. (LY)

This document is an abstract of a joint meeting between National Institute of Education (NIE) and National Education Association (NEA) staff. The document is organized around four ideas discussed at the meeting. The first is the political constituency for NIE; that is, the program of NIE must be made relevant and visible to educational practitioners. The second is the idea of the teacher craftsman: as teachers know more about teaching than anyone else, there should be an organized effort to identify "the great craftsman teacher" and devise mechanisms to get at and replicate this craftsmanship. It is added that teacher involvement would be more readily achieved if it were made a part of U.S. Office of Education guidelines. The third idea presented, teacher participation in NIE, is based on the belief that teachers represent a great pool of expertise. It is proposed that teachers recognized by their peers be considered for membership on a "council of instruction." Finally, possible NIE-NEA cooperation is discussed. Two activities are particularly considered: a) creating a new position of "instructional ombudsman"--a teacher given administrative preparation by both NEA and NIE to move back into a school district, preferably the one from which he or she came--and b) providing teachers with information on what kinds of resources are available to accomplish a particular type of learning. (JA)

The first lecture of this series focuses on the role of today's professor, caught in the middle of two campus revolutions, one of which he is the beneficiary and the other, the target. The second lecture considers the importance of understanding the future in preparing youth for it, and the extent to which the future is knowable. Current projections of alternative futures for our society suggest (1) significant alterations in the ways we carry out instructions, (2) topics providing vehicles for learning, and (3) education as a fundamental value. The third lecture contends that regular governmental institutions have not responded to rapid social change. The fourth is a pragmatic look at some of the essential characteristics of leadership, with particular emphasis on leadership role in an administrative setting. The final lecture is a review of the major accomplishments of this decade in health, education, and welfare, a discussion of remaining problems, and a pin-pointing of future goals over the next decade. (KP)

A staff paper to the President's Task Force on Communications Policy examines the future of broadcast television. The central question in formulating broadcast policy is how to mesh traditional policies with new technology to exploit fully the potential value of television. Two areas are stressed--the basic structure of TV broadcasting in the light of the objectives of broadcast policy, and the role of the Executive Branch in broadcasting. The paper concludes that a multichannel system is most desirable to promote increased variety in TV, and that a regulated, private cable television network is the best way to obtain such variety. Restraining cable expansion until the prospects for UHF growth become more certain is likely to damage later cable development. Adequate over-the-air transmission should be maintained and other broadcast forms, including satellite and Pay-TV should be investigated. To enhance the social use of TV, the various agencies of the Executive Branch should more actively represent the public interest before the FCC, developing more educational and social broadcasting. (BB)

This supplement was designed to be used in conjunction with Paper No. Six, which contains a detailed description of the methodology employed. In conjunction with General Accounting Office, the Subcommittee on Fiscal Policy chose as study sites six areas of the Nation from among the 59 census areas which have been designated by the Census Bureau as low-income areas. The data in this study are based on the benefits available to the total household. The records of 100 Federal, State, and local programs were examined to determine whether any members of the households participated in them, the amount and nature of the benefits, and other social and economic characteristics of the households. This information was assembled and analyzed in the aggregate. The 100 programs searched include all cash benefit programs under Federal, State, or local sponsorship, such as public assistance, veteran's pensions and compensation, Government employee retirement and disability plans, workmen's compensation, unemployment insurance, and social security. Also examined were all programs offering subsidies in the form of food, medical, or housing benefits. Finally, service programs such as legal aid, child care, manpower training, and education assistance were included. Benefit information from these programs were collected for a 12-month period, and an average monthly benefit was computed. However, a common 12-month period could not always be applied, since the currency and structure of agency records vary across programs. (Author/JM)

A staff paper submitted to the President's Task Force on Communications Policy recommends that public policy ensure an integrated structure in the telecommunications industry, while fostering limited competition to keep the system responsive to new technology and to consumer demands. The present system of regulated monopoly for companies supplying basic services should be continued, but more liberal rules of entry into the telecommunications market should be devised to encourage diversified new services as they become technologically feasible. Along with a history of the telecommunications industry and a description of its present structure and regulation, specific issues confronting the industry are discussed--including the problems of long-haul transmission, network interconnections, and computer telecommunications. Rate structure revision is recommended and Western Union's merging with the Post Office suggested. Special studies appear as appendices to the report. (BB)

A staff paper to the President's Task Force on Communications Policy reviews the organization of the American international communications industries and recommends a consolidation of the competing international carriers. Particularly emphasized is the competition and division of ownership between the two technologies involved in international transmission--cable-based voice-and-record carriers, and communications satellites. In describing the operations of the industries, it is shown that the divided ownership leads to conflicts of interest, difficulties in government regulation, ineffective national competition in international markets, and problems of "overbuilding" in new installations and services. Cost comparison between conventional cable transmission and satellite transmission show the latter to be more economical, though accurate analysis is obscured by present rapid deployment of communications satellites and the development of transistorized undersea cables. An appendix presents an engineering report on satellites and long-haul transmission. (BB)

A staff paper to the President's Task Force on Communications Policy examines the feasibility of a domestic communications satellite system. Although, with expected technological advancement, satellites may play a significant role in domestic transmission and are economically feasible right now, a number of remaining questions make the establishment of a full-scale system premature at this time. These questions involve the nature of the optimal system for changing communications needs, whether general purpose or specialized, and the best use of the electromagnetic spectrum. Consequently, a pilot project should be initiated to develop necessary technical data on different system types, spectrum interference, the feasibility of a multiple-beam satellite, and other subjects. Comsat should be given primary responsibility with other domestic carriers allowed to participate. Data generated by the pilot project will allow further commitments on the structure of a mature domestic satellite system. Appendices are included. (BB)

A staff paper to the President's Task Force on Communications Policy reviews the role played by the Federal Government in regulating the telecommunications industries and recommends broader federal jurisdiction. The history of federal action in telecommunications has been one of ad hoc responses to discrete problems, leading to an inefficient, patchwork regulatory structure insufficient for the growing complexities of the industry. Government powers are inadequate for the development of a national policy covering important areas such as administration of the radio spectrum, research and development, provision of necessary analytic support to common carrier regulation, and even national procurement of services and equipment by the Federal Government itself. New executive capability should include long-range planning, policy formation and coordination, and mission-support, so as to integrate the various governmental roles. (BB)

The second part of a staff paper to the President's Task Force on Communications Policy dealing with the domestic telecommunications carrier industry consists of the final two appendices. In the first, the history, structure, present services, and future plans of the Western Union Telegraph Company are discussed. Evidence is given that by allowing continual rate increases, the FCC has effectively countenanced a Western Union-administered destruction of the public message telegraph service. Western Union now believes that the telegram is destined to become a high cost, distress service. Hence it is trying to enter new markets, especially computer-based communication service. The solution recommended is transfer to the U.S. Post Office of handling and delivery of telegrams, with tariff revision. The final appendix is a systems analysis of the vertical integration pattern of the Bell Telephone System, with an explanation of the technological and economic pressures which have shaped it. (BB)

The document contains the final four appendices to a staff paper submitted to the President's Task Force on Communications Policy. "The Digital Loop" describes changes in urban telecommunications which are predicted for 1970-80, considering three possible systems: paired wires with single analog signals (present telephones), coaxial cables with multiple analog signals, and coaxial cables with multiple digital signals. This latter system is the most versatile, efficient and promising for the next decade. The Panel on Urban Communications points out that although techniques exist which could solve most major urban problems, slow progress is made for the lack of incentive to change, especially in the public sector. Its report calls for a basic change of incentives and institutions in urban telecommunications. The third appendix concludes that cable TV will not replace the frequency spectrum in the future and that new channels will develop without governmental help. The last appendix summarizes future telecommunications via satellites utilizing low cost earth stations. (BB)

A staff paper submitted to the President's Task Force on Communications Policy surveys the range of present and future innovations in communications techniques, assesses their feasibility and costs, and projects the rate and manner in which they will be deployed in the future. In general, the many technological possibilities--including person-to-person video circuits and computer access for small businesses and households--must await the emergence of more low-cost forms. While economies of scale, especially for long-haul transmission, are expected to grow larger, the outlook is less favorable for cost reductions in the local communications area which is assuming an increasing part of the system's capacity. Terrestrial microwave and coaxial cable, now the predominant long-haul media, may be replaced by communications satellites by 1980. Implications for the common-carrier network, with all its facets, are discussed in detail, and additional technological information is included in the appendices. (BB)

The defined and accepted needs to be met by the public schools give direction to the programs, the services, and the structural organizations that fulfill the needs. Needs -- as defined at the local, State, and federal levels of government by society, by business and industry, and by the individual students -- are inextricably interrelated. The ten clues to need identification are descriptive of the basic concerns on which needs are defined by the six areas indicated, and give direction to the identification of needs as objectives of education. From these identified needs, as accepted and adopted by decisionmaking personnel at the local, State, and national levels, will evolve the necessary structure for the organization of school districts in the foreseeable future. (Author)

Seven papers and an extensive annotated bibliography deal with the relationship of State and Federal government to higher education. The authors and titles of the papers are (1) Samuel B. Gould, "The University and State Government: Fears and Realities," (2) Daniel G. Aldrich, Jr., "Maintaining Institutional Identity and Autonomy in Coordinated Systems," (3) Lyman A. Glenny, "Politics and Current Patterns in Coordinating Higher Education," (4) John F. Morse, "The Federal Government and Higher Education: Old Answers Breed New Questions," (5) Charles S. Benson, "The Effects of Federal Support on Allocation of Campus Resources," (6) Fred Harvey Harrington, "The Compact for Education," and (7) T. R. McConnell, "The University and the State--A Comparative Study." (HW)