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Excerpt Dr. Eugene A. Stead, Jr., has devoted a life to providing health services. Turning raw manpower into teachers, scientists, consultants, or family physicians has always excited him. Yet, Dr....

The educational potential of a computer-controlled patient simulator was tested by the University of Southern California School of Medicine. The results of the experiment suggest unequivocally that there is a twofold advantage to the use of such a simulator in training anesthesiology residents in the skill of endotracheal intubation: (a) residents achieve proficiency levels in a smaller number of elapsed days of training, thus effecting a saving of time in the training of personnel, and (b) residents achieve a proficiency level in a smaller number of trials in the operating room, thus posing significantly less threat to patient safety. The small number of subjects in the study and the large within-group variability were responsible for a lack of statistical significance in 4 of 6 of the analyses performed; however, all differences were substantial and in the hypothesized direction. Thus, despite the narrowly circumscribed tasks to be learned by the experimental subjects, the findings suggest that the use of simulation devices should be considered in planning for future education and training not only in medicine but in other health care professions as well.

This paper, written from a national point of view (that of the United States) has international applicability. It focuses upon problems in the delivery of health care. By suggesting a behavioral science approach to such matters, it offers a better means of raising health levels than other discipline-bound efforts to date. The paper is divided into six parts. Part one addresses itself to the importance of a behavioral science perspective by critiquing several key references which bear directly on the health services system. Part two guides the reader to the available anthropological and sociological literature on health behavior. It comments on the inadequacy of each. Part three provides a description of the comparative approach to health behavior and suggests the extent to which methodological refinements have been made in recent years. Part four discusses the application of the comparative approach to the delivery of health care issue. Part five stresses the magnitude of the need for a behavioral science perspective requiring simultaneous attention to multiple disciplinary dimensions. Part six refers to the behavioral science perspective in specific program settings in the United States, suggesting that this approach will assume an indispensable role in the national effort of evaluation of the health care system. In conclusion, the point is made that a behavioral science perspective as applied to health evaluation adds the important dimension of viewing the medical care crisis as more than a question of availability and efficiency. It is more than the rendering of services in a medical context … the common spirit of the behavioral perspective is to protect the differing value profiles of all participants in the caring process and hence to demonstrate that it is the caring, in a human context, that is the central issue.

Cable television is here to stay. Moreover, it will develop into a widespread and sophisticated medium of communication, greatly surpassing its modest, rural beginnings. If this is so, how will the future delivery of health care be affected by this new technology? And more importantly, can the technology be harnessed to improve health services, perhaps even transform their very nature? These are the questions underlying this paper. Their discussion is separated into three potential application areas. Continuing professional education, public health information, and actual health services delivery. Specifically, the paper suggests that the most imminent applications will occur in the first area and the most consequential in the third. However, in none of the areas is the impact of cable technology likely to be insignificant. The paper also delineates many of the problems and uncertainties of implementing cable-based systems of telemedicine.

In this paper we apply some multivariate statistical methods to the problem of personnel planning in a hospital. We first determine the average day of activities of a nurse team for a given health care unit and then we compare the activities of two different health care units. Personnel planning is simpler when some care units can be considered equivalent from the point of view of activities. The techniques presented in this paper can prove effective.

This paper has been designed to examine the programs and aspirations assigned to the National Center for Health Services Research and Development which has just recently been created in Washington, D. C. This Center will be supported by grants and contracts, and will endeavor to promote, support, and stimulate a national program of health-services research, development, and demonstrations. More specifically, the National Center for Health Services Research and Development will attempt to make health services available to all people and to assist all health professions in their efforts to improve their ability to assess the quality of their services. It will also investigate the comparative costs of alternative methods of providing and financing health services and experiment with architectural designs, site locations, plans, and new methods of construction. The Center will try to increase the efficiency of health services by developing new methods of training and using personnel. Applying and refining computer technology in screening techniques, automation of medical records, and selected other aspects of medical care process will be included in the program, as well as methods for accelerating the applications of new or improved techniques for the prevention, treatment, and control of diseases and other disabilities. The Center will design and initially operate experimental health-services systems in both urban and rural areas. It will make multi-disciplinary analyses of the organization and functioning of all components of the health-services system and will increase academic resources for training health-services research and for developing personnel. The Center will establish and operate a health-services data system relevant to research and development, planning, policy making, and management. Much of this paper discusses the opportunities which exist in the development of computer technology in the United States in relation to the delivery of health care.

This paper examines the concept of prepaid group medical practice, evaluating its principles and assessing the relevant data. Various features of this health care alterna tive are shown to offer potential for control of quality and efficiency. Group medical practice has been shown to reduce hospitalization rates and to diminish markedly what can be viewed as unnecessary surgery. Judging from the high pro portion of eligible members who receive some form of care each year, accessibility seems to be improved. The use of appro priate preventive services by the members seems higher than in other types of medical care arrangements. To some extent this system appears to minimize the duplication of effort, personnel, and facilities that characterizes the individual fee- for-service system. In terms of over-all cost savings and the ability to provide high quality care with patient satisfac tion, prepaid group practice seems to offer major advantages over other systems. The paper examines its efficiency from the standpoint of the requirements necessary to provide service to an entire population.

This paper describes the principal methods used to assess future health manpower requirements in Chile and the ability of the country to meet them. The first phase of the study, completed in late 1970, represents the preparation of a dynamic model of the entire health sector. A nationwide survey of the met and unmet demand for health care of 45,000 Chileans is the starting point for estimating the possible growth of demand. Alternative hypotheses regarding the future characteristics and targets of the sector are proposed and their implications for manpower and fiscal policies analyzed. The methods used to project the possible demand for care and to convert service requirements into manpower needs are considered in some detail. Procedures used for the analysis of manpower supply are simplified to the maximum so as to not interfere with other aspects of the study. Techniques are described for assessing the potential economic burden of alternative manpower targets while at the same time minimizing the hazards of long-range projections of economic growth and costs. The paper concludes with a discussion of some of the problems faced in the Chile study.

The paper is a commentary based on the ethical argumentations of the status of whistle-blowing practising in biomedical andnursing health care services. Whistle-blowingis a disclosure from a member of organization about some practice usually considersmisconduct, harmful, unethical or illegalin that organization.In nursing,the suggestion is made in favour of internaltype of whistleblowing,whichis reporting inside the channelto correct an obnoxious situation,common examples are incident reports,verbal andwritten reporting to channel of commands or line managers etc. The paper also highlighted the aftermath of reporting whistleblowing with examples of developed countries which already exists protection law for the whistle-blowers. In Pakistan, only theKhyber Pakhtunkhwa province has the distinction ofpassingthe whistle-blowing act in 2016.Keywords: Whistle-blowing, Bio-medical/nursing ethics, Law, Pakistan.

This paper is divided into three parts. The first traces the evolution of health care under social security in Chile from 1918 to the present. The early period saw the unplanned proliferation of almost 50 funds, each with its own unique characteristics. This was followed by a period of consolidation and reform highlighted by passage of the Preventive Medicine Law (1938), the creation of the National Health Service (1952), and passage of the Curative Medicine Law for Employees (1968). The significance of these legislative milestones is discussed. The second section examines the degree to which social security coverage affects the utilization of health services. Based on the results of the 1968 health survey it may be concluded that a strong positive correlation exists between social security coverage and the utilization of medical and dental services, along with an inverse correlation between coverage and the unmet demand for care and on health expenditures. The paper concludes with a discussion of the tasks facing the new government as it seeks to integrate Chile's different systems of publicly sponsored health care so as to improve efficiency and to make comprehensive services available to all Chileans.

This is a collection of papers esulting from a Workshop of International Studies of Medical Care sponsored by the Medical Sociology Section American Sociological Association and held at the Asilomar Conference Grounds California in August 1969. The workshop focused on 1) epidemiologic problems 2) perception of and response to symptoms of illness 3) organization and planning of health services 4) use of health services 5) comparative health systems and 5) health manpower and resources. The workshop stressed personal health services with minimal attention to public health practice and environmental health services. The papers considered problems of definition adequacy of reported statistics national differences in research settings selection of constructs and concepts comparability of recording instruments sampling methods statistical techniques etc. Crossnational studies are good because they make it possible to test relationships and associations which would otherwise be limited by the milieu of a single nation. There is a pressing need to translate grand health system theories into operational terms.

TRULY comparative studies of residential health care systems for mentally retarded are virtually nonexistent. This situation exists despite the fact that all mentally retarded comprise perhaps 5 per cent of the national population, and in the face of the fact that over 200,000 mentally retarded are in public residential facilities, cared for by nearly 100,000 staff members at a cost of over $500,000,000. The research from which this paper is drawn addressed this research lacuna, and was perhaps the first to collect comparative data on a broad range of health care system components in residential centers for mentally retarded and the technological bases influencing them. The present paper presents findings on certain indexes of comprehensiveness of health care in these institutions and their technological influences at five public facilities in widely different locations in this country. It need only be mentioned that care to the youth and adults in these institutions influences the pattern of services for mentally retarded children and youth in the community, and for those who will be admitted to these facilities in the future.

This paper, an introduction to this issue devoted to technology and health services, points out that health systems represent a major electronic market and fertile ground for electrical engineering research and development. After a brief description of the current status of health care in the United States, the author discusses the ways in which technology can contribute to the health care system. These contributions are divided into four categories: expansion of the population served, improvement of medical instrumentation, control of the costs of health care, and development of specific health care system components. The coverage of a number of the other papers in this issue is described briefly.

Traditionally, mental health workers (psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers) provide diagnostic evaluations and individual or group psychotherapeutic or casework treatment. With the advent of the community mental health movement, a new role model, that of “mental health consultant,” has emerged. This paper outlines the functions of the “mental health consultant” in the Job Corps program as a way of highlighting the functions of the mental health professional working in this new way. Educational, training, and work programs may be enriched by mental health consultation, and the new directions for interaction between education and mental health are described in this paper.

This paper describes one adjunctive approach to a system of multiphasic health testing, namely, the educational aspect of services rendered. This educational need, integrated into the physical delivery of medical care, can be competently handled by well-trained, qualified paramedical personnel under physician supervision. The effectiveness of such a focus awaits evaluation. It is the contention of this paper that should evaluative findings be indicative of success, the educational endeavor described may well serve as a demonstration model to provide leadership in an important innovative approach to health care, wherein education of the patient becomes an essential adjunct to the management of his care as prescribed by the physician, and an imperative in the health maintenance of all people, both sick and well.

Background: In the Bangladesh society, a few organizations are contributing through their activities on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). It is a general belief that the contribution of Islami Bank Bangladeshi Limited in CSR is highest among the financial institutions. It is an observation that IBBL's CSR contribution in the healthcare sector is very significant. Objective: This paper explores the stockholders' perception of CSR contribution in the healthcare sector by Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBBL). Method: Authors used qualitative approach in doing the research. Data were collected through a survey. Likert scale was used to explore the significance of stakeholders' perception. Results: This paper reports the findings of a qualitative study on perceptions of CSR by IBBL in the healthcare sector of a heterogeneous group of stakeholders. The findings reveal the perception of stakeholders towards the social contribution of Islami Bank Central Hospital (IBCH), an Institution for CSR in healthcare by IBBL. The stakeholders believe that this hospital is significantly contributing to the society through its support in the healthcare sector. It is also found that the hospital is proactive in providing healthcare support to the community through its highly standard human resources, world class medical equipment, outstanding management team and superb customer care support. Conclusion: This exploratory study makes a contribution to the relatively new body of work on CSR in Bangladesh, especially in the healthcare sector by IBBL and hopefully will encourage further research on the topic. This study will also contribute to improve the governance, social, ethical, and environmental conditions of the healthcare sector. Key words: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR); healthcare sector; stakeholders' perception. DOI: 10.3329/bjms.v9i4.6687 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.09 No.4 July 2010 pp.208-215

The observations on health services presented in this paper were made by the author during a one—month visit to the People's Republic of China in September—October 1971 as the guest of the Chinese Medical Association. The first part of the paper describes the following general principles on which current health services in China appear to be based: emphasis on care in the rural areas; integration of traditional Chinese medicine with western medicine; expanded use of community members in health services; decentralization; educational and status changes for health workers; and an ethic of service and cooperation rather than professional satisfaction and competition. The second part describes current practices in the organization of health services, in hospitals, and in maternal and child care. The overall conclusion is that the Chinese have made incredible progress over the past 22 years and have many lessons for other countries.

A Psychiatric Case Register for the Camberwell area of south-east London yields detailed information on the workings of the mental health services in the locality. This paper presents some of the findings from the first three years' data. — The characteristics of a cohort of long-stay in-patients from Camberwell are discussed in some detail. The number of such patients is found to be falling over time, but at a slower rate than that forecast in official publications. — Figures are presented concerning patients who have shorter in-patient spells, but who may have several periods in hospital during the course of their illness. Admissions for organic psychosis show the highest retention rate over time, and those for reactive depression the lowest. A conscious replanning of short- and medium-term in-patient beds has been initiated in Camberwell, and changes in the functions of the local in-patient agencies are being examined using Register material. — The final section of the paper contains data on out-patient services, provision of which is higher for Camberwell than nationally, due largely to the several teaching hospitals in London which have out-patient departments. — The likely direction of future developments in the Camberwell area, and the importance of a Case Register in monitoring such developments, are discussed.

DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v8i0.1129Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.8 2003 p.218-226

In response to growing demands for medical care and to rising costs, various advocates have emphasized the need for greater efficiency in the organization and provision of care. While some controls on price, quality, and utilization are obvi ously necessary, there is a growing tendency among reformers to lose sight of the fact that medicine is a sustaining profession as well as a technical activity, and that there are limits to the extent to which medical service can be rationalized without undermining its more extensive social functions. The growing strains between the bureaucratization of medical care and the maintenance of a flexible, personal approach are examined. Using the Garfield model of health services as an example, the paper suggests how typical administrative solutions to the health care crisis may neglect the realities of how patients per ceive and use such services. Since increasing group organiza tion is viewed as inevitable, the paper concludes by considering bureaucratic mechanisms that might facilitate a reasonable balance between efficient organization and an appropriate response to the needs of the patient.

THIS paper was written to examine the value of periodic school health examinations and to plead for the abolition of a required annual health examination of every pupil. To avoid the accusation of personal prejudice the argument is based less on the writer's own experience, and mostly on material from papers discussing this subject. To be brief, pro and con pleadings will be found matched with each other without further expanlations.*

The present paper represents a summary of the findings of a six month study of health care in the western Pennsylvania region, conducted by the Biotechnology Program of Carnegie-Mellon University during 1968. The study, one of six, was commissioned by the Committee on Engineering in Medicine and Biology of the National Academy of Engineering. A parallel study of Bioengineering in Pennsylvania, sponsored by the Pennsylvania Science and Engineering Foundation of the Department of Commerce, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, was conducted simultaneously with the NAE study. Major conclusions of this paper center about the need for introduction of modern technology into the health care industry.

Associate Professor of Preventive Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California. t Associate Researcher in Health Law, University of California, Los Angeles, California. This paper has been developed by expansion and revision of a position paper entitled "Licensure, Accreditation, and Certification as Assurances of High-quality Health Care," delivered at the 1968 National Health Forum. The original position paper will be published in the proceedings of the 1968 National Health Forum. governmental approval of personnel, educational programs, facilities, and services are generally more than minimal, and strive to promote excellence.2 Specification of standards for certification of specialists and requirements for hospital committees and staff privileges, and required use of consultants in hospitalized cases not progressing satisfactorily, are examples of voluntary control that have far-reaching effects on quality of care. This nongovernmental regulatory process affects the daily operations of practitioners and institutions. Peer group evaluation of physician activities, through utilization review, tissue committee review, and medical audit, can deal with many factors affecting performance, such as ordinary incompetence in the exercise of skills, lack of specialized skills, and diminution of skills as a result of age, debilitation, drug addiction, or alcoholism. Such nongovernmental supervision of practice supplements effectively governmental processes in cases involving alleged violations of licensure laws which entail quasi-criminal penalties. Proof of improper practices in nongovernmental supervision need not be so formal nor so full as in cases involving the governmental process; nor must the alleged violations conform to the rigid stat

Introduction. The following paper is the result of a survey made under the direction of Capt. R. F. Sledge, MC, USN, whose suggestions and encouragement were of great help to us. The observations recorded below were made by the authors during the months of March and April 1944. The total population of the islands and atolls visited was approximately 4500; we examined 1100 of this total. No accurate morbidity percentages are available as yet. Those quoted in this paper are approximations. We are at present engaged in making a more thorough survey of the diseases found among these people. This will be the subject of a later paper. The number of our laboratory studies was limited by the short time we had ashore on the various islands visited, and the extreme difficulty of getting equipment ashore across the reefs surrounding these islands. GENERAL The health of the natives was fair.

The purpose of this paper is to offer a comprehensive review of the current status of social and behavioral sciences in American medical schools. The paper reviews the development of behavioral sciences in American medical schools, emphasizes the current status of this movement, describes the preclinical teaching of behavioral sciences at the University of Connecticut and concludes with a discussion of the importance of behavioral sciences in preclinical medical and dental education, particularly with respect to the current goal of comprehensive health care.

This article is based on an evaluation of a hospital merger conducted by the Health Services Research Center of the Hospital Research and Educational Trust and Northwestern University under HEW Contract HSM 110-70-368. The evaluation of Samaritan Health Service (Phoenix, Arizona) concerns many of the crucial dimensions of health care, including management, finances, quality, availability, acceptance, and comprehensiveness, that may have been affected by a hospital merger. The financial analyses are an important aspect of this study, as one of the primary incentives for hospital mergers is apparently the desire to contain costs. The overall research results indicate that this particular merger was successful in containing the cost of hospital care relative to the services provided. The Samaritan study further concludes that substantial cost savings can be realized through hospital mergers. The research results reported in this paper are a summary of the major financial analyses of Samaritan Health Service. The paper demonstrates that, in this particular instance, it can be documented that the cost of hospital care in the merged hospitals was contained relative to average costs in other similar hospitals. The research methods are described and the reported results serve as a case study measuring the financial impact of a hospital merger.

Medical care in western society has become an increasingly complex institution. The boundaries between medical, nursing and social care are not as well defined as they have been in the recent past. This paper attempts to set out the ‘care' needs of a modern community. It will be followed by a second paper setting out the role of the nurse in providing care and possible ways in which the profession should develop.

This paper presents the Human Resources Research Center (H.R.R.C.) macroeconometric model of the health care systems of the United States and examples of its use in the study of health services and health manpower. This model contains 37 behavioral equations and identities treating both demand and supply factors in the markets for health services and health manpower. The model explains utilization rates and prices of health services, occupancy rates and beds for inpatient institutions, and employment and wages for health manpower. The model is used for structural analysis by studying estimated coefficients and implied elasticities. The paper reports estimated price, income and insurance elasticities of demand for hospital inpatient and outpatient care and for visits to medical specialists and to surgical specialists. The model is also used for policy evaluation via simulating future values of variables of the health care system under alternative assumptions as to policy variables. The paper reports analyses of two types of policy initiatives, the first involving features of various national health insurance plans and the second involving policies designed to increase the total number of physicians.

Experience in the United States with Medicare, Medicaid, and other Federal programs clearly demonstrates the need to take account of factors affecting health services demand and supply in formulating and executing national health manpower policies. The research described in this paper is part of a large effort under way at the Human Resources Research Center (HRRC) to combine economic analysis, statistical estimation, and simulation techniques to develop a microsimulation model of the entire health care system. When it is completed, the HRRC model will facilitate improw)d health manpower planning by permitting forecasts of the complex interrelations between the demand and supply for health services and health manpower. Tile paper is organized into two sections. The first presents an overview of the entire model. The second describes the physician services submodel in more detail, and plans for further research.

This paper illuminates the professional socialization process in a variety of physiotherapy workplaces through engagement with a range of facilities and participants (including new graduates, physiotherapy managers and experienced physiotherapists). It explores being and becoming a physiotherapist, and gives recognition to the importance of the workplace in the professional socialization process. It reports positive workplace experiences for recent graduates, and identifies links between these experiences, professional career structures, and the attrition rate from the profession. Just how well prepared are physiotherapists for the realities of the workplace? While this paper includes a theoretical model of professional socialization, the focus is on the narrative model, which is the lived experience of physiotherapists in the context of practice in the constantly changing healthcare workplace through globalisation and economic rationalization.

This paper is addressed to an important policy question, very much at the center of American attention: how can high quality of medical care be achieved for all our population? Although my analyses and recommendations are directed at the local scene, I believe they are pertinent—with qualifications which will be touched on my closing pages—to many another country. The chief reason is that although medical organization throughout the world varies widely in the scope of population covered and in how populations are serviced, the assumptions about medical care are relatively standard—and often they are built without scrutiny into the very fabric of a nation's system of medical care. About my own country, I question in this paper whether its citizens can realistically expect anything like high quality of care without considerably more far-reaching reforms in our present system of medical and health care than are instituted by present legislation, or assumed in current planning. (And I have chosen deliberately not to discuss another important issue— whether equality of care can even be approached without radical changes in American social structure.) My argument, briefly summarized, is as follows: 1. (1) The national commitment to quality medical care for all citizens has led to important legislation, now having its impact at local levels. The emphasis is on extending and improving a basically sound system of medical organization so that medical care can be offered faster, more effectively, more efficiently, and to all sectors of our population. 2. (2) Behind this emphasis on delivering improved care is the assumption that hitherto medically disadvantaged groups—notably the lower economic groups—can be reached without radical transformation of the system of medical care. 3. (3) This assumption is dubious. If so, then major reforms in medical organization are required, otherwise the current great inequities in the distribution of medical care will continue. 4. (4) The medical system has never adequately serviced lower income groups in the past, because it was not designed to do so. Lower income styles of life are sufficiently different so that they must specifically be taken into account in organising medical care for these sectors of the population. Professionals have not been trained, and generally are not now being trained, in the special skills necessary to deliver quality care to these people. 5. (5) The recommendations that I give are based on the necessity for breaking a vicious cycle which characterizes the medical care of lower income patients. First, we must speed up the initial visit of the patient for medical care. Second, we must improve the experiences which he has in the medical facilities. Third, we must improve the communication, given and received, about necessary regimens. Fourth, we must increase the likelihood that the patient will properly carry out his regimen at home. Fifth, we must increase the likelihood of necessary revisits to the medical facility. And sixth, we must decrease the time between the necessary revisits. (Since this vicious cycle also operates, although to a lesser extent, with higher income patients, my recommendations are directed at improving care for those patients also.) 6. (6) I suggest a number of recommendations, each directed at breaking some phase of the vicious cycle and deriving from considerations of the life-styles of lower income Americans. These recommendations do not necessarily require additional resources or finances; but a rearrangement of tasks and organization, invention of new organizational mechanisms, and the reallocation of expenditures. By no means are all the recommendations which I suggest original: what makes these recommendations different is that they are related to each other through the guiding idea of a “vicious cycle”. 7. (7) To insure sufficiently broad action really to break this cycle, I argue one further recommendation. We need responsibility at four levels: professional, institutional, lay and governmental. Professional societies and schools must take responsibility for certain reforms bearing on the total restraining cycle. Medical facilities also need to consider how broadly across the cycle they can act. I argue that we need also to enlist the responsible efforts of lower income people; and further, that governmental responsibility for inducing needed reforms—as outlined in this paper—is also requisite. In general, then, I argue that the national commitment to high quality of medical care necessitates reforms far beyond those usually envisioned in current planning and legislation. These reforms can be joined with the more usual, and certainly very necessary, recommendations for increased expenditure and manpower in order to improve medical care across the board [1].

Following the successful 1967 Symposium on Circumpolar Health-Related Problems held at the University of Alaska under the joint auspices of the Arctic Institute and the University ..., plans were initiated for staging a second conference, and this was soon given strong support by the Scandinavian-North European group. Their initiative led to the organization of the Nordic Council for Arctic Medical Research, with representation from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. ... The Symposium was held from 21 to 24 June 1971 in the new, modern University of Oulu Medical School, the northernmost medical school on earth. The participants came from thirteen countries and included three representatives from the World Health Organization. The 276 registered active participants were accompanied by 79 non-participants, for a total of 355. The conference was thus nearly three times the size of the 1967 Alaska symposium of slightly above 100 participants. The most numerous national groups were from the U.S.A. (82), Finland (69), Sweden (67), Canada (44), and Denmark (38). Other countries represented were Australia, France, Iceland, Japan, Norway, U.S.S.R., the U.K., and West Germany. ... The four-day program at Oulu was followed by a post-conference session at Rovaniemi. The total program presented 95 main speakers, plus 88 "free" or contributed papers, for a grand total of 183 presentations. ... considerable attention was given to environmental problems and influences on health and morbidity in the polar regions. ... One of the major intervening developments which had produced new research and thrown new light on arctic health problems, physical and psychological, was the work done under the five-year International Biological Program (IBP). ... The range of subject matter discussed by the 96 main speakers and in the 88 contributed papers may be shown by a grouping under the following ten headings: 1. The arctic environment, including geographic, social, and economic problems which affect health, with emphasis on the effects of permafrost; 2. Community planning and development, with attention to housing, water supply, sewage disposal, pollution, and communications; 3. Human adaptability to arctic conditions, including reports on current research, particularly IBP studies, and genetic aspects of the native populations; 4. The effects of cold, including findings on cold physiology, physical capacity in cold, cold injuries, clothing, and other protective measures; 5. Infections in the Arctic, with special attention to bacterial diseases, viral diseases, and to parasites and zoonoses; 6. Odontology, including variations in dental morphologic traits, effects of diet, dental diseases, and other special dental problems among native arctic peoples; 7. Ophthalmology, discussed in several contributed papers from Scandinavia and Canada; 8. Nutrition, including reports on dietary surveys, on physiological and pathological effects of nutritional changes, as well as theoretical approaches to the evaluation of nutritional status through the use of multiple radioactive tracer techniques; 9. Public health in the Arctic, including reports of studies, experimentation, and research on relevant facets such as disease prevalence, psychological-psychiatric problems, the organization of health care, education of medical personnel, delivery of medical care under arctic conditions, and preventive health programs; 10. Lastly, consideration of medical problems in a changing arctic society, including such factors as changing settlement patterns, progress in immunization among remote populations, new aspects of mental health problems, and new strategies of medical treatment and health care. ...