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This paper examines the often repeated assertion that Parsons abandoned the notion of ‘voluntarism’ in favor of ‘macrofunctionalism’ or ‘behavioristic naturalism’ and that the Parsonian scheme therefore reveals marked discontinuity. When Parsons' strategy for theory building is appreciated, this prevalent assumption proves to be incorrect. In fact, the Parsonian action scheme evidences a considerable degree of continuity from 1937 to the present. While a prevalent piece of sociological folklore is refuted by a careful examination of the Parsonian theory building strategy, a number of significant problems in following this strategy are felt to remain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the idea of social networks, which have been becoming increasingly popular among both social anthropologists and sociologists as one way of understanding behavior, particularly in larger scale complex or less structured societies. It reviews several literature related to the topic including those that were regarded as the most effective treatment for the subject. Furthermore, it concentrates on the developments that have taken place after the discoveries made by these related literature. It discusses a range of topics that include the question of the network theory, structural and transactional perspectives, network concepts, data collection, and finally, it presents an analysis of the social networks.

This article scrutinizes the 28-year development of growth groups for those factors that have made the guidelines for psychologists conducting growth groups. Carl Rogers, the well-known proponent of client-centered therapy, first coined the term "basic encounter groups." Encounter groups tend to emphasize personal growth and the development and improvement of interpersonal communication and relationships through an experiential process. It is difficult to determine the extent of the growth group movement in the U.S. One estimate claimed that over five million people have been involved.

The late 1960s saw the emergence of a few "super gangs" whose political and economic activities attracted much attention. More recently, gangs apparently similar to those of the 1950s have become newsworthy again in several major cities. This paper surveys these developments against the background of a variety of macro- and microsociological processes. Research conducted in Chicago and elsewhere during the late 1950s and early 60s suggests that delinquent gangs were rather "innocent" participants in the broad social trends of the times and that most gang members were relatively unaffected by the ideological currents associated with them. The primary effect on gangs was indirect, by changing the perceptions and attitudes of others toward gangs, and their behavior in relation to them. Gang life for most members of most gangs, individually and collectively, appears to have changed little in recent years. The prospects for channeling the energies of gangs into socially constructive programs seem bleak, because of the operation of group processes, and the limited experiences and social abilities of most gang members. Basic structural limitations on opportunities for the poor and the powerless to achieve economic and political power provide the framework within which these processes operate today as in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the results of a sample survey of ZPG members undertaken in April 1971 to ascertain if any changes had occurred in membership attributes since the first survey in September 1970 and to investigate additional characteristics. Age, education, religion and student/ non-student status are considered in relation to length of membership of ZPG. Income, political activities, intended family size and opinions about ideal population size and population control are also examined, including attitudes towards vasectomy and abortion.It is concluded that, among members of voluntary organizations, demographic factors such as age, education, religion and sex do not possess a causal relationship with social behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper is a rejoinder to Plods critique of the social psychology of conflict published in this Journal. The rejoinder reviews the history of American social psychology, the meaning of 'conflict resolution', the nature of the dilemma in the Prisoner's Dilemma, and other related matters which Plon has apparently misconstrued. The rejoinder criticizes Plon's crude 'economic determinism' version of Marxist theory and briefly considers the role of power in politics. The characteristics of the present author's social-psychological approach to conflict is outlined, and it is suggested that such an approach has direct relevance to the intellectual concerns of those who seek to bring about social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines an attempt to make an application of open class technique in a race relations course. The class was large; it lasted for only one quarter; and, since it was taught in the university's evening program, it contained students of widely varying backgrounds and interests. An open class was organized for the students of Sociology at the University of Washington and course was structured to encourage student participation by removing any threat of grading. On the first evening of class students were given an extensive amount of material to read. This material was designed to stimulate the students into thinking and talking about their own college experiences with learning. They were also given a handout which described the structure for the course. The last thing students were given was a list of sixteen proposed class sessions. The author found the course much more rewarding to teach than any he had taught previously. Admittedly the new structure can create a few problems but none of these problems should deter experimenting with an open class.

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The "Journal of Health & Social Behavior" has reversed the cover page. The name of the journal is located on top of the page and the article titles and authors are located at the bottom. The modification was done because library racks often conceal journal titles printed on the bottom of the cover. A new type arrangement was made to improve the appearance of the inside pages. The rejection rate for papers submitted to the journal must remain high, due to page limits imposed. The number of manuscripts that discussed policy implications increased. Lastly, there are changes in the editorial staff and associate editors.

This paper examines the community situation of shipyard workers on Tyneside, certain aspects of their orientations to work and general social perspectives, and the relationship of these to each other and to the structure of social relations at work. In terms of their community situation shipyard workers would seem to come close to Lockwood's traditional proletarian type of worker. There is evidence to suggest, however, that these workers' social perspectives are not at all clearly traditional proletarian. The explanation for this is found, at least m part, m the much greater complexity of social relations at work than are accounted for in the model of traditional proletarianism. The paper suggests that existing typologies of the orientations and social perspectives of workers need to be refined by more detailed studies of the structural and relational aspects of both work and community situations. The paper concludes with a brief examination of changes in both industry and community and the likely effect of these on the social perspectives of shipbuilding workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IN A RECENT paper Mr. Runciman concludes by inviting replies to his argument that it is logically and conceptually useful to employ the tripartite distinction between `class' `status' and `power' in the analysis of social stratification. Mr. Runciman does not, of course, deny the existence of links between these three dimensions, but suggests that such links must be seen contingent empirical relationships and not necessary logical ones. I hope that the following paper will provide such a reply. It must be clear that the following criticism is directed, in the main, to those parts of the paper in which Mr. Runciman is concerned with the logical and conceptual problem. The essay in question also contains a clear and valuable assessment of the problems encountered in any attempt to measure the three types of inequality. In the first part of the paper I propose to give a critical assessment of certain central aspects of Mr. Runciman's argument and, in the second part, I will put forward a very brief formulation of what I consider to be a more meaningful alternative view of the relationships between class, status, and power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conference paper about the methodological and theoretical frameworks of rural values is presented. It discusses the unobstrusive or nonreactive approach and the five areas of human problems that affects the theory of value orientation. Five areas of human problems include the innate nature, super-nature, and the modes of human activity.

This article aims to obtain a description of the human relationships characteristic of a rather compact and ambitious newspaper staff. A further aim was to show the influence of the system on the attitudes of the various members of the staff to their job. In all the papers in the survey, the editor-in-chief keeps his finger on the pulse of the situation in his contacts with the government and Party authorities. The standard of the paper depends on the talents and enthusiasm of its editorial staff. The art of managing the staff of a paper largely boils down to co-ordinating the various social mechanisms that allow the system to function, manipulating them for the common good, and preventing conflict between the various elements of the system. It is striking that among the newspapermen and especially among the journalists there was fairly considerable criticism of their own occupational group. This self-criticism should be interpreted in terms of the disproportion between the newspapermen's aspirations and their actual social and occupational situation. According to the élite of the newspaper staff, external difficulties are responsible for the difficulty of achieving these ideals.

Factor analysis is designed for ordering the interrelationship of a number of variables by constructing a smaller number of variables that will adequately account for the correlations among all the original variables. The factors extracted may be viewed as more basic variables that underline the relationships among the manifest variables actually studied. In the original paper, the author examined the concomitants of three dependent variables: family-size preferences, birth intervals, and fertility-planning success. Three factor analyses were performed and reported, one each for samples of Protestants, Catholics, and Jews. The objective of the paper was to elucidate the structure underlying the concomitants to the three "fertility" variables. On the other hand, the selection of items that have first-order relationships to the fertility variables should tend to emphasize the development of factors with the fertility variables as central items. This should occur since redundant items have been eliminated and the likelihood.

This article presents information on the dilemma of adoptive parenthood. The main objective of this paper is to show the existence of in congruous role obligations in the situation of adoptive relations, and to indicate the likely consequences of current modes of dealing with the dilemma which the incongruity produces. Secondarily, in terms of methodology, this paper is meant to help demonstrate the applicability of structural functional analyses to the strategies of welfare practice. Reference to the adoptive situation is here restricted to a single type of it. According to the author, acceptance of values which are inappropriate to the adoptive situation may occur the more readily because adoptive parental roles as alternatives to those of biological parenthood are at present neither adequately designed nor fully sanctioned. In the absence of institutionalized learning patterns concerning adoptive family rules, biological parenthood provides the most readily available frame of reference for the self-perceptions and role definitions of adopters.

This article focuses on the research papers published in this issue of the journal "Marriage and Family Living." The research paper "Research in family dynamics: A criticism and a proposal," focuses on the extensive use of questionnaires in the study of interpersonal family relations. The study suggests the clinical approach by family sociologists who have been trained in psychodynamics as a more appropriate technique which is also capable of progressive refinement. The research paper "Family-oriented treatment of marital problems," highlights the special aspects of family-oriented treatment of marital problems in a family agency focus attention on the interaction between husband and wife. A sound clinical understanding of each partner is essential, but it is equally important that the relationship between the partners be understood. Another research paper "Are educators afraid of sex?" attempts to show that there is a trend toward emotional withdrawal from sex instruction in family life education today.

This article presents comments of the author in response to comments made by Robert Edward Mitchell on his articles "Status Crystallization: A Non-vertical Dimension of Social Status" and "Social Participation and Status Crystallization." The author's aim was to discover what effect, if any, status inconsistency has on the behavior of individuals. It was not to develop a general theory of why individuals participate in, or withdraw from, groups, as Mitchell implies at the end of Section I, nor to demonstrate that the consistency, or crystallization, variable is a more powerful predictor of behavior than simple, consistent differences in status, as he implies in his reference to relations between high-status physicians and lower-class patients in Section I, or again in Section III when he refers to Jewish garment workers and bankers. The author confesses that he found these discussions very surprising, since at the beginning of Section II Mitchell includes a quotation from his first paper that states his objective in terms that still seem to him to be perfectly clear and straightforward.

This article is based on a symposium on social perception and examines certain factors influencing one individual's appraisal of another. In so doing the paper primarily concerns with the kinds of information on which such an appraisal is based. Specifically, the article discusses perceptions or conceptualizations based on the information contained in projective-test protocols. In the ordinary course of interpersonal affairs one individual perceives another intermittently in the performance of varied sequences of social acts. The types of acts he observes are limited by such factors as frequency of contact, the relationship which maintains between the observer and the observed, constants and variables operating on the observed individual during the periods of observation, etc. Hence, a man's employer may possess inadequate or inappropriate information for describing his semiprivate behavior in the family situation while yet being able to render a valid characterization of the man's interpersonal relations at his work. Conversely, a wife might conceivably render a fairly adequate characterization, i.e., one that would provide a basis for valid prediction of certain aspects of his semiprivate life and yet be quite inaccurate in her prediction of his behavior in situations with which she was unfamiliar.

The article presents studies which attempt to extend the previous work on social perception, in two main respects. They are primarily concerned with the interpersonal relationship which exists between the perceiver and the perceivee, and secondly, they deal with the phenomena of interpersonal perception. Data about living persons have been utilized as the basic stimuli of perception. The research discussed in this article is based on the assumption that the interpersonal relationship can be considered as a unit for purposes of research. The relationship can be studied by means of interpersonal perception methods if some methodological assumptions are made. The assumption which has perhaps been most widely accepted holds that a person will react to his environment in terms of how he perceives it. However, by "environment" it is usually meant people, especially those on whom the individual depends for gratification of his physical and emotional needs. The particular dimension with which the paper deals with is a by- product of prediction. The degree of similarity or difference which one person assumes to exist between himself and another is a matter of interest. It is hypothesized that this tendency to see another person as similar to oneself will have important consequences to the interpersonal relationship.

Any social perception may be considered to have four components (a) the perceiver, (b) the individual or group perceived, (c) the evidence or stimuli available to the perceiver ("input"), and (d) the judgment reported by the perceiver ("outtake"). Each of these components, in turn, can be described along various dimensions. The entire domain of possible research on social perception in terms of these components can be mapped. A few examples are given from work by others already in the literature. Holding everything else constant, it can be studied how social perceptions differ according to characteristics of the perceiver. This paper analyzes some of the problems inherent in the proposition that accuracy of social perception correlates positively with effectiveness in interpersonal relationships. Four components of social perception were identified and illustrated: perceiver, perceivee, input, and outtake. Contradictory results of previous research on accuracy in relation to effectiveness were cited to illustrate the problem of developing a theory of relevant outtake, or kinds of perceptions to be elicited. The possibility of developing standard cases for the measurement of social perception was described and illustrated by current research. Finally, results were cited to suggest that there may be two types of accuracy of social perception, each internally consistent, yet negatively related to each other and not accounted for by an adherence-to-stereotype response set. The two types can on logical grounds be denoted "accuracy in perceiving manifest stimulus value" and "accuracy in taking the role of the other."

Increase use of the Draw-A-Person Test as a clinical diagnostic device has demonstrated the need for experimental analysis of certain DAP Test indices often employed in clinical interpretations. The present paper is concerned with a study, in normal subjects, of the relationship of the factors of sex and age of the subject to the height of the figure drawn a variable frequently selected for interpretation when the DAP Test is used as a projective technique. The reliability of this height dimension was also studied. Relationships investigated in the present research were those which could be objectively established for a large group of subjects rather than those involving clinical interpretations for any specific persons or group of persons. Though the stimulating situation is the same for both sexes, their projective responses as represented in the DAP show distinct differences on these two variables. Moreover, as shown on the height variable, these projective responses tend to be constant over a period of time.

The article describes a standardized test situation giving evidence of the extent of differences among people in ease of perception of embedded figures A subsequent research paper reports a study investigating the relations between performance in this test and performance in a variety of other perceptual situations. This "embedded-figures test" has a fairly high reliability as shown by odd-even correlations of 87 for men and 74 for women. Results obtained with this test for a group of 51 men and 51 women are presented. A very striking range of difference among subjects has been found in the ease of discovering the simple figure within the complex one. Furthermore, women, on the average, require considerably more time to detect the simple figure than do men. Qualitative results are presented which shed light on the specific perceptual difficulties encountered by subjects in tins test. Finally, some relations between results of the present test and results obtained with concept-formation tests and the Kohs Test are considered.

The article discusses various issues related to race relations in South Africa. In South Africa race relations obtrude in every field. They are the central issue in the country and contemporary studies in economics, politics, history, education, and religion all, of necessity, touch on them. Writers are preoccupied with the same theme and it forms the substance of most South African novels, plays, and biographies. Because the material is so abundant no attempt is made in this article to discuss it fully or even to provide an exhaustive bibliography, but attention is concentrated on some of the more notable contributions published during the past five years, and reference is made to a few earlier publications where this is necessary to explain later discussions. The great volume of material touching on race relations which has been published during the past five years in South Africa is a measure of one's pre-occupation with the issue. Most of it is concerned with the analysis of what existing relationships are, some of it is directed to the consideration of alternative policies.

The article focuses on family life in London, England suburb. The material presented in this paper was collected in the course of a study of an urban general practice made by the Social Medicine Research Unit of the Medical Research Council during 1950-52. It relates to the way of life, and the family and social relationships, of a group of families within that practice, and it is the kind of material that often lies unused in research flies. It also provided a basis for assessing the characteristics of the group; characteristics which cannot be left out of account if any attempt is to be made to understand the factors which influence the behavior of patients in health and illness. The young wife of a man who had recently set up in business on his own volunteered the information that she and her husband could talk about everything and anything together, she thought that modern girls were not afraid of their husbands, as the older generation hat been, and so they could be companions for each other and do things together.

Unidimensional conceptions of socioeconomic status require that alternative indicators of one's position in the stratification system have similar elects upon the consequences of socioeconomic level. We show herein that different indicators of social participation and psychological well-being are in fact associated with different indicators of socioeconomic status. Thus, any attempt to combine these indicators—educational attainment, occupational pursuit, family income, or occupational origins—into a single index of socio- economic status will prove unsatisfactory because its component parts have different consequences for the same variable. We also show in this paper precisely how certain formulations of the effects of inconsistency and mobility are wholly redundant and only represent a logically possible way of interpreting the linearly additive effects of the variables used to define inconsistency and mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a reprint of the paper "L'informatique etlepouvoir: Pouvoir dans l'entreprise et pouvoir de l'entreprise," that was published in the May 1972 issue of the periodical "Informatique et Gestion." A brief recall of the most recent concepts on the functioning of organizations will allow the potential implications of informatics for the distribution of power in a company to be better understood and will clarify the reactions of the cadres in this regard. Specialists on business administration and sociologists specializing in organizations have conducted studies in the United States and in Western Europe that have led to a company no longer being considered as a supra-individual entity, having an existence and a behavior independent of that of its members and capable to this extent of being explained and governed by referring to purely formal models. They have likewise demonstrated that a company can no longer be conceived of only as the network of interpersonal relationships--irrational and charged with affectivity--to which the theoreticians of human relations thought it could be reduced. Instead, an organization can more realistically be considered the resultant of strategic games carried out as a function of multiple, divergent, and indeed contradictory goals by the organizational actors and as a function of their adherence to a minimum of common norms.

The article discusses the resource theory of family power as it applies to two types of decisions, one pertaining to the household and the other pertaining to the farm. The theory holds that the relative power of husband and wife is determined by their comparative participation in systems external to the family. According to the resource theory, it is the relative educational level of husband and wife which is important in decision-making. It is suggested that the education of the wife is not significantly associated with her involvement in either farm or household decisions. However, there is a tendency for wife's education to be negatively associated with her involvement in farm resource decisions and to be positively associated with her involvement in food and entertainment decisions. Wife's education gives her more influence relative to her husband in the home but not in the farm. Husband's education, on the other hand, has a significant negative association with wife's involvement, hence, a positive association with his involvement in farm resource decisions. It also has a slightly positive association with wife's influence in the food and entertainment decisions.

Using data from a 1966-1967 probability sample of West Malaysian married women 15-44 years of age, this paper analyzes the characteristics of women who were active in diffusing information about family planning. The woman's age and her parity, her educational attainment, her race, her present residence (urban-rural), and whether or not she wanted more children were significantly related to opinion leadership in bivariate tables. However, these relationships appeared to be substantial mainly because these social and demographic characteristics were highly related to whether the woman participated in discussions about family planning with other women. Among women who did participate in such discussions, the social and demographic variables were not substantially related to opinion leadership. In fact, the critical variables for opinion leadership appeared to be participation in the discussions, greater knowledge of family planning, and a higher level of family planning use. An attempt is also made to assess the effect of interpersonal communication on the adoption of family planning among women in the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article overviews the historical and logical trends in the field of industrial sociology as of 1957. The field has been divided by J. B. Knox into three rather convenient areas. The locus of study may be human relations in the industrial plant, or relationships between industry and the community, or relationships between industry and society. The series of ideas relating to the concept of cooperative social process points to the growth of a general theoretical framework in industrial sociology. The development of the theory of industrial cooperation is partly due to the historical fact that social scientists chose progressively more complex social situations for examination. In addition to its sociological relationship, the concept of cooperative social process in industry has a relation to the goals of Catholic social philosophy.

Attempts to validate William Schutz's personality measure, Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientations-Behavior (FIRO-B) using a modified version of William Lashbrook's PROANA5, a computerized technique for the analysis of small group interaction. Relationship between personality characteristics, as measured by paper and pencil tests, and manifested behavior; Behavioral correlates of the various FIRO-B scale scores.

In the fall of 1952, a chronological study has been conducted to solve the problem of community action in the Springdale community in New York. For this purpose interviews were arranged with ten different adults who had played key roles in the action. The case study is based primarily in the weekly paper, observations made by the field workers at meetings of various organizations. Additional information was also gathered by field workers through informal contacts in the community. The roles of various organizations were also analyzed.

The article presents a list of books related to psychology. They include "Psychophysical Analysis of Visual Space," by J. C. Baird, "Human Social Behavior: A Contemporary View of Experimental Research," by R. A. Baron and R. M. Liebert, and "Units, Symbols and Abbreviations: A Guide for Biological and Medical Editors and Authors," edited by G. Ellis.

This paper compares three approaches to improving policymaking: systems analysis, disjointed incrementalism and the clinical approach (elsewhere referred to as the planned change or human relations approach or organization development). It pays particular attention to the way in which these three approaches view organizations and the role of the expert in reform-mongering. It is suggested that systems analysis and incrementalism arc quite compatible and that, in fact, systems analysis has, in large measure, accepted the incrementalists" view of the policymaking process. But this acceptance has served not so much to strengthen policy analysis as to increase awareness of its weaknesses. The clinical approach, on the other hand, holds out the promise of strengthening policy analysis, since it focuses on changing organizations, an area in which both systems analysis and incrementalism are weak and. as action-oriented approaches, hampered by their weaknesses. The potential contributions of the clinical approach are considered as well as the likelihood of an eventual synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the pattern of ritual friendship in tribal India. Friendship as one of the voluntary forms of inter personal relationships has not been given due consideration by the social scientists, though it has been to a certain extent studied by sociologists, anthropologists and psychologists but the largest share and credit goes to the psychologists. The sociologists and particularly, the anthropologists have grossly neglected this part of interpersonal relationships, because they have been preoccupied with the studies of kin relationships and behavior among different kins. The present paper, therefore, attempts to describe the concept of ritual friendship in Tribal India. It also focuses on some dimensions of friendship, which may be taken up for cross-cultural validation. Of more than twenty monographs consulted on the tribal peoples of India twelve reported ritual friendships. Materials on more casual friendships received only incidental mention. The space devoted to friendship in these monographs ranged from two to twelve pages of quite uneven detail. Since ethnographers vary greatly in what they report, the difference in tins coverage cannot be considered a measure of the salience of ritual friendship in the twelve tribes.

The success or failure of any programme aimed at effecting closer co-operative links between home and school depends not only upon the quality of the relationships established between parents and the staff of the school, but more fundamentally upon the purposes which bring these two groups of people together. One may seek to understand such successes and failures in school-parent co-operation in a variety of ways. One fruitful approach is through the use of concepts from role theory. This paper focuses upon one particular member of the school staff, the headteacher, for it is be who occupies a position which most often serves as a point of articulation between the home and the school. "Role conceptions" refers simply to the beliefs that headteachers hold about what they should or should not do as holders of the headteacher-position. Knowledge of their beliefs is important in understanding the form and the scope of the links that may be instituted between home and school. For a variety of reasons, head- teachers possess considerable authority in connection with the internal and external affairs of their schools.

Elizabeth Bott's hypothesis that "the degree of segregation in the role-relationship of husband and wife varies directly with the connectedness of the family's social network" has been tested with inconclusive results. C. C Harris has reinterpreted the English data by suggesting that the degree to which monosex groups exist for each spouse explains the data better than does Bott's thesis. In this paper, Japanese and English data are compared and the relative merits of Harris' thesis over that of Bott discussed. Implications of the findings for further research are discussed as they relate to the contrasting rates of divorce found in the two countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using interview data collected from a large sample of husband-wife pairs, as well as married people who are considered independently of their spouses, this paper focuses on features within the conjugal relationship that activate couples who are predisposed to practice family planning to take positive actions on this matter. (1) Women are more likely to practice if they have high levels of influence over family decision-making. If husbands and wives differ in their attitudes toward family limitation, the husband's preferences are most likely to affect the decisions that are made. (2) Those who are predisposed to practice are also more likely to do so if they have high levels of communication with their spouse. For the most part, these influences affect family-planning practices independently of other confounding influences, such as family income and the wife's education. The relevance of these findings to family effectiveness and the culture of poverty are noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the role conflict faced by men who are nurses, in the context of a discussion of social science definitions of male-female roles. The implications of one sex entering another sex's traditionally defined role are discussed and possibilities for future redefinition of male-female work roles are considered with respect to the emergence of the Women's Liberation movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During marriage a major family problem is that of maintaining consumption expenditures at a level consistent with physical needs and personal definitions of adequacy. Per person consumption in families is largely a function of disposable family income and family size. This paper first considers the structure of family income, and then examines some factors affecting family size. We then review alternative definitions of an adequate income for families with varying numbers, and present data on actual consumption, according to family income and family size. A model depicting the causal relations among factors affecting consumption per family member is developed. The assumption that equal family incomes will result in equal housing quality for whites and nonwhites is tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the importance of spouse's companionship support for handicapped persons. Data were obtained through case records and questionnaires of 245 subjects. Although spouse support is statistically associated with employment success on the part of the handicapped, its actual effect is related to the sex and education of the person towards whom it is directed. Noteworthy is the finding that spouse support tends to be more predictive of employment success among the more educated. It is reasoned that the lower educated male is less capable of expressing or receiving companionship support, and that higher educated couples participate more in joint marital activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A revised observation system for analyzing video tapes of families interacting is described. In this system each communication is interpreted from the perspective of the person initiating it. The observation unit is defined operationally as any behavior which in the judge's opinion reflects one person's attempt to communicate with another. The categories as well as the procedures for transcribing, scoring, and tallying the data are presented. A new method for measuring reliability is discussed. The types of relationship patterns obtained from using this observation system are presented in a longer version of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on data from 1,521 families in the City of Cebu, the second largest city in the Philippines, this paper reports on the structure and role constellations of the urban family in Cebu. Findings include: (1) Kin solidarity is a function of both the class and the ethnic variations. The unilateral system of the Chinese family and its economic functions reinforce the clan solidarity but are in-adaptive to the political structure. The bilateral system of the mestizo ad the Filipino family is more responsive to the polity than the Chinese kinship system. (2) The peer-group system serves as an agent in the shaping of conjugal roles in the nuclear unit. (3) Sex-segregated friendship patterns in the community greatly influence the affective relations between husband ad wife. (4) Finally, such segregated role relationships within the nuclear unit give the wife a greater monopoly and autonomy of household decisions and family activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although money is available for family research, the dearth of significant projects, lack of adequate theoretical formulations, scarcity of personnel, weaknesses in basic designs, and procedural problems related to participation of subjects are seen as significant impediments to sound research on the family. A symposium held at the 1963 annual meeting of the National Council on Family Relations considered these problems at some length, and the panel members' suggestions for reducing these weaknesses form the content of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal deprivation of children in different situations and at different developmental levels remains an area of much needed research. This paper reviews and synthesizes relevant findings about the mother-child relationship among animals as well as human beings. Special attention is devoted to studies of the working mother as related to maternal deprivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a very novel form of life in Japan, apartment life has become the subject of much research by Japanese sociologists in recent years. This paper attempts to examine critically the findings of such research, especially concerning privacy and social life. Two types of apartment dwellers are identified: the ‘sociability type,’ who loves positive human relations resulting from physical propinquity, and the ‘privacy type,’ who recoils from such relations and prefers to be let alone. In a middle-class apartment house complex in the suburbs of Tokyo, the privacy type who, though not necessarily unsociable, does not want mere physical propinquity to determine the choice of his friends and the pattern of his social life, is found more frequently than the sociability type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examine the influence of variations in outpatient clinic control structure on physician' perception of conflict in there teaching and three community hospital pediatric clinics. In previous work, professional control has been equated with autonomy, or freedom from hierarchical direction. Defining controls as freedom to direct clinic policies and staff, the authors found:(1) higher levels of both physician and total staff control in community than in teaching hospital clinics; (2) higher levels of control associated with indepented with lower levels of coflict;(3) no relationship between physician autonomy and either the independent or dependent variables. It is suggested that control facilitates the staff coodination that is essential to patient care in ambulatory clinics, and that community hospital clinics provede a more favorable environment for the exercise of control by clinic staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper some attempts are made to predict patients' response to doctors' dissonant advice. Various methodological techniques are employed to predict (1) compliance in general, (2) compliance with specific regimens, and (3) changes in compliant behavior. Prediction of compliance depends in part upon the identification of sociological and psychological factors, particularly those salient norms and values, and the degree of congruence between them and the doctors' advice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the three parent-child relationships most frequently observed in a clinical setting: acceptance, rejection, and compensation. An attempt is made to show how compensation, which manifests itself out of a combination of acceptance and rejection of the child and his problem, impedes habilitation and rehabilitation. Several suggestions are given regarding early counseling of parents of the handicapped. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]