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The article presents information on the 1965 issue of the journal "Sociological Inquiry." The 1954 and 1955 Supreme Court decisions on desegregation are the force that set in motion vast changes that are restructuring the very nature of race relations in the United States. This volume contain recent developments relating to race relations in the United States. Its nine essays touch on several of the major areas in which change occurs or in which old blemishes remain. The paper by Robin Williams, with which this issue begins attempts an overview of what has happened in the last two decades. Most of the papers in this set are themselves reports of research appropriate to Williams' contention that intergroup relations are part of the basic dynamics of modem social systems. Richard Lamanna's doctoral dissertation is concerned in part with the response of the Negro public school teacher to desegregation. Lewis Killian turns his attention to the negotiations between representatives of the white and Negro communities.

Population study and sociology have shown a tendency toward convergence. From separate origins the fields have moved towards an increasing interdependence. All too seldom, however, has the relevance of sociological theory for demographic analysis been verified. Probably one of the more crucial questions in this connection is the relation between population characteristics and processes on the one hand and social values on the other. It is the task of this paper to indicate such a relationship and to reach this goal through an explanation of some observed demographic differentials by means of a particular sociological theory. This paper attempts to show by empirical and theoretical demonstration that the hypothesis is tenable for at least one city. Racial differentials constitute an important focus of this paper, but explaining an entire pattern of race relations represents a broader and more complex approach than that employed here. The data for the study are taken from an extensive demographic investigation of the Negroes of New Orleans.

This paper focuses on one aspect of social change—changes in value orientations which reflect relationships between self and society. Two questions are examined: What differences in value orientations exist between younger and older generations of Negroes and whites in a rural area? What are the implications of the differences to social change in the United States? Data were collected in 1962 from younger and older generations of Negroes and of whites living in three rural counties in northern Florida. The younger generations included 411 Negro and white 12th graders and the older generations included their parents. Generational differences in value orientations—in achievement, in anomia, and in family identification—were more pronounced among Negroes than among whites. These generational differences among rural Negroes suggest an orientation to life for young Negroes which enables them to identify easily with movements for change in race relations in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a paper on the three levels of value-judgment in sociology. The three levels are--value-judgments as objects of sociological research, value-judgments as postulates of sociology, and metasociological value-judgments. It is evident that the sociologist cannot avoid making metasociological value-judgments. Whoever carries on a sociological investigation makes the metasociological value-judgment that the problem he studies is worth studying. Whoever constructs a sociological system makes the metasociological value-judgment that this particular approach is worth while and significant. A little reflection will show that these value-judgments belong in an entirely different category from those which have been discussed. Those discussed previously ascribed some value to the phenomena which sociology studies to the present condition of race relations in the U.S., for example while metasociological value-judgments ascribe some value to sociology itself, to sociology in general or to some particular approach or application of sociology.

A major reason for the sociological importance of Negro-white intermarriage is the possibility of a link between the low status of Negroes in the United States and the infrequency of such intermarriage. This paper analyzes trends in Negro-white marriage in the four states -- California, Hawaii, Michigan, and Nebraska -- which have recent data. For these states an upward trend in Negro-white marriage is shown which cannot be accounted for merely on the basis of changing racial composition. Negro-white intermarriage rates are relatively high in those areas where residential segregation by race is low and where there are minimal status differences between the white and Negro populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing evidence indicates that the South's pervasive pressures to conform to white supremacy norms form the principal factor under- lying the region's racial intolerance (2, 11, 12, 15, and 16). This raises the problem of how these conformity pressures can be measured; one answer has involved the use of census materials. One of the first demographic analyses of racial phenomena was made by the Southern Commission on the Study of Lynching (4, 17). The Commission's detailed investigation of the 21 lynchings of 1930 revealed that the areas with lynchings tended to be systematically different from those without lynchings. Later studies have successfully analyzed in demographic terms the patterns of segregationist voting in the South (6, 7, 8, 13). And, finally, census variables have been related to the school desegregation process in the border states (10), a project that has been extended and is more fully reported in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many years sociologists have done research on race relations in the United States, especially between Negroes and whites. In the past decade, hospitals and the health professions have also been popular objects of sociological inquiry. But thus far, there has been relatively little study of race relations in health organizations. Although some attention has been paid to the contribution of low-status hospital workers to the therapeutic process, the extent to which the race of the low-status worker may influence the contribution has not been studied. This paper presents some data contrasting patient perceptions of subprofessional low-status Negro hospital workers with patient perceptions of the professional high-status white hospital staff. The data suggest that from the patient's point of view (1) Negro aides, orderlies, housekeepers, food service personnel, etc. are more effective in meeting the patients' needs for expressive care than white nurses and physicians; and (2) these individuals' low status, Negro race, and sub-professional affiliation directly contribute to their effectiveness. If supported by further research, these hypotheses would have important implications for the sociology of race relations and for professional practice in patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the changes and tendencies as brought on by World War II through the peepsight of a grocery store. The grocery store is located in Palama District, Honolulu, Hawaii. It is surrounded by homes which are structurally like the store. Because of its location, the store receives a disproportionate number of Korean and Puerto Rican customers. The days immediately following the attack were filled with anxiety and suspicion among the various groups in the vicinity of the store. Other stories such as of Japanese flashing signals from temple windows and burning secret papers were widely spread. Customers would often try to determine whether the store was Japanese or not before entering. Fear of food shortages resulted in further suspicion of the Japanese. Store hours have been shortened. Since the war, customers have had more money to spend than they ever did before. The scarcity of merchandise in the stores has caused many housewives to go out of their immediate neighborhoods in search of certain items. With the passing of time, the problems of personal and group interaction in Palama have necessarily changed. There were also expressions of real friendliness between the many groups based on common interests. Since the war, there have been an even greater number of interracial marriages.

The article reports on a study which has attempted to measure some of the effects of Intercultural Workshop experiences upon the ethnic distance reactions of the members of the workshop. The experimental group was selected from the graduate students at the University of Southern California in 1948. One of the hypothesis of the study, which was based on a pilot experiment conducted in 1947, was that participation in an intercultural workshop for six weeks would result in a measurable decrease in ethnic distance reactions on the part of the members toward ethnic groups. It has been suggested by the study that this experiment needs to be repeated in various parts of the U.S. and with different ethnic groups.

Building community understanding of racial problems and their amelioration is currently one of social work's most perplexing tasks. It is a chore that should he done, but is often shirked, a problem tickled but not tackled, an obligation assumed, but not fulfilled. This presentation will examine some of the current community pressures affecting social agends, the effect of those pressures and that social agencies might do in this field. The first White Ctizens's Council was formed in Indianola, Mississippi, to maintain segregation following the decision of the court, and the movement spread. One group called Project Big Four, has as its avowed purpose the removal of the tax-exempt status be four national organizations. The group has been organized in California and plans have been under way to form a coalition between the White Citizens' Councils and the interests of Project Big Four in main taming and. furthering segregation. During the past three teams, increasing pressures have been applied to some agencies in the group work-recreation field, to welfare councils, and to Urban League-community chest relationships.

The article focuses on the present status of race relations in the South of the U.S. There is fairly widespread agreement that race relations in the South have deteriorated in character since the beginning of the war. This, of course, is popular agreement based upon the assumption that quiescence and absence of racial tensions are a major, if not exclusive, index to the most wholesome race relations. The thesis of this paper is that the emotional disturbances of the present period, involving racial issues, are symptoms of accelerated social changes, and that these changes are wholesome, even if their temporary racial effects are bad. Other examples of recent racial clashes in the South have followed fairly familiar patterns. Of importance to underlying racial sentiment and tensions, although not directly always responsible for overt conflict, is the widespread experience of white middle-class households with their Afro-American domestic servants.

This article focuses on the racial aspect of the differential fertility in California in 1930. In California, problems connected with the racial differential are particularly significant. The racial minorities are numerically important. They form rather distinct cultural groups and are, in the main, clearly set off from the majority by skin color. Many of them are denied the privilege of citizenship, and miscegenation is either prohibited by law or enforced by custom. And they are markedly differentiated from the white majority in another respect: they are not only guaranteeing the stability of their numbers in the future but were, in 1930, reproducing at a rate so high that they might be expected, when their age distribution becomes stabilized, to double in numbers in little more than a generation, while the reproductive level of the whites was, under the same conditions, at so low a level that a decline in numbers by about a third per generation might have been expected. The aim of this paper is to uncover some of the factors underlying this differential.

In this paper we shall attempt to show that the codification of racial criteria in the social structure of Latin America differs significantly from that which is conceived as legitimate in the United States. When these differences are actualized in social interaction, they operate as sources of conflict and resentment between members of these two cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article characterizes, in a preliminary fashion, salient aspects of three problem areas: first the conditions under which the illiterate interacts in the larger social system; second, aspects of the larger system's integration and accommodation of the illiterate; and third, the extent to which the characteristic of illiteracy delineates a group in a subsystem. Illustrative examples from interviews and observations are employed in the analysis of the illiterates in American society. With respect to the first two areas, researchable hypotheses are set forth. The conclusions relate the concept of illiteracy to some aspects of the problem of race relations. The first is occasioned by the fact that illiteracy coupled with other identifiable inferior statuses makes upward mobility almost impossible. Thus, for example, the Afro-American illiterate is subject to employment discriminations both because of color and because of the inability to perform complex tasks. In a somewhat similar manner, the coupling of illiteracy with another inferior status may very likely bring conflicts with illiterates who do not possess this other inferior status.

During the past two decades, students of public law have amassed a considerable amount of evidence which indicates that the administration of federal justice is not uniform throughout the United States. First, there are significant differences in judicial administration among the federal district courts. Researcher Kenneth Vines and others have demonstrated how important these differences can be with regard to race relations cases. In his study of the federal trial courts and urban affairs, researcher Kenneth Dolbeare concluded that "many of Vine's findings with respect to race relations policy making have parallels in the area of urban public policy generally." Also, there is some evidence that sentencing behavior in criminal cases varies significantly from one federal trial judge to another. Not only does the administration of federal justice differ from district to district, but some studies suggest that each appellate court tends to be somewhat unique in its interpretation of the law and in its general decisional tendencies.

This article presents information on various developments in the field of sociology in the U.S. The University of Hawaii, the University of California, and the University of Chicago are jointly sponsoring a conference on Race Relations in World Perspective to be held in Honolulu, Hawaii from June 28 to July 23, 1954. Funds to promote the conference have been provided by the Ford Foundation and the McInerny Foundation of Honolulu. Aaron L. Rutledge is the new head of The Marriage and Family Counseling Service at Merril-Palmer School in Detroit, Michigan. Lewis Killian of Tallahassee, Florida-based Florida State University, has been serving the National Research Council as a consultant to the Committee on Disaster Research. He has prepared research reports on the Houston, Texas, fireworks explosion of June, 1953, and the Warner-Robins, Georgia, tornado disaster. The second annual meeting of Missouri Sociologists will be held at Lincoln University, Jefferson City, Missouri, on Saturday, October 2, 1954.

The difference in food prices to blacks and to whites is one source of urban unrest. The author surveys the answers to the question, "Do blacks pay more?" An effort is made to show what is known and where further research is needed. This article is an example of the potential role of marketing research in public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An urgent social problem of special interest to marketing people is discussed in this article. Until recently blacks have primarily operated marginal businesses not particularly attractive to outsiders. Now, one of the thrusts of the black community is business development. Blacks are interested in owning and operating more substantial retailing and light manufacturing businesses. Plans are being made by blacks to develop a wide variety of businesses. The extent to which black will succeed in their undertaking depends heavily upon the response of the white business community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of California divorce petitions of 1968 shows that doctors have very low divorce rates. They are married later and longer than other divorcing professionals, and marriages break up at the height, not the outset of their careers. The highest divorce rates in the profession, each posing special problems, appear among women, blacks, and small-town doctors. Blacks may reflect unusual mobility strains because of sharp racial differences in the sex ratios of the college-educated. Peripheral specialists who see few patients have more stable marriages; those in more stressful specialties may incur a greater divorce risk Divorce-prone persons do not gravitate to particular kinds of professions or medical specialties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the effects of race and other demographic factors on the values of single-family homes in the U.S. A widely held view is that the entry of African Americans into a neighborhood reduces property values, although another widely held view is that those who purchase at reduced prices in such a neighborhood typically resell immediately to African Americans at prices at least as high as those that prevailed before the entry of African Americans. These apparently contradictory views could both be true, even without any element of panic or ill-informed action. African Americans and other minority group members might pay prices and rents as high as or higher than others, while prices and rents in areas adjacent to their occupancy could be lower: a similar relationship is possible between slum or low-income areas, irrespective of race, and the adjacent areas. Indeed, because the slum or low-income effect and the effect of race, if either exists, are similar, the question naturally arises whether they are distinct. In as much as non Caucasians generally have lower incomes and tend, on the average, to live in more crowded circumstances than do whites an apparent effect of non-Caucasian occupancy on property values in nearby areas might in fact be the same effect as that of occupancy by Caucasians with the same incomes, degree of crowding, etc.

Between 1960 and 1970 blacks, as well as whites, improved their socioeconomic status. Among both races, educational attainment increased, the occupational distribution was upgraded, and real purchasing power rose markedly. In almost every comparison, the gains were somewhat greater among blacks than among whites and thus most indicators of racial differentiation declined. Nevertheless, the changes of this decade failed to eliminate racial differences with regard to socioeconomic status. In all comparisons, except for the income of certain groups of women, blacks were at a disadvantage when compared to whites both at the start and at the end of this decade, and very large racial differences remain. Further socio- economic progress by blacks during the 1970s will probably not eliminate racial differences. The article concludes by relating the socioeconomic trends to such other aspects of race relations as integration, governmental policy, and the attitudes of whites and blacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been predicted that there will be a critical shortage of competent college teachers and that by 1970 the proportion of college teachers holding the doctorate degree may decline from the present 40 percent to 20 percent. Perhaps more serious than the problem of numbers, however, is the problem of quality, for southern colleges and universities have on the whole traditionally been inferior to those in other regions of the country. Questions of racial policy especially have served as a focus for academic discontent and conflict. The importance attached to the race issue and related problems by persons in the academic profession is such that the issue clearly must be taken into account in studies of the recruitment process at southern colleges and universities. Southern leaders have been very much concerned about the adverse effects of racial conflicts and the closure of schools upon the decisions of industrial corporations to build plants in the South. This study was undertaken to determine the extent to which racial problems and related issues hampered the recruitment of academic staff at colleges and universities in the southern states.

This article focuses on the relationship between sociological theory and race relations. The sociological theories of the founders of American sociology as an academic discipline were only implicitly related to the concrete problems of race relations. Their theories concerning race relations were derived from European scholars who were concerned with the universal phenomenon of race contact. Sociological theories relating to the concrete problems of race relations in the U.S. were implicit in the sociological analysis of the Negro problem as a social problem. The analysis of the Negro problem was based upon several fairly clear assumptions, that the Negro is an inferior race because of either biological or social heredity or both, that the Negro because of his physical character cannot be assimilated and that physical amalgamation is bad and undesirable. The sociological theories implicit in the studies of the Negro problem were developed during the period when the nation held that the attempt to make the Negro a citizen was a mistake and a new accommodation of the races was being achieved in the South under a system of segregation.

The purpose of this article is to suggest further research in the field of social organization and culture conflict. Within both these fields lies the problem of describing the social reorganization of migrants from rural to urban areas and, in some cases, to other rural areas. For reasons, which will become obvious as we proceed, this discussion is limited in its application to the South and more particularly to the southeastern states. This pattern of religious behavior and belief has been, at least in part, common to most of the denominations, which have grown to maturity in the South and Southwest of the United States. However, liberalization of these churches has eliminated, for the most part, the highly emotional and experiential character of their religion. Some of the citations suggests that the culture shock arising from the precipitation of a rural person or group into an urban situation characterized by a loosening of mores from a strict social control, a liberation of the individual from his group, an increasing impersonalism as against the personal character of the rural environment, an increasing mobility as contrasted with the old stability and isolation, and on top of these changes, a blasting disruption of personal and occupational habits and status.

The article presents information of several current happenings in the field of sociology in the U.S. The American Eugenics Society has issued the several statement of its program. These include general education, encouragement of desirable births and restriction of Undesirable Births. According to another information the Institute of Race Relations held under the auspices of the American Friends Committee, held sessions at Swarthmore College from July 5-25. The Institute was under the direction of Ralph J. Bunche, George E. Simpson and Ethel Stilz. The economic situation, civil rights and education of minority groups were considered from various angles. A New York State Conference on marriage and the family was held in New York City from June 5-6. This was the first state conference of its kind. Governor Herbert H. Lehman, on "Marriage and the Family and the Responsibility of the State", gave the principal address. The conference brought together over five hundred social workers, educators, government officials, physicians, clergymen, and representatives of associations working for the protection and amelioration of family life.

The article discusses about race relations and rural sociology as an important parts of Sociology. It discusses logically what the study of the rural-urban variable in race relations and the racial variable in rural-urban sociology would involve. It was always thought that race conflict was primarily an urban phenomenon. Studies and figures depict that it opportunities are better in urban areas and that urbanization brings improvement in race relations. The biggest revolutions the United States ever experienced are the changes in the rural South region in the next few years resulting from the Voting Rights Bill, public accommodations desegregation, public school desegregation now being forced under threat of loss of federal funds, and the lessening of discrimination in agricultural programs. The Negro protest movement of the 1960s are in quiet rural areas, and rural life is likely to be greatly affected by the urban manifestations of the movement, if not its rural ones. The author suggests that the next rural sociology textbooks should be written or revised with more importance to the aspects of rural life and rural urban differentials.

This article examines the relative influence of school and of classroom desegregation on the academic achievement of ninth grade Negro students in the U.S. There are several studies which have shown that the academic growth of Negro secondary students is affected by the degree of racial or social class segregation which has characterized their schooling. The Office of Education report of its 1965 nationwide Educational Opportunities Survey shows that the social class segregation which accompanies racially segregated schooling accounts for more of the variation in the achievement of Negro high school students than did any of the differences in school facilities, curriculum, or teaching staff which are measured by the survey.

This article presents information on school racial integration. There have been a variety of recent controversies, both over the issue of bussing school children to obtain quality education for Black children in integrated schools and over the results of attempts to evaluate the effects of bussing as a means to school integration and quality education. Often the two issues are not unrelated. Moreover, the motivations of the politicians, educators, social scientists, school board members and others with vested interests who are engaged in these controversies, while often quite clear, are at other times concealed behind a jungle of rationalizations. Modern day supporters and opponents of school integration point to the Supreme Court Decision of 1954 as the crucial historic and triggering event in developments leading to the present controversy over the rightness or wrongness of integration. Both sides do the Supreme Court a disservice. It makes far more sense to consider--as far as the United States is concerned--the full history of racism in the country as the background of the present controversy.