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This paper, in dealing with staff problems in an unusual help organization, casts some doubt on the ideal statement of the results of debureaucratization. In addition, it makes three general points. First, making a help organization less bureaucratic has unintended consequences; it does not, for example, necessarily eliminate all of its dysfunctions. Second, contradictions between treatment culture and bureaucratic structure do not disappear when there is less bureaucratization; debureaucratization is more apt to alter the structural sources of strains than to eliminate them. And, third, key roles emerge as mechanisms for coping with the problems resulting from a simple bureaucratic structure. A major interactional consequence, however, is that these key roles, which cope with organizational strains, evoke conflict rather than consensus among colleagues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

‘Group marriage’, as used in this paper, refers to a family structure in which three or more adult members (including at least one male and female) live together on a communal basis and share labor, goods, services, money, and the bearing and raising of children, and have sexual access to each other. Larry L. Constantine and Joan M. Constantine, who have done considerable research on group marriage, estimate that the number of such marriages in the United States probably does not exceed one thousand. In this paper the question is raised and on the basis of personal interviews examined whether or not group marriage is a viable alternative to the existing family structure. The author weighs the problems that he observed against the valuable experiences claimed and comes to the conclusion that apparently the former are too great at the present time for the people involved to overcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research reported in this paper studied 240 rural youths in four central New York high schools. It investigated (1) the relationship between value orientations and the education and occupation choice-making process, and (2) the structural antecedents of those value orientations. Choice making was classified in two levels: aspirations and plans. An instrument was constructed which aimed at ranking individuals on a latent continuum for each of twelve values. The findings support the general hypothesis that in the education and occupation decision process there is a relationship between an individual's value orientations and the choice that an individual makes from among the alternatives available. The findings further suggest that the influence of values on choices decreases as freedom of opportunity is restricted by the bonds of social structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with sociological and social-psychological differentiating factors associated with high and low degrees of participation in formal organizations. The study shows that high and low participants are selected from different positions in the social structure; in addition, both groups have sell-images which are similar to actual participation patterns. An exploratory phase of the study gave evidence that community attitudes concerning formal participation role-expectations of various positions are in accordance with actual participant behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One significant way of viewing the life of an individual is in relation to what has been termed his life course. This has two components— life goal and career. Life goals are those aims which have highest value, can be attained only after a relatively protracted series of activities, and become the person's reason for existence. The series of activities engaged in to achieve these goals constitutes a career. The life goals give purpose and meaning to one's life, the career directs and organizes life. relatively little scientific research has been undertaken on the third and fourth stages of middle age. The present paper deals with the results of a study of the life course in middle age. The middle age adjustments described in the paper are found in the U.S. and can be shown to depend upon the nature of American culture. Two cultural factors stand out. In the first place, the social organization is mobile so that more individuals aspire to life goals which will improve their class position. In such cases, the pursuit of the chosen life course involves a good deal of conscious effort, the individual is constantly aware of the great amount of time and energy he has invested in his career.

The article presents a detailed description of the American Sociological Society along with information on its annual meeting to be held in September 1951 in the U.S. Article II of the society's constitution states that the objective of the society is to stimulate and improve research and encourage cooperative relations among people associated with the scientific study of the society. Article III states that any person interested in the society's objective is eligible for membership. According to Article VIII, the society can solicit and receive funds and endowments. Several papers will be presented at the society's annual meeting. Some of them include a paper on "Demography and Human Ecology," another on "Sociology of Religion," and another on "Sampling and Social Structure."

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This paper analyzes the manner in which ethnicity has affected the course of American and Canadian party politics. Specifically, the paper tries to demonstrate that although the social processes involved in the migration of large numbers of ethnics have been relatively similar in both societies, the manner in which the social reality of ethnicity has affected the political structures therein has been quite different. Thus, although successive immigrant groups became the chief political resource of the great American urban party machines, they were able to use the existing political structures for their own purposes. Ethnic groups have derived psychological and more tangible benefits, such as public and party office positions, and have strongly affected the foreign and domestic policy positions of the two major parties. In contrast, Canadian party leaden historically have been able to exploit ethnic cleavages, but rarely have had to play the game of ethnic politics in the maimer of their American counterparts. In fact, ethnicity continues to strongly affect American political structures even as it moves into the realm of an index of more important social facts, while Canadian political structures have remained relatively impervious to ethnic groups despite the fact that ethnicity continues to be a factor of major importance in Canadian social organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information about various developments related to sociology. Plans for the 1968 meeting of the Rural Sociological Society at the Somerset Hotel in Boston during August 23-26, 1968 are well under way. This year the Program Committee has divided the contributed papers section into six major areas. These are: Social Structure, which includes Small Groups, Community Structure and Development, Power Structure, Rural Organizations, and Stratification. The Social Processes area includes: Innovation and Social Change, Cooperation and Conflict, and Communication. The Population and Ecology are includes: Fertility, Mortality, Demographic Characteristics, and Locality. Authors of papers for possible inclusion in the Medical Care Section Program of the next annual meeting of the American Public Health Association to be held during November 10-15, 1968 at Detroit, Michigan, may obtain standard abstract forms from Donald C. Riedel, Associate Professor of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.

This article focuses on sociocultural problems in introducing new technology on Navaho irrigation project. The development of the Navajo Project under the Upper Colorado River Project will give the Navaho Indian Tribe an opportunity to rehabilitate 1,900 families on 122,000 acres of irrigated land. However, a wide gap exists between the Navaho's current level of agricultural technology and understanding of modem economic practices and that which he will need when the large irrigation development is completed,some years hence. This article describes a case study of a 60-acre farm which the Indian Bureau planned as one method of teaching the Navaho to bridge this gap. It did not succeed, largely because of the lack of coordination between the agency branches concerned, arid because the planners failed to take into consideration the culture and social organization of the community. The demonstration farm is located on a newly subjugated part of an existing irrigation project in the northeastern part of the Navaho Indian Reservation in New Mexico.

The paper identifies several sociological strategies of intervention used in a national effort to reform social organizations and compares their relative effectiveness. Different streams of sociological literature dealing with unplanned social change suggested concepts and variables that might apply to the problem of deliberate organizational reform. Indicators were then derived from questionnaires and interviews with new teacher-intents, experienced teachers, and college professors who were part of a national experiment to train teachers for low income schools (the Teacher Corps program). The analysis is based on forty-two public schools and ten universities located throughout the United States. The dependent variable is the number (and innovativeness) of new technologies introduced into schools through the program (derived from a content analysis of interviews). A factor analysis of thirty-five indicators revealed seven factors underlying the different explanations. A regression analysis based on these factors indicated that approximately half of the variance in the dependent variable could be explained. Technological innovation appeared to be produced by a combination of : (a) a dominant outside organization staffed by competent and liberal members ; (b) competent, receptive boundary personnel in the host organization ; and (c) functional interdependence and channels for cooperation to take place. These conditions underscore the importance of characteristics of the general organizational context in which innovation is taking place. The findings also suggest that a mixture of conceptual approaches is needed to explain organizational change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes a study on the political ecology of Louisiana. The basic political tendencies have been persistent over long periods since their support is in distinct social strata and their strongholds are in certain geographic regions of the state. The study also shows that these tendencies correspond to the major parties on the national scene and that in certain crucial federal elections they find expression through defections from the party which dominates the Solid South. In this research paper, the author shows that these basic tendencies continued to prevail during the presidential and gubernatorial elections of 1952 and to demonstrate how they influenced the result of the presidential election. The theme may be stated as the continuity of basic political tendencies in a situation of change. In political ecology, one proceeds on the assumption that in the political system an analysis of the geographical distribution of support for a party or candidate enables one to find out what social classes and what other categories of voters make up that support.

The article presents information American philanthropists. This paper records the conclusions drawn from a study of the social pattern to which the adjective, philanthropic, is attached in the Dictionary of American Biography. The dictionary so classifies 175 names. Though there is no clearcut definition of the characteristics of a philanthropist and some inconsistency in applying or withholding the title on the basis of behavior which was essentially the same, it seemed possible to regard the list as a sample and to study it for whatever results it might yield. Certain questions in regard to bias might be raised, but they cannot be answered until people's knowledge of the history of American philanthropy is more nearly complete. Two recent studies, one along similar lines of the biographies of American inventors and the other of philanthropic gifts and givers, furnished interesting comparisons and contrasts.

The social composition of government bureaucracies has important implications for social and political systems. In this paper comparisons are made between national samples of federal civilian employees and nonfederal employees on key social and occupational characteristics. Federal employees differ modestly from the general employed public in several respects, one of the most important being the bureaucracy's openness to minorities. Nevertheless, the similarities between the two work forces are perhaps more striking. Furthermore, federal workers have had extensive experience in a representative variety of nonfederal pursuits. There is little persuasive evidence that federal workers are not broadly reflective of the American social Structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past two decades, significant numbers of new kinds of workers have become involved in the trade union movement of the U.S. Labor unions have reached out to include not only the less-skilled clerical workers, but semi or sub-professionals, such as nurses, teachers, social workers, librarians, and others, and technical professionals such as engineers, chemists, physicists, and designers. The extension of union organization to these new categories of employees has significance for the union movement, industry, and society at large, since it represents a fundamental shift in outlook and organization by large numbers of people. This paper will deal primarily with the technical professionals, engineers and scientists as a case in point. Some social scientists have been concerned with the impact of this growth on the class structure of the society in the U.S. Another consequence, and one very often overlooked, has been the growth of trade unions among white-collar employees. The expansion in the number of white-collar employees, as well as the decline in the rate of manual worker organization in recent years, have, in turn, helped direct the attention of the union movement to this potential source of new members.

This paper examines social position in relation to social stratification. It questions whether the American society consists of a few fairly discernable social strata or of a multitude of overlapping social positions. Previous attempts have been made to construct a method whereby persons could be placed functionally within the social structure. A major limitation of most of these studies lies in the initial procedure. Most authors define structure only in order to get to the far more important psychological traits characterizing each class. The present study applies profile scales which are exactly one foot in length. To reduce bias each scale was given only two reference points. The final instrument consisted of nine scales and an appendaged background data sheet. Neither social position nor social class can be considered as single variables. The results of both the social position and social class scales are displayed graphically. Social class and social position were correlated with the seven rating scales by means of the Pearsonian method. Reliability and validity were also tested in the study.

The scientific study of communication and opinion grew up in close alliance with election polling and market research. As such it focused on the man on the street and assigned equal weight to each voice. The reintroduction of considerations of social structure into the study of communication and public opinion has given that field new vitality and new relevance for the study of public policy. The four papers in this section present interview data from elite samples. Most of those articles relate communication to the social structure. In this section David Riesman brings to bear on Stouffer's "Communism, Conformity and Civil Libertie," a series of perspectives on communication of interviewers with elite members (as against ordinary cross-section respondents), and on the interviewing process as a form of social rhetoric. The other three articles in this section are studies of community leadership in the United States on matters of public policy. They are all concerned with identifying the influentials, tracing their patterns of communication, and plotting their community centered versus cosmopolitan identifications and contacts.

Andrew Billingsley in Black Families in White America has criticized much of the previous research on the black family, saying that social scientists have ignored the structural variation among families and have focused on a very limited number of family functions. To correct what he believes to be a distorted picture of the black family, he has suggested a typology of family structures and a large number of family functions which should be taken into consideration. This paper, based upon data collected from 321 black households, uses Billingsley's typology to examine the association between family structures and functions. It is concluded that a few modifications of the typology would expand its utility, that more detailed information about family structure does reduce the chances of distortion and contribute to greater understanding, and that Billingsley may have overemphasized the capacity of many black families to deal with their functional problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on rankings of sociology departments. Recently the American Council on Education published a volume containing a rating of the quality of the graduate faculty of 30 academic disciplines. The ranking of departments has attracted a great deal of attention. For many sociologists, particularly those who have studied the methodology of social stratification, there is the nagging question of how closely the subjective ranking of a phenomenon approximates its objective ranking. If people respond in terms of subjective rankings, or if such rankings fairly reflect a more objective measurement of a phenomenon, then they are valuable. If, on the other hand, prestige rankings lack a universality, then they are mostly relevant to those who hold them. In order to determine how much credence can be placed in the prestige rank of the 17 sociology departments that were rated distinguished or strong in the American Council on Education's report, an examination is made in this paper of how productive the doctoral graduates and the faculty of these departments are; the former is intended to reflect effectiveness of graduate training and the latter to reflect quality of faculty.

ABSTRACT This is an exploratory paper using unobtrusive measures to study regularities in the American practice of using Jr. and numerical suffixes to indicate patrilateral name inheritance. The practice is shown to be more common on the eastern seaboard than elsewhere in the country. Over the present century it is shown to have increased rapidly and then to have declined. This changing incidence over time is paralleled by a changing distribution in the social structure: originally practiced by the white property-owning and professional class, it has spread to the white working class and to the black population. This practice is usefully considered as a property of the status system and its changing distribution can be understood as status usurpation through the operation of the "trickle effect." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an ecological analysis of urban mortality rates in the U.S. According to the authors much of the work taking account of the health factors has been done in a comparative perspective with the general conclusion being that improved health conditions and services and not pure economic factors have been the main influence in lowering mortality in the developing nations. The purpose of this paper is to examine the ecological correlates of neighborhood mortality levels in a large urban center. The focus is upon the identification of the relative contribution of demographic, environmental, and social organizational variables to the explanation of differences in urban subarea death rates. The authors take as their starting point the works of those social scientists who have clearly demonstrated the relationship of ecological phenomena to differential urban mortality. Past studies have shown the importance of a large number of specific variables in explaining differential aggregate community mortality levels. These specific variables may be grouped into three gross categories, such as demographic, environmental, and social organizational.

The article presents a report on the Fourth Interprofessional Conference held in the U.S. as of July 1961. According to the author, a conference of sociologist may be studied as a social process. The conference papers, including that of the rapporteur then become data to be interpreted together with the observations of the social processes observed during the conference. The subject matter of the conference was the role of social sciences, sociology and social psychology, in the training of students of education and social work. In a review of the problem before the conference, it is useful to consider how the task of those concerned with students of education and social work differs in degree, if not in kind, from those who teach in other disciplines. There is much evidence in the literature of general and educational social psychology about the influence of the person on the performance of the group of which he is a member, and particularly of the person who has the high status, age difference and the leadership role of the teacher.

This paper sets forth some of the salient features of the various types or patterns of social stratification as these currently are found in the agricultural districts of the United States. Attention is focused on the general nature of social stratification and the class system. Five strata or categories are used: the upper class, the upper part of the middle class, the middle portion of the middle class, the lower segment of the middle class, and the lower class. Criteria for inclusion in each class are described, as well as the method of calculating the number of farm personnel in each class. Some preliminary results are then given for the United States, and for selected counties, showing the distribution of persons in the classes, and variations in the class structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural crystallization is a concept of the development of fixed structural properties in individual status ensembles. It is introduced to organize a variety of theoretical tools useful in analyzing the effects of stratification on individual behavior. The properties of the concept are explored and a number of propositions are derived relating it to political partisanship in the United States. The hypothesized effects of crystallization suggest refinements in conventional predictions of the association between partisanship and individual status positions, on the one hand, and types of status inconsistency, on the other. Tests of the hypotheses are carried out with data from residential election surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we shall attempt to show that the codification of racial criteria in the social structure of Latin America differs significantly from that which is conceived as legitimate in the United States. When these differences are actualized in social interaction, they operate as sources of conflict and resentment between members of these two cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze possible sources of mental strains and conflicts of Japanese immigrants which develop from the character of the Japanese social structure. It is assumed that the Japanese immigrants in America brought with them the traditional culture of rural Japan of half a century ago. It may be concluded that the Japanese immigrants retain Japanese culture to a considerable extent. Consequently they are presumed to undergo the mental strains to a certain extent due to conditions inherent in the structure of the Japanese society, not to mention those resulting from new environments, cultural contact, and difficult relations with their American-educated children. In the Japanese family system collectivity-orientation is represented by the emphasis on kinship tie, strong personal attachment, the family council, and patriarchalism. The basic unit of the Japanese social organization is a kinship group. The emphasis on kinship tie is indicated in the number of generations residing in a single household.

The article throws light on certain aspects of American social stratification and combat survival. According to the data in this paper, the number of Detroiters who died, were captured, or were reported missing in Korea varied directly with the relative economic or racial standing of the city areas from which the men stemmed. The importance of such a matter for public policy questions, as well as its implications for the nature of social stratification, were the motivating factors behind the present study. As implied, it was hypothesized that the higher the economic status of a Detroit population grouping, or the lower its proportion of nonwhites, the lower its Korean casualty rate would be. Race and economic standing were assumed to be indices of stratification in the sociological sense. In addition to contributing particular concrete information to our knowledge of the workings of American social stratification, this study may have some methodological value. It develops and demonstrates a technique for determining, on a probability basis, the racial composition of a group when nothing is known about members of the group beyond their home addresses. The method used may be valuable and appropriate for other studies having comparable information.

This article describes some aspects of the rural community in operation as revealed by a detailed analysis of the news and advertising content of a representative sample of weekly newspapers. Some of its findings could have been described after participant experience in small town life, others on the basis of common sense observations, and still others could have been determined by entirely different research procedures, but in each case they testify to the value of the small town newspaper as a source of significant sociological data. The sample of 22 newspapers used in the study was selected so as to be representative of the non-metropolitan weekly newspapers published in the State of Washington in respect to the population of the town of publication, circulation of the newspaper, the day of publication, political sympathy, number of columns per page, and the area of the State in which the paper was published. One of the most interesting findings, and perhaps the most significant, concerns the place of the individual in rural society.

This paper describes essential social characteristics of the French-speaking people along Bayou Lafourche, Louisiana. The section studied, approximately one and one-quarter miles in length, lies on the eastern side of the bayou in the second ward of the parish of Assumption. The center of this area converges in the little decadent and dormant, nucleated settlement called Plattenville, one of numerous small settlements that resembles a long one-streeted village winding its way across the country-side, along the bayou for over 75 miles. It is located between the towns of Donaidsonville and Napoleonville. The settlement of Bayou Lafourche dates back to the middle of the Eighteenth Century when a number of French people settled along this stream. Shortly afterwards, the population was increased by the gradual infiltration of the homeless, wandering Acadians. A number of these people settled along the Mississippi River in the territory now comprising the parishes of St. James, St. John, and Ascension, and along both banks of Bayou Lafourche.

This article is a preliminary analysis of the distribution of schizophrenic and paranoid disorders by socio-economic class in the New Haven, Connecticut, community. The data were assembled by a research team composed of sociologists, psychiatrists, and a clinical psychologist. First, the class structure of the community was delineated by the sociologists; second, they interviewed, as controls, a five per cent sample of the community's population; third, the team took a census of psychiatric patients; fourth, both the sample population and the psychiatric patients were classified into five socio-economic strata. When the data were tabulated it was observed that the 847 schizophrenic patients located by the Psychiatric Census were largely from the lowest stratum. The contribution of each class or stratum to the patient population was measured by an Index of Current Prevalence, in which a distribution of patients proportionate to the community's population would produce an index for each class of 100. The possible effects of geographic and social mobility on schizophrenia were revealed by the finding that schizophrenics, upon first admission to a mental hospital, come principally from the most deteriorated ecological areas of cities.

The ubiquity and the antiquity of such inequality has given rise to the assumption that there must be something both inevitable and positively functional about such social arrangements. Clearly, the truth or falsity of such an assumption is a strategic question for any general theory of social organization. It is therefore most curious that the basic premises and implications of the assumption have only been most casually explored by American sociologists. The key term here is "functionally important." The functionalist theory of social organization is by no means clear and explicit about this term. The minimum common referent is to something known as the "survival value" of a social structure. This concept immediately involves a number of perplexing questions. Among these are: (a) the issue of minimum vs. maximum survival, and the possible empirical referents which can be given to those terms; (b) whether such a proposition is a useless tautology since any status quo at any given moment is nothing more and nothing less than everything present in the status quo.

The article presents information about several current happening related to sociology in the U.S. According to information the American Council of Learned Societies is prepared to extend assistance in publishing a limited number of meritorious works in the field of the humanities written by American scholars. It invites its constituent societies to propose books they deem suitable for assistance, but reserves the right to consider works submitted by others if the executive committee has accepted them for consideration. Works proposed for publication must be complete in themselves, preferably the results of constructive research presented in the form of volumes of conventional size. The other information is that the seventh annual meeting of the Eastern Sociological Conference was held in from April 18-19, with over a hundred persons in attendance. The central topic of the Conference was social theory, and social order. The majority of sessions centered around a discussion of capitalism, fascism, socialism, and communism as divergent social orders.

The article focuses on differences in economic development between the United States and Latin America. The ownership of a landed estate in colonial Latin America was a source of wealth and was a mark of social distinction. From the ranks of the landed families came many of the leading civilian officials, the high army officers, and prominent church authorities. It was the landed aristocracy that comprised the top layer of the social structure in colonial Latin America. In Latin America, a strong impulse was given to the commercialization of economic life. In the United States, the system of small landholdings which took hold during the colonial period was continued and extended after independence through the disposal of public domain by the federal government. The wide distribution of land ownership in the United States epitomizes the dominant middle-class character of American social organization. The broad middle-class market in this country was a potent force in the development of mass production methods in manufacturing. Social system of the United States attracted immigrants, adding their manpower and skills to the productive capacity of the country. No country in Latin America has had such a fine combination of physical resources and conditions to work with as the United States.

This article discusses various issues related to teaching of the Family course in the American colleges. Sometimes it seems as though the Family course is misnamed since the study usually concerns marriage interaction and a second course entitled Child Welfare explicitly deals with children. In 1936 Cecil Haworth in "Education for Marriage Among American Colleges" found that 403 of the 465 member institutions of the Association of American Colleges had courses on the family. In the same year Gilbert F. Wolters made a study of 150 Catholic colleges, 58 of which offered a course on the family. Thirty were colleges for women, and twenty-eight were colleges for men. When the course was given in the sociology department, the emphasis was on the history, form, functions, and problems of the modern family as a social institution. Six colleges, three for women and three for men made the Family course compulsory. In her thesis on "A Program for Home and Family Life in Catholic Liberal Arts Colleges for Women," Mary Saint Leonard held that the content of the course should include philosophy of family living, present economic and social conditions and ideals of the American family.

The article focuses on the variations in urban population structure in the U.S. cities over the period of twenty-years from 1940 to 1960. Two cities, Rochester and Seattle, serve as case studies for this analysis of variation. The study focuses on the relationships between population structures, that is, the age and sex composition of census tract populations, and other social and demographic variables. Population structure was singled out for study as it reflects the dynamic processes of urban growth and change, in terms of the natural demographic factors of births and deaths, as well as the possibly more important selective migration of population. Population structure forms the basis upon which community social organization is constituted. There exist several dimensions to the study of change in census tract populations. The correlation of deviational changes not only permits an investigation of perhaps the most crucial aspect of change, the relationship between velocities of change, but also encourages the inspection of all six intercorrelations between the basic data.

The article examines whether the Industrial Council Idea can be implemented in the U.S. The Industry Council Plan is a proposed system of social and economic organization which would be functional, democratic, legally recognized but not government controlled, and balanced to achieve the recognition of both individual rights and the general welfare. The Industry Council Plan or Idea is the American Catholic expression for one of the more important elements in the papal program for social reform as stated in papal addresses. Essentially this corporate, occupational order of society implies the following: society is analogically conceived as a body, its various functional elements, including economic institutions, playing the role of organs in that body; implicit in this conception is the principle and process of cooperation. It will be noticed that this papal plan is actually a complex of principles applied to social life; it is not a detailed structural design. A field of industrial co-responsibility is already implementing in greater or lesser degree many of the principles designated as fundamental to the socio-industrial reform envisioned by the Industry Council Idea. The principles behind the Industrial Council Idea are indeed capable of further implementation in the U.S.

The article focuses on the study of the destruction in Indochina after the war conducted by the Stanford Biology Study Group. The report aims to evaluate the extent and seriousness of the said destruction. The people in Southeast Asia whose area has been part of the destruction have been subjected to intense deprivation and sufferings up to this time. Social destruction concerning the ecological damage in Southeast Asia and its effect on people living there is also discussed in the study. It stresses that U.S. policies are destroying the Vietnamese culture and social organization. Long-term effects and aftermath of the said destruction were evaluated in the study.

To determine some of the common denominators and variations that occur cross culturally in social organizations, a comparison is made between the crews of British and United States merchant ships. This type of organization was selected because such ships have an identical purpose and similar environments irrespective of nationality. Differences are described and analyzed in the training, social control, and stratification of the deck departments. Dr. Richardson, now assistant director of the Association for the Aid of Crippled Children, New York, made' the study while a student at Harvard University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author views the psychiatric hospital as a small society, and sees administrative procedures as part of the structure of this society. Some of the special aspects of the over-all social structure of psychiatric hospitals are described, and an attempt is made to show how these structural aspects influence the nature of the interrelations between the administrative and therapeutic processes in the hospital. In this sense, the hospital is seen by the anthropologist as a particularly advantageous context within which to study the wider problem of physiological, psychological, and social variables in illness and its treatment. Illustrative examples are drawn from current literature in the area of social science and medicine and from the author's own work in psychiatric hospitals in the United States and Japan. The author is on the faculty of the Department of Social Relations at Harvard University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The system of social inequality in American science has been the subject of numerous empirical investigations in the last decades. A persistent theme of such studies has been the attempt to de-mystify the social organization of academic life as supposedly exemplary of the domination of the universalistic-achievement pattern. Investigators have stressed the descriptive-like antecedents and consequences of the reputation of universities or departments as a career contingency for individual scientists. Given the various independent dimensions of the analysis, zero-order correlations were computed as a gross index of the relation among the variables, both for the year 1959 and 1970. For both time periods, standardized regression coefficients are used for art assessment of the predictive utility of each independent dimension when the effects of the remaining independent variables are removed. The model used assumes additive effects for variables in both time periods, this may be useful as a first approximation but it is, of course, conceivable, for example, that the dimension highest degree would interact with other independent variables.

This study is concerned with the analysis of the size and complexity of the governmental bureaucracies of the 50 American states, and more generally with the "administrative sector" of all social systems. Four hypotheses are formulated and tested. All of the hypotheses are supported. and this is interpreted as supporting a systems perspective in the analysis of social structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a rejoinder to the article by Harold J. Adams that appeared in the April 1973 issue of this journal. The discussion centers around the relationship of counselors to the social order and political system of this country. The author questions the basic premises resented by Adams, especially the assumption that social alienation is a natural outcome of the American system. He points out that the collectivism advocated by Adams would be counterproductive to solving the social ills of American life and suggests other strategies to promote effective social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]