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The article analyzes reasons for differences in wage-rate levels and in the timing of wage-rate changes in the paper industries of U.S. and Canada from 1929-1939. The nature of and reasons for the divergence of movement in wage rates among individual firms is clearly important for an understanding of economic processes and yet very few studies have been undertaken in this field. Paper is made today on a very large, specialized machine, designed for the purpose. Labor costs are low in proportion to the value of the product. Paper machines involve a substantial capital investment and are now quite standardized in character. They have undergone comparatively little technological change in the period covered by our survey. The machine crew is also standardized and performs similar, although not always identical, tasks in different mills. Conventionally, in the great majority of mills, the rates paid to the machine crew vary according to the size and speed of the machine. The nature of paper manufacturing processes thus creates considerably more occupational homogeneity than is found in many industries.

Presents abstracts of geography-related papers, as of March 1926. "The Status of Zoogeography in North America," by Chas. C. Adams; "Settlement and Economic Development of the San Juan Region of Colorado," by Wallace W. Atwood; "Culture and Landscape at Madison, Wisconsin," by V.C. Finch.

Informs on a merger agreement by the North America-based unions, International Brotherhood of Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers and the United Papermakers and Paperworkers union.

Highlights patrilineal features among the large North American Indian tribes who lived in the interior of southeastern North America during the 18th century. Anthropologist Fred Eggan's study of kinship among Choctaw Indians; Political succession and property inheritance; Incidents that demonstrate sense of kinship between fathers and sons.

The article reproduces the four original papers which served as the thematic base for the media production of the 1970 National Convention of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation (AAHPER) in Seattle, Washington and at the Canadian Biennial AHPER Convention of 1971. These papers are "Is Sport the Struggle or the Triumph?," by W. R. Morford, "Are Sports Education?," L. F. Locke, "Is Sport Really Colorblind?," and "Is Sport Experience?," by Seymour Kleinman. The papers examine the relevance of sports in a changing society.

The paper analyzes bid-ask spreads on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSE) and compares them to those of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Pricing data were compiled for a total of 177 TSE stocks from December 1 to December 13, 1971. Comparisons with NYSE pricing data from previous studies reveal spreads to be wider and marketability services as a whole more costly on the TSE. Possible explanations include structural differences between the two markets, as well as the differing roles of NYSE specialists and TSE registered traders.

The article offers information on the second Flora North America (FNA) Symposium that was held during the XI International Botanical Congress at the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington on August 26, 1969. The papers presented during the symposium include "Floristics in the USSR," "Floristics in Europe," and "The Flora North America Project."

Focuses on the work of Protestant missionaries among North American Indians during the years 1760 to 1860. Impact of the loss of political autonomy on socio-economic conditions of the North American Indians; Nature of missionary culture and its relation to American Civilization; Combination of the sacred and the profane in the minds of missionaries.

This paper presents a comparison between similar types of American and Canadian forecasts of annual gross national product for an identical period (1960-69) using the same error measures. It was concluded that on mean, mean absolute, and mean square error bases, American forecasts were significantly more accurate than were the Canadian ones in predicting relative changes in their respective annual gross national products during the period 1960-69. Forecasters in both the United States and Canada were likely to have made the same types of errors on average in forecasting any given year. The general conclusion from the analysis of the errors seemed to suggest that a bias toward underestimating change may be less evident in the American gross national product forecasts than in those made in Canada. The negative mean errors were smaller, the percentage of underestimates was smaller, the covariance components of the mean square errors were larger, and the regression and test statistics were less suggestive. One of the more important points is that when "adjustments" of the predictions for differences in the basic nature of the economies are made, the conclusions as to differences in the "accuracy" of aggregate forecasts made in various countries may change a great deal. That is, conclusions as to differences in forecasting ability based solely on the comparison of "absolute accuracy" could be seriously misleading if the economies are not of approximately similar natures. The method of "adjustment" used here assumes that information as to the nature of the economies is contained in the past history of the variables to be forecast, so that a more worthwhile comparison is obtained when the respective judgmental sets are first "adjusted" by extrapolative predictions from these past actuals. Comparisons of the "relative" accuracy of forecasts showed that the American predictions of annual gross national product percentage changes had larger relative mean square errors than did the Canadian sets. That is, the American sets were only about as accurate as, and probably less accurate then, relative to extrapolative predictions. the forecasts made in Canada. The predictive efficiency of the Canadian gross national product forecasts relative to that of the extrapolative predictions was generally higher than that of the American predictions; the amount of autonomous information and available extrapolative information included was also somewhat higher. However, the extrapolative information actually used in forecasting was quite low in both countries, probably because of the essentially trendless nature of percentage changes in gross national product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a symposium on the concept of ethnohistory. Documentary history of the concealed and officially inarticulate ethnic groups in American history; Rubric of North American ethnohistory.

In this paper the author adds some further empirical tests of his theory of income distribution. This theory (cf. this Review, Series 16, Number 3, September 1970, p. 221 ff) sees income distribution as the distribution of prices of production factors, especially labour, of different quality and prices as the effect of demand and supply factors. The quality of labour is represented only by the number of years of schooling. Its supply is described by the actual numbers of people having each of the possible years of schooling; this frequency distribution can be characterized by its average and by some measure of its dispersion or by one of its deciles (in particular the highest) expressed in terms of its median. The demand for the various qualities of labour can be supposed to be reflected by (i) total demand for commodities, but (ii) more accurately by the percentage of third-level educated people used in and weighted by the size of the four main sectors of production: agriculture, manufacturing, trade and transport, and other services. Extensive material collected and reworked by Professors B. R. Chiswick for the U.S.A. and Canada and T. P. Schultz and L. S. Burns with H. E. Frech III for the Netherlands is used in cross-section tests to explain variations in income distribution in the states of the U.S.A. and the provinces of Canada and the Netherlands. The results can be found in the tables. While further increase and smaller dispersion in years of schooling, according to some of the findings presented, would only moderately reduce the degree of inequality in the U.S.A. and Canada, more result seems to possible according to other findings, including those for the Netherlands. In the latter category the second demand index mentioned above has been used. This paper is one of several devoted in various ways to the testing of the same theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tradition from Malthus, Marx, and Ogburn points to differential rates of change as an important predictor variable. Although normal industrial societies include components changing at highly unequal rates without necessarily revealing maladaptive behavior, it still seems a good strategy to pay attention to differential rates of change in trying to explain maladaptivity arising in connection with technological innovations or diffusions. Taking annual rate of change in the number of road deaths per capita as dependent variable, and annual rate of change in the number of cars per capita, and annual rate of change in expenditure per capita devoted to road work as independent variables, it was shown for Britain and Denmark that a considerable increase in such expenditure would be needed to achieve zero growth rate in the dependent variable. Since data on road expenditures proved hard to provide for most countries the main problem discussed in the paper is the relationship between the other two variables mentioned above. This relationship is studied in 13 European and North American nations over approximately 20 years, mostly 1947 to 1966. Deadly accidents on roads were shown to grow more slowly than the number of automobiles, but at a rate rather close to 1/3 of that for automobiles for Europe in general. Data for United States suggest that this dependence between cars and accidents may well be characteristic of nations in their automotive youth and early maturity only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on various papers related to migration in North America, published in different journals. One of the papers titled "Ethnic Pluralism in the Connecticut Central City," aims to provide some hard facts on the ethnic groups who reside in three of Connecticut's largest cities--Hartford, Bridgeport, and New Haven. In another paper "Blood Pressure Changes Among Male Navaho Migrants to an Urban Environment," comparative data on systolic and diastolic blood pressures were obtained on male Navahos before and after migration from a rural to an urban environment. Both measures were significantly higher after migration. Various possible causes such as, change in altitude, saturated fat intake and age, are eliminated. The paper titled "Immigrant Ethnicity in a Changing Politics: Chicago From Progressivism to FDR," describes immigrant political behavior, especially voting and points out some causes of this behavior, specifically, those forces which resulted in strong ethnic Democratic voting by the end of the 1920's.

This article presents various papers related to the North American demography, which were published in different journals. The paper "Migration, Location and Remuneration of Medical Personnel: Physicians and Dentists," by L. Benham, A. Maurizi and M.W. Reder was published in the August 1958 issue of the journal "The Review of Economics and Statistics." The article "The Political Theory of Pluralistic Democracy," by C.J. Burtenshaw was published in the December 1968 issue of the journal "The Western Political Quarterly." This article analyzes the theory of pluralistic democracy as it emerges from empirical study of two communities, New Haven, Connecticut and Oberlin, Ohio and contrary to their position claims that even in the American political system the purposes of the state are the ambitions or aspirations of the successful group. The paper "Migration, Politics, and Welfare," by R.A. Cloward and F. Fox Piven was published in the November 16, 1968 issue of the journal "Saturday Review."

The article presents a study which aims to determine the way to translate the accumulated research on poverty-stricken communities into effective action programs. The study was conducted in a small rural slum called Jonesville in North America where material deprivation, poverty and unstable social conditions are existing. The results suggest that the translating process of the poor sociocultural characteristics into positive action programs represents a general process applicable to rural and urban settings.

This paper tries to show how, in the bureaucratic relationship between official and client, certain problems can arise. One source of these problems is the gap between how the client expects the official to behave, and the latter's actual performance. In the specific case of the interaction between immigrant and official in Israel, a difference is suggested between immigrants from traditional versus modern countries. The former are more troubled by the official's conformity with the bureaucratic norm, whereas the latter are troubled by the official's deviance from this norm. In our study among 1,649 immigrants from North America, four specific hypotheses were formulated: 1. Contact with the Israeli bureaucracy will be relatively problematic for the immigrant. 2. Immigrants with knowledge concerning conditions in Israel will have less problems with the Israeli bureaucracy than those with less knowledge. 3. Immigrants will describe their contact with bureaucracy as problematic in terms of deviations from bureaucratic norms, rather than in terms of bureaucratic norms per se. 4. Those whose contacts have been problematic will tend to be low on subjective adjustment. Findings are brought as clear evidence supporting these hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A list of registered research compiled, under the endorsement of the Royal Institute of International Affairs in North America, is presented. This includes the book "The European Common Market and the United States," by Randall Hinshaw. Another is the working paper entitled "European Community and Atlantic Security in the World Arena," by Josh Lerner. And the working paper entitled "Building the Atlantic World," by Robert Strausz-Hupe, James E. Dougherty, and Willaim R. Kintner.

The Indians of the Labrador-Ungava peninsula historically have been variously regarded as one group, the "Montagnais-Naskapi," and as two groups, the "Montagnais" and "Nascaupi." Genetic and ethnographic data are offered to support the argument that these people represent two distinct groups, and that "MontagnaisNaskapi" should be used solely to refer to offspring of mixed marriages between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at the regularity of distribution in three populations of perennial desert shrub Larrea divaricata. There are researchers who have claimed that the regularity of spacing between individuals of perennials species growing in arid environments is caused by root competition for available water. Based on a study conducted by S. R. J. Woodell, H. A. Mooney and A. J. Hill, the regular spacing of Larrea in sites with low rainfall is also caused by root competition for available water. The sites where the populations of Larrea were evaluated are the Mojave, Sonoran and Chihuanhan Deserts of North America.

The article discusses various species found in the coast of North America. It highlights the distribution of Fucus species at the Atlantic coast of the continent. These include Fucus vesiculosus, F. serratus and F. spiralis which despite of their abundance in North America are not recorded in the American Pacific coast. It states that the plants, all of which are hermaphrodites, do not have bladders and serrations. Meanwhile, it states that the coasts of British Columbia and northern Washington are noted for their great variety of Laminariales. Most of these plants represent a genus that illustrates extreme variations in form, habit, and mode of growth.

The article discusses the study which deals with zonation, ecology and geographical relation of common plants and animals occurring between the tide-marks in North America. Florida Keys are a chain of low islands curving south-westward from the southern end of the Florida peninsula over a submarine plateau fringed along its eastern edge by a weak barrier reef. Findings indicate that the zonation can be related to that which prevails in other parts of the world. Furthermore, intertidal fauna and flora are tropical in nature and are very distinct from those in the Atlantic coast of northern Florida and Carolinas.

The recent spurt of scholarly interest in the emergence of new "States" and "nations" has given rise, on the one hand, to a renewed interest in the historical study of similar phenomena in older States and, on the other, to a considerable effort at formulating general theories and models which can provide guide-lines for an understanding of these phenomena. By and large the initiative for these efforts has come from North American and European scholars. More recently, scholars from the developing nations have also joined in this work. Subsequent co-operation between these two groups of scholars from differing historical backgrounds and socio-cultural contexts has led to a series of questions concerning (a) the relevance of prevailing conceptual frameworks for an explanation of variations in the behavior of social and political phenomena; (b) the empirical validity of these frame-works in different historical settings; (c) the methodological assumptions underlying the whole effort at general theory; and (d) basic issues of teleology and directionality, determinacy and choice, in comparative theory.

Recent studies by Adelman and by Friedlander and Silver, which have investigated whether regression equations derived from cross-section data can be used to predict the impact of socioeconomic development on changing levels of fertility, are reviewed critically. Regression analyses based on data for 57 countries c. 1960 show that fertility (gross reproduction rate) varies cross-sectionally with region as well as with level of development (as measured by per capita income, percent labor force in primary sector, expectation of life, illiteracy rate). Using equations derived from the cross-section study and time-series data for five European countries during the period that their fertility rates fell, it is shown that predictions about past fertility changes are in error. The results suggest caution in the use of cross-section relations to predict the course of fertility in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the income distribution of Canada and the United States as well as other characteristics of the population such as the labour force and income trends in the two countries in the post-war years. In both countries family income distributions show similar degrees of inequality and similar movements in real incomes through time. However, an examination of Canadian data suggests that differences do exist in underlying patterns. For example, there are greater earnings differentials between skilled and unskilled workers in Canada than in the United States while on the other hand in the United States greater differences exist between family incomes with heads in different age groups than is the case in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a partial accounting of the viability of the Hutterite agricultural communes of North America. Social behavior reflected by the Hutterite system; Manner by which the traditional Hutterite political structure operates to allocate access to roles in their society; Selection of which group migrates.

Focuses on several issues which may have affected the economic development of South America in the post-war period. Impact of the political and economic relations between South America and North America on the southern economic development; South America's recovery of the foreign cotton market.

Focuses on the nature and origin of the Canadian Dry Belt, dry regions in the Great Plains of North America. Measurement of annual precipitation; Variability of precipitation; Classification of climate.

The article discusses "The Flora North America Project" and the information system concept of the project. The author mentions that this project is produced through the efforts of taxonomists who are willing to create research, review and edit several publications on floral studies. He also mentions that the project aims to create information standards in terms of accuracy, uniformity and documentation. The author also discusses that the project will use technological innovations in collecting, storing, retrieving and disseminating flora information.

The article discusses the significant role played by geographic speciation in naming North American ferns, including the taxonomic problems that could likely occur in naming complex plant species where geography has had a major evolutionary role. The author points out that geographic speciation is one of the most important factors in developing a classification that indicates the evolution of a group. Meanwhile, he claims that the taxonomic position of the southern elements of circumpolar fern species need further investigation to verify their present status and to assess their role in the evolutionary history of the species.

In August 1974, the International Sociological Association (ISA) will hold its Eighth World Congress of Sociology in Toronto in Ontario, Canada, and thereby afford an accessible opportunity for many North American sociologists to participate. The reorganization of the International Sociological Association by its Council in 1970 at Varna, Bulgaria, during sessions of the Seventh World Congress of Sociology was desired to strengthen the autonomy and effectiveness of its thirty research committees. This should provide opportunity for greater involvement for individual sociologists, both in the periodic international meetings and in the ongoing work of the ISA. These organizational changes come at an appropriate period in that North American sociologists are now demonstrating a stronger interest in cross-national sociology. This article is designed to describe to the membership of the American Sociological Association the implications of the new format of the International Sociological Association for international intellectual cooperation.

The article focuses on tinea nigra palmaris. Tinea nigra has in the past been regarded as an exotic curiosity largely confined to Central and South America, but in recent years several isolated case reports have appeared in the North America literature. On examination, the affected area showed a defined, irregular pigmented area on the right palm of a grey-brown colour, like a silver nitrate stain. There was no scales and vesicles. Culture on cyclohexamide-chloroamphenicol-dextrose sugar agar yielded shiny, black colonies, later developing areas of fluffy grey aerial mycelium typical of Cladosporium werneckii.

Information about the symposium "The Pteridophyta in the Flora of North America" in 1969 is presented. John Mickel discussed the Pteridophytes in the Flora North America area, which reached about 360 species. On the other hand, Rolla Tryon explained the significant role of the distribution of disjunct plants in the study of Pteridophytes. Several taxonomic problems are also examined in the symposium.

The utilization of the newly improved and expanded St. Lawrence Seaway will occasion major changes in economic activities. It is possible, and indeed has become almost a parlor game, to make differing estimates of the direction and extent of the Seaway's impact. The one certainty is that there WILL be an impact. This impact will inevitably change marketing prospects, both internal and external to the United States. As the result of a study recently completed, it is possible to form some estimates of the direction which these changes may take. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]