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The article presents information related to literature on aggressive behavior. Articles relating to the general problem area of aggression are scattered throughout the whole range of specialized journals. It discusses mainly the issues of aggressive behavior, anger, animal aggressive behavior, attack behavior, hostility, threat postures and violence. Some of the literature mentioned here are "Marriage Without Failure. Psychological Reports," by A. Burton, "The Effects of Violence in Childhood. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology," by N. D. Feshbach and "Man Would as Soon Flee as Fight. Psychology Today," by E. Fromm.

The article presents information on some dynamic factors that affect family adjustment to handicapped children. The impact of the handicapped child on the family can be less damaging if efforts to remove any reality basis for such feelings, which includes the unwittingly hostile responses to parents' hostility. Parental reactions to the birth of an orthopedically imperfect child differ more in degree than in kind from reactions of parents of more globally handicapped children. Although mothers seem to be involved more deeply at the time of birth of a child with mental disabilities, it is also believed that fathers have similar and related feelings.

This article examines the effect of hostile casualties in Southeast Asia on the incidence of the tax-in-kind imposed by the military draft. The hypothesis advanced was that hostile casualties were disproportionately borne by draft-eligible men with relatively low civilian income-earning opportunities. The available hostile casualty data were not sufficient to allow the authors to calculate casualty frequencies for education-income groups. Therefore they undertook the more limited task of attempting to demonstrate a relationship between hostile casualties and particular proxy variables for income-earning capacity. For this purpose the authors utilized state-by-state data. While these data allow only preliminary conclusions, the cross-sectional regression estimates indicated a significant relationship between hostile casualties and the rate of mental disqualification on the pre-induction physical and state unemployment rates. The rate of mental disqualification is intended primarily to measure the educational attainment of men aged 18 to 26, while the state unemployment rate served as a proxy for civilian job opportunities. The hypothesized relationship was particularly significant in the equations for the U.S. Army.

Differences in the number and kind of medical and psychiatric symptoms between North American and Latin American patients at Gorgas Hospital in the Canal Zone were investigated. Women reported significantly more symptoms than men; psychiatric patients more than medical patients; and Latin American patients more than North American patients. Compared to the North American patients, the Latin Americans reported a strikingly higher incidence of feelings of personal inadequacy, hypersensitivity, and hostility. Other differences appeared to be related to a variety of socio-cultural variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes the effect of hostile context in resolving the ambiguity of stimulus words. Role of hostility in the life history of juvenile delinquents; Basis of the characteristics of prior context; Details on the production of hostile associates.

The article discusses that while there have been four attempts to build Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scales to assess "tendency to hostile behavior," there is little evidence as to the effectiveness of these scales. Three of these scales were constructed by the procedure of a priori item selection by experienced judges. Both the Iowa Hostility Inventory (Iowa) of Moldawsky and the Manifest Hostility Scale of Siegel were constructed in this manner. More recent studies have yielded negative results. Researchers compared the MMPI hostility scale scores of prisoners convicted for crimes of varying degrees of hostility.

The article discusses the effects of similarity and guilt on the projection of hostility. Despite the studies of H.A. Murray and S. Feshbach and R.D. Singer, many of the parameters underlying "projection", or the attribution of traits and affects to others, are still relatively unexplored. The experiment is designed to investigate how attribution to others is affected by the presence or absence of guilt feelings in the perceiver and the similarity or dissimilarity of a bystander, not associated with the aggressive act, to the perceiver. Rationalized projection takes place without the presence of strong defensive activities. The functional value of such projection lies in mitigating for the individual the presence of certain self negative characteristics by making the person seemingly no different from anyone else and by removing the affect far from the ego.

The article compares three different measures of hostility or aggression with each other and also with measures of anxiety and social desirability. Eighty male and sixty-eight female college students were administered Sarason's Hostility scale, Waterhouse and Child's Aggression scale, Buss and Durkee's Hostility Inventory, Bendig's short-form version of Taylor's Manifest Anxiety Scale, and Edwards' Social Desirability scale. Inter-correlations of the personality measures employed were obtained separately for males and females. The intercorrelations indicated significant degrees of relationships among most of the hostility indices.

This article investigated the relationships between defensiveness in perception of hostile words and prerecognition responsivity, and hostility, anxiety, and impulsivity. The subjects in this study were 84 psychiatric patients, which included 55 women and 29 men. The group included 56 schizophrenics, 10 depressive and involutional psychoses, and 18 others with nonpsychotic diagnoses. The results indicated that while anxiety and inhibition may play some role in defensiveness, the major effect of these variables seems to be on prerecognition responding rather than the recognition threshold.

The article cites a study, which investigates the possibility that responses to personality test items might be influenced by inclusion of different item content in the same test. The subjects were mainly freshmen and sophomores enrolled in an introductory psychology class. The tests were administered as part of the regular class work. It was found that scores on a scale of manifest hostility were lowered when the total test also included anxiety items. The effect was not general for scores on a scale of manifest anxiety remained constant when hostility items were added to the total test.

The article discusses on the effect of hynotically induced hostility on Rorschach responses. In a, recent study researchers like Counts and Mensh used the Rorschach test to register changes produced in subjects in whom hostility toward the experimenter had been induced by posthypnotic suggestion. They inquired whether the test would reveal the same basic personality structure when administered under normal conditions, after induction of hostility, and on two subsequent occasions after removal of hostility.

The article presents a study which describes a method for examining experimentally the relationship between Rorschach responses and other behavior of individuals in specific, induced conflict situations involving feelings of hostility. The technique of hypnosis was selected to alter the intensity of these feelings. By means of the induced conflict and repeated administration of the Rorscbacb method, the design permitted a measure of changes, if any, paralleled by psychiatric interview material. The psychiatric interview material revealed in four of five subjects amnesia for the artificially induced conflict, and behavioral changes were definite.

The article presents various cases of hostility syndrome. Much has been written about anxiety patterns, including anxiety hysteria, anxiety neurosis, feelings of inferiority, etc., but in comparison there is a paucity of material in regard to hostility. Not only are feelings of hostility and aggressive behavior of theoretical importance but experience indicates that individuals with feelings of hostility are more difficult to work with therapeutically than those with comparable degrees of anxiety.

The article presents a study to evaluate the effects of pool therapy using a wide variety of measures ranging from physiological to protective indices of agitation and hostility before and after treatment. Results on the Hand Test which measured projected hostility confirmed the original hypothesis that there would be less agitation or hostility following treatment. Changes on six of the seven factors on the NOSIE scale were in the direction of a better ward adjustment following treatment although none of these changes was statistically significant. Patients demonstrated significantly greater physical strength following treatment as measured by a hand dynamometer. Difference on the remaining measures was not significant.

The article presents a validation study on the Manifest Hostility Scale (MHS). Various psychologists showed that reliable subscales for extropunitive, intropunitive, and projected hostility could be drawn from the MHS and they had small correlations in the predicted directions with the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustation test scores. Others reported no effect on the scores by combining anxiety and hostility items in a single scale. Psychologists showed that delinquents from minority groups had a higher mean MHS score than did other delinquents.

The article discusses the effect of length of incarceration and intensive treatment on youthful offenders. Analyzing the scores on the Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Test did this. The result suggested that longer the offender remain in the institution, the more likely be is to increase his use of impunitive responses to frustrating situations. Intensive treatment, as operationally de- fined, seems to have little effect. Extrapunitive responses do not appear to be affected by the presently measures length of incarceration and/or intensive treatment.

The article a study on measurement of hostility. This experiment was a pilot study to determine the feasibility of measuring hostility by objective tests. Three different measures of hostility, a word association test, a picture sorting test, and the Cook hostility scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory were administered and low but significant correlations found between them. It informs that further research is needed on hostility and the degree of its compartmentalization before we can hope to have highly valid, reliable instruments for its measurement.

The article presents information on a technique for dealing with hostility in activity therapy. In most therapeutic situations the problem of dealing with the patient's hostility is of considerable importance. Therapists representing diverse points of view have in common a recognition of hostile feelings and behavior as significant factors in the treatment process. It is maintained by some that the expression of hostility is therapeutically necessary and that it should be encouraged. Some examples of the behavior of children in the use of this technique follow.

This article provides a cross-validation of several control/hostility scales by comparing mental health center patients who later were arrested for felony crimes with those who were not. A number of experimental Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scales have been developed for the measurement of hostility and control. To date, no experimental data have been reported on the ability of the MMPI special scales to predict criminality. The subjects consisted of 47 male applicants for outpatient treatment at the Hennepin County Mental Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

The article reports that an ipsative validation of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL). The Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL) developed by J. Zuckerman and M. Lubin consists of three empirically developed scales to assess day-to-day levels of anxiety, depression and hostility. The ability of the MAACL to differentiate among anxiety, depression and hostility was examined in a sample of 100 consecutive admissions to the psychiatric ward of a general hospital. The intensity of the three affects was rank ordered in each patient according to his scores on the MAACL and again according to clinical ratings made by his psychiatrist.

The article presents a note on the effect of self description of combining anxiety and hostility items on a single scale. In a recent article, the present authors tested the hypothesis that the total item composition of a test affects responses to the component parts of the test, i.e., related variables like anxiety and hostility would be especially prone to show such inter-acting effects. The results indicated that while the Manifest Anxiety Scale scores were not affected by inclusion of hostility items, the Manifest Hostility Scale scores were reduced by the inclusion of anxiety items. The present study is designed to cross-validate these findings with a more refined approach and a larger number of subjects.

The article presents information on the overt-covert anxiety index and hostility. To evaluate the contribution of this overt-covert anxiety index for hypotheses testing, the relationship between anxiety and hostility was measured by the Cattell scale. The theory is advanced that covert anxiety is related to diminished expression of physical hostile expression. Psychoanalytic theory provides the intervening variable linking anxiety and hostility: the control function of the ego. When ego control fails, anxiety becomes overt and direct expression of physical hostility a likely accompaniment.

This paper relates three patterns of ego control to the perception of hostility. "Expressors" are defined as people who respond directly to stimulation or threat, who are underinhibited, with a tendency to express impulses openly and with little anxiety or guilt. "Sensitizers" are defined as people who tend to be alerted to potential threat and conflict, to respond more readily with manifest anxiety, and to use intellectual and obsessive defenses. This paper summarizes two experiments in which there was more control over degree of acquaintance, the kind of person described and the interpersonal situation than was possible in that field study.