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Tobacco ringspot virus was isolated from one tree in a 10-ac (4-ha) orchard of sweet cherry (Prunus avium) cv. Bing near Oliver in the Okanagan Valley. The symptoms on the infected tree included a light-green zonal discoloration and irregularity in shape of leaves. The virus was transmitted by budding to nine Prunus cultivars, some of which developed pronounced symptoms. It was sap-transmitted to Chenopodium quinoa, cucumber, and Nicotiana clevelandii. Antiserum produced from infected N. clevelandii was positive in tests using tobacco ringspot virus isolate from tobacco and blackberry.

(1974). Pseudomonas syringae van Hall als Ursache virose-ahnlicher Symptome auf Chenopodium quinoa Willd. bei Versuchen zur ubertragung von Obstviren. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection: Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 383-393.

Summary Raspberry ringspot virus has two RNA species, of mol. wt. about 2.4 × 106 (RNA-1) and 1.4 × 106 (RNA-2). In experiments with four naturally occurring strains, virus hybrids were made by mixing RNA-1 and RNA-2 preparations from different strains. Parent strains were regenerated by crossing appropriate hybrids. In the crosses, both serological specificity and transmissibility by the nematode Longidorus elongatus were determined by RNA-2, suggesting that the protein surface of the virus particles is involved in the transmission process. Ability of isolates to cause systemic yellowing in Petunia hybrida, previously found to be also controlled by RNA-2, was shown to be associated with distinctive ultrastructural changes in the chloroplasts. Severity of systemic symptoms in Chenopodium quinoa and other herbaceous hosts, ability to infect Lloyd George raspberry and ability to invade the non-inoculated leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris, were all determined by RNA-1. Both RNA species played a part in determining lesion type in inoculated leaves of Chenopodium amaranticolor and C. quinoa, and in some crosses the two kinds of hybrid were respectively less virulent and more virulent than either parent. The determinant for systemic symptoms in Petunia hybrida that is carried by RNA-2 was not expressed when in association with RNA-1 from the strain able to infect Lloyd George raspberry. Some genes of raspberry ringspot virus are probably pleiotropic.

Summary Extracts of the leaves of Phytolacca americana and partially purified preparations of such extracts caused marked inhibition of the infection of Chenopodium quinoa by cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and of the infection of monkey kidney cells and embryonated hen eggs by the A2/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) strain of influenza virus. Both viruses became non-infective when mixed with preparations of the extracts but infectivity was regained when the viruses were separated from them by centrifuging.

SUMMARY Three aphid-transmitted viruses, tulip breaking, lily symptomless and cucumber mosaic, were obtained from lilies in Britain. Tulip breaking virus was detected by the leaf mottle produced in Lilium formosanum, cucumber mosaic virus by inoculation of sap to Nicotiana clevelandii and Chenopodium quinoa, and lily symptomless virus by electron microscopy of crude leaf extracts from symptomless L. f ormosanum. Lily symptomless virus was transmitted by Myzus persicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Aulacorthum solani and A phis f abae. M. persicae, which in a small experiment appeared a more efficient vector than A.fabae, transmitted the virus in a non-persistent manner. This conflicts with the original report of transmission in a persistent manner by A. gossypii but no transmission by M. persicae. The possibility that there are two distinct viruses with similar pathological effects is discussed. Tulip breaking and lily symptomless viruses spread to bait plants of L. formosanum within a field planting of lilies in Scotland especially during July to Septem­ ber; lily symptomless virus was the more prevalent. No spread of cucumber mosaic virus was detected.

The ultrastructure of mesophyll cells of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. infected with artichoke mottled crinkle virus (AMCV) was investigated with the electron microscope. The cytoplasm of altered cells contained complex multivesicular bodies orginating from arrangement of endoplasmic reticulum membranes, small vesicles, and electron opaque granular material into a pseudo-organellar form. Structural modifications of chloroplasts but not of mitochondria were noticed. The nuclei exhibited prominent membranous inclusions and contained a few virus particles. AMCV particles were occasionally associated with chloroplasts and were plentiful in the cytoplasm, where they occurred in a loosely disperse fashion or in crystalline aggregates. Virions were found also in the central vacuole either free or in vesicular cytoplasmic extrusions.

SCHNARF S K. 1929. Embryologie der Angiospermen. Berlin. SHARP, L. W. 1943. Fundamentals of Cytology. McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. New York. SMITH, F. G. 1948. The effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the respiratory metabolism of bean stem tissue. Plant Physiol. 23: 70-83. , C. L. HAMNER, AND R. F. CARLSON. 1947. Changes in food reserves and respiratory capacity of bindweed tissues accompanying herbicidal action of 2,4dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Plant Physiol. 22: 5865. SWANSON, C. P. 1946. Histological responses of the kidney bean to aqueous sprays of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Bot. Gaz. 107: 522-531. VAN OVERBEEK, J. 1945. Control of flower formation and fruit size in the pineapple. Bot. Gaz. 108: 64-73. WEAVER, R. J., C. P. SWANSON, W. B. ENNIS, AND F. T. Boyi). 1946. Effect of plant growth-regulators in relation to stages of development of certain dicotyledonous plants. Bot. Gaz. 107: 563--568. WILDMAN, S., AND J. BONNER. 1946. Separation and properties of the auxin protein of spinach leaves. Amer. Jour. Bot. 33: 23a.

SUMMARY Parsnip mosaic virus (PMV) occurs commonly in parsnip in Britain and is transmitted after acquisition access periods of 2–5 min by the aphids Cavariella aegopodii, C. theobaldi and Myzus persicae. It was transmitted by manual inoculation of sap, infecting parsnip, chervil, coriander and carrot plants systemically, and causing local lesions without subsequent systemic infection in eight Chenopodium spp., Spinacia oleracea, Gomphrena globosa, and Toreniafournieri. It lost infectivity in Chenopodium quinoa sap after dilution to 10-3–10-4, heating for 10 min at 55–58 °C, or storage at room temperature for 7–10 days. Preparations partially purified by n-butanol or chloroform clarification, followed by acid precipitation and/or chromatography on columns of 2% agarose beads, contained filamentous particles, many of which were aggregated or fragmented. Preparations made with chloroform and without acid precipitation contained unaggregated particles of 755 nm normal length, with a sedimentation coefficient of 149 S. PMV did not react with antisera to any of fourteen other viruses with filamentous particles. The present cryptogram for PMV is */*: */*:E/E:S/Ap.

SUMMARY Pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV), a previously undescribed virus widespread in Capsicum annuum and C. frutescens in the Eastern Region of Ghana, is acquired and inoculated in 2 min feeding periods by aphids (Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii); it is transmissible by inoculation of sap to eleven of fifteen Solanaceae and to five of forty-six other species within three of seventeen other families. The virus was propagated in Nicotiana clevelandii and Petunia hybrida, and assayed in Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor and C. murale. Sap from Capsicum annuum was infective after dilution to 10-3 but not 10-4, after 10 min at 55 but not 60oC, and after 7 but not 8 days at 25oC. Lyophilized sap from P. hybrida was infective after 6 years in vacuo. Yields of 10–25 mg of virus per kg of leaf tissue were consistently obtained from P. hybrida or N. clevelandii by extracting systemically infected leaves in 0.5 M borate (pH 7.8) containing 0.2% mercaptoethanol and chloroform, followed by repeated precipitation with 50 g polyethylene glycol (M.W. 6000) per l, several cycles of differential centrifugation and centrifugation in sucrose density-gradient columns. Virus preparations had ultraviolet absorption spectra typical of a nucleoprotein containing c. 6% nuclei acid (A 260/280 = 1.25; A 260/246 = 1.27) and contained numerous unaggregated and unbroken filamentous particles c. 770 times 12 nm which sedimented as a single component with a sedimentation coefficient (so20,w) of 155 S. PVMV contained RNA (moles %: G = 24, A = 23, C = 27, U = 26), and a single protein species with a molecular weight of 32000–33000 daltons. PVMV was not serologically related to potato virus Y (three strains), or to twelve other morphologically similar viruses, and seems to be a distinct member of the potato virus Y group. The cryptogram of PVMV is R/(I):*/(6):E/E:S/Ap.

SUMMARY A detailed study was made of the chemical composition of the seeds of three varieties of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (red, yellow, and white) and one variety of Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen (canihua). Analyses include the carbohydrates, proteins, mineral composition, vitamins, and properties and constants of the oil. Values are given on a dry-weight basis. With respect to nutrient composition these seeds compare favorably with those of common cereals such as wheat, corn, oats, and rice.

Bratislava mosaic virus was transmitted mechanically toChenopodium quinoa. The virus was isolated by means of gradient ultracentrifugation and the, proteins were distributed on an automatic recording photometer. Single fractions were taken with a fraction collector and used as antigen.

Summary Aggregates of up to 20 chloroplasts occur in parenchyma cells from local lesions induced in Chenopodium quinoa Wild. by turnip mosaic virus. Electron microscopic examination revealed a single layer of virus particles parallel to the surface of chloroplasts between most of the aggregated chloroplasts.

In ultrathin sections ofChenopodium quinoa plants, with systemic symptoms after inoculation withPassiflora latent virus, high concentration of virus particles could be easily observed. The virus particles occurred in bundles or extensive, slightly contorted plates in the cytoplasm, in bundles externally attached to the membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts or in bundles of regular size attached to tonoplasm in protoplasmic strands. The excessive production of such abnormal protoplasmic strands with rather regularly distributed bundles of virus particles has not been reported before. No pinwheels or other structures characteristic of infection with representatives of the potato virus Y group have been observed. The accumulations of particles attached to chloroplasts resemble those known of potato viruses S and M. In ultradunne coupes van stukjes blad vanChenopodium quinoa, met systemische symptomen na inoculatie met het latentePassiflora-virus, konden opeenhopingen van grote hoeveelheden draadvormige deeltjes worden waargenomen. Van deze deeltjes wordt op grond van rangschikking, afmetingen en vorm angenomen dat ze virusdeeltjes zijn. De deeltjes kwamen vaak vriij in het protoplasma voor, in bundels van verschillende afmetingen of in licht gebogen of verwrongen platen. Daarin lagen de deeltjes stijf naast elkaar (Fig. 1 en 2). Door het niet geheel vlak liggen der platen gaf een doorsnede dwars op de lengterichting van de meeste deeltjes een draaikolkbeeld (Fig. 2). Soms vormden de virusdraden door overlapping meer langgerekte bundels (Fig. 3). Ze werden ook vaak waargenomen in groepen en met hun ene uiteinde liggend tegen een chloroplast of mitochondrion (Fig. 4, rechts, en 3). Daarnaast bleken de virusdeeltjes veel voor te komen in protoplasmastrengen en wel in overdwars liggende bundels van vrij regelmatige afmetingen (Fig. 4 tot 6). Waarschijnlijk werkt de affiniteit van de deeltjes tot de tonoplasmembraan de vorming van deze strengen in de hand. Misschien is de betrokken kracht ook verantwoordelijk voor het vaak afgeplat zijn van de protoplasma ‘strengen’, wat blijkt uit de scheef of zelfs nagenoeg vlak gesneden strengen van respectievelijk Fig. 5 en 6. In de laatste zijn de virusboundels vrijwel dwars op de lengterichting der deeltjes getroffen. In geinfecteerde planten werden geen ‘pinwheel’ structuren, zoals bekend van de aardappelvirus-Y-groep, gevonden. In neiging tot aggregatie met chloroplasten en mitochondria vertoont het latentePassiflora-virus overeenkomst met de aardappelvirussen S en M uit de aardappelvirus-S-groep. Het virus uit passiebloem komt echter in veel grotere opeenhopingen voor. Toch vormt het inChenopodium quinoa geen lichtmicroscopisch zichtbare celinsluitsels, zoals het verwante nerfmozaiekvirus van rode klaver doet. De bij het latentePassiflora-virus aangetroffen protoplasmastrengen met overdwars liggende virusbundels zijn tot dusver uniek.

Techniques and microequipment to mechanically inoculate X, index with grape fanleaf virus are described. There was no evidence from mechanical inoculation tests on Chenopodium quinoa that the virus was introduced into adult female X. index by microinoculation, although the nematodes survived the injury caused by microneedles, later fed on grape seedlings, and apparently reproduced normally.

SUMMARY A virus, code-named 52V, was obtained from 16 cultivars and seedlings of red raspberry by inoculation of sap to Chenopodium quinoa during spring or autumn. Some raspberry plants were infected with 52V after six months in the field, and more than 50 per cent of the plants of some cultivars were infected after four years. The virus was also obtained from Rubus occidentalis plants previously infected with virus from red raspberry by means of aphids (Amphorophora rubi and Aulacorthum solani). These aphids transmitted 52V from red raspberry to C. quinoa. 52V was transmitted by inoculation of sap to six herbaceous species but induced symptoms only in Chenopodiaceae. In C. quinoa sap, 52V lost infectivity after dilution to 10−2, heating for 10 min at 52·5°C, storage at 18°C for 24 hr or treatment with n-butanol to 8·5 per cent (v/v). Preparations made by clarifying extracts with chloroform or ether followed by differential centrifugation contained a few isometric particles c. 30 nm in diameter which may be those of the virus.

SUMMARY Cherry leaf roll, tomato black ring and two previously unrecorded viruses were transmitted to Chenopodium quinoa from Sambucus canadensis plants imported from the U.S.A. Of the two newly recognized viruses one, code-named elderberry virus A, has filamentous particles about 650 times 15 nm; the other, named elderberry latent virus (ELV), was transmitted to several herbaceous species but remained symptomless in elder and most other hosts. In C. quinoa sap ELV lost infectivity after dilution to 10--5 to 10--6, 10 min at 85–90°C, and 7 days at 18°C. Infectivity of nucleic acid extracts was abolished by ribonuclease in 0.2 m sodium chloride. ELV was purified from C. quinoa leaf extracts that were clarified with chloroform, by precipitation at pH 5 and differential centrifugation. Purified preparations contained numerous isometric particles c. 30 nm in diameter and a few particles c. 17 nm in diameter. In 0.06 M phosphate buffer ELV sedimented as a major 112 S (calculated for infinite dilution) component and a 48 S minor component. ELV showed no serological relationship to twenty-seven other isometric plant viruses. Its present cryptogram is R/I: *I*:S/S:S/*.

Beet yellows virus (BYV) was mechanically transmitted by sap from sugar-beet plants, infected with BYV, to the plants ofChenopodium quinoa Willd. and ofChenopodium foliosum (Moench) Asch. Mechanical transmission of BYV to the plants ofTetragonia expansa Murr. failed. Infectious material was homogenized in phosphate buffer with veronal and EDTA, pH 7–8. Experimental plants were darkened three days before infection and kept at a temperature of 5°C. Plants ofC. quinoa Willd. were decapitated. Back transmissions fromC. quinoa Willd. andC. foliosum (Moench) Asch. infected with BYV, to sugar-beet plants were carried out by the aveidMyzus persicae Sulz. These transmissions were positive. Filamentous particles of BYV, of an average length 1275 nm, were found in plants ofC. quinoa Willd. andC. Foliosum (Moench) Asch., infected with BYV.

SUMMARY Tulip halo necrosis virus, obtained from tulips with leaf necrosis, is very labile in crude sap but can be transmitted consistently by inoculating Nicotiana clevelandii plants with extracts made in pH 8 phosphate buffer containing a stabilizing agent such as 0.2M 2-mercaptoethanol or 0.01M dithiothreitol. Of the fifteen species in five families of Angiosperms infected by inoculation with sap, few are suitable as sources of inoculum. Cultures of the virus can be maintained in Nicotiana clevelandii kept at 14 or 18dC but not at 21dC. Infectivity can be assayed in Chenopodium quinoa, in which necrotic local lesions are produced. Stabilized extracts of leaves were infective at a dilution of 1/16 but rarely at 1/32, and infectivity decreased disproportionately with dilution. Infectivity of all extracts was abolished in 10 min at 50dC and of some at 45dC, but survived when extracts were clarified using diethyl ether or trichlorotrifluoroethane. The virus was not transmitted by the aphid Myzus persicae.

SUMMARY A virus obtained from pelargonium cvs Irene and Paul Crampel appears to differ from any previously reported; although symptomless in most pelargonium cvs tested, it caused colour break in the flowers of two seedling clones. It seems uncommon in pelargoniums. The virus was readily transmitted by inoculation of sap, but not by Myzus persicae with short feeds, by dodder or through seed. It infected only fifteen of 100 species tested in six of thirty-five plant families. Pelargoniums were freed from the virus by heat-treatment. The virus remained infective after 10 min at 85 oC, 3 wk at 20 oC or 27 wk at 2 oC; it was infective at 1/500000 dilution of Nicotiana clevelandii or Chenopodium quinoa sap. Purified preparations were readily made by several methods, and contained isometric particles c. 30 nm diameter. Although a good antigen, the virus was serologically unrelated to any of forty-two isometric viruses. In immunoelectrophoresis, the virus moved as a single antigenic component towards the cathode. It gave a single, specific zone in density-gradient centrifugation, and one moving component (s020 w= 125 S) in analytical centrifugation. The virus contained one protein of mol. wt. c. 41000. The present cryptogram of the virus is (R)/*: */*:S/S:S/*, and the name pelargonium flower-break virus is proposed.

Quinoa (Chenopodium Quinoa Willd.) is a psudocereal plant which has been consumedfor 5000 years. It has attracted the attention all over the world because ofits adaptability to all climate conditions and its biological, nutritional importance.The year of 2013 was declared international quinoa year due to the fact that it is anold plant that contributes to world food security. Quinoa has rich nutritional valuefrom protein, essential aminoacid, minerals and vitamins. Also it contains saponins,phytosterols, phytoecdysteroids, phenolics that provides its biological activities. Thesecomponents may positively affect on health such as metobolic, gastrointestinal andcardiac influences but nowadays there are limited studies on human health. In thisreview, the cardiovascular effects of quinoa will be mentioned.Key words: antioxidant–biological activities–cardiovascular effects–quinoa–nutritional value

Field infected mulleins (Verbascum thapsiforme) exhibit dark green mosaic spots or blotches in leaves, stunting and slight reduction in leaf size. The disease inducessome reduction in flower formation depending on the stage, at which infection has taken place. Authors succeeded in mechanical transmission of the virus to fourteen out of fourty-four species tested including seven scrophulariaceous species,Chenopodium quinoa, C. giganteum, C. murale and C. polyspermum. The tests indicated that the thermal inactivation point lies between 51° and 55° C. Measurement of virus particles indicated the modal length 616 nm. Possibility of infection by further viruses is discussed.

SUMMARY A strain of raspberry ringspot virus (RRV-E) infecting blackberry in Essex was transmitted by inoculation of sap to twenty-six herbaceous species, and caused symptoms in Nicandra physaloides, Datura metel and Gomphrena globosa that differentiated it from the Scottish strain of the virus (RRV-S). In sap, with an infection end-point of 10-5, it was inactivated in 10 min. at 74° C, and in 5 weeks at 23° C. It was precipitated without inactivation by a 30% acetone or 30%-saturated ammonium sulphate solution, but was inactivated when acidified to less than pH 4. Partially purified preparations of RRV-E contained approximately equal amounts of three components with sedimentation rates of 50, 90 and 127S; electron micrographs of preparations mounted in neutral sodium phosphotungstate showed three kinds of particles with diameters about 30 mμ but with different internal structure. A preparation of RRV-S contained a main component with a sedimentation rate of 129s, and a minor one with 50S. Petunia hybrida, cucumber and French bean seemed equally susceptible to infection with RRV-E when grown in soil containing the nematode vector Longidorus macrosoma, but inoculation of sap infected the roots of P. hybrida much more readily than roots of the other two species. Cucumber seedlings became infected when exposed for 1 day to infective L. macrosoma, and virus-free L. macrosoma acquired the virus from plants in 4 days. Infective L. macrosoma transmitted readily at 20° C, occasionally at 25° C, and not at 30° C; feeding seems inhibited at 30° C. RRV-E was transmitted to seedlings grown in soil containing L. macrosoma that had been kept free from plants for 34 days. Of sixty-eight extracts of infective L. macrosoma inoculated to Chenopodium quinoa plants, only one caused infection.

SUMMARY Isolates C431 and DGEV of apple stem-grooving virus infected Zucchini squash (Cucurbita maxima) and pumpkin (C. pepo) systemically; these hosts were superior to Chenopodium quinoa for propagating the virus. Virus concentrations were assayed by counts of local lesions on cowpea (Vigna sinenis). Good yields of virus were concentrated from Zucchini squash sap clarified with bentonite or chloroform-bentonite and purified by densitygradient centrifugation and zone electrophoresis. Filamentous virus particles 615 nm (C431) and 640 nm (DGEV), virtually free of host constituents and only slightly aggregated, were observed in electronmicrographs.

SUMMARY Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) was found in all plants of Lloyd George raspberry with bushy dwarf disease and occurred occasionally in plants of some other cultivars. It was transmitted by inoculation of sap to fifty-five other species in twelve families of flowering plants and infected most of them symptomlessly. It caused systemic symptoms in some species of Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Cucurbitaceae, and necrotic local lesions in some Leguminosae. It did not induce bushy dwarf disease when returned to Lloyd George raspberry. Chenopodium quinoa was used for propagating the virus and Vigna cylindrica for local lesion assay. In C. quinoa sap, RBDV lost infectivity when diluted 10-4, heated for 10 min at 65 °C or stored for 4 days at 22 °C. Preparations made by twice precipitating the virus at pH 4·8 and resuspending it at pH 7·0, followed by ultracentrifugation and exclusion chromatography in columns of 2 % agarose beads, contained isometric particles about 33 nm in diameter, which sedimented as two components, with sedimentation coefficients of 111 and 116S. Only a few particles, all of them disrupted, were seen in preparations mounted in phosphotungstate, but the particles were well preserved in uranyl formate provided that they were first dispersed in a saxlt such as MgCl2 instead of distilled water. Many particles were oval in outline as though distorted during drying. No serological relationship was detected between RBDV and twenty-four other isometric viruses nor between RBDV and the filamentous virus apple chlorotic leafspot, to which it was previously thought to be related. An isolate of loganberry degeneration virus was serologically indistinguishable from RBDV.

The chlorotic leaf spot virus which occurs latent in apples, is widespread in Dutch orchards. In the present paper sap inoculation onChenopodium quinoa is recommended for rapid indexing of trees. Young leaves gave satisfactory results when tested during the first 4–6 weeks after expansion of the buds. The best results were obtained when homogenated petals were used as inoculum. Het chlorotische-bladvlekkenvirus komt in Nederland zeer algemeen latent voor in alle appelrassen. Het virus kan door middel van sapinoculatie opChenopodium quinoa worden aangetoond. Een week na de inoculatie reageren de toetsplanten met lokale vlekken op de bladeren. Deze methode is veel sneller dan de indicatie met behulp van houtige toetsplanten. Hoewel gedurende het gehele seizoen virusoverdracht mogelijk is, kan het virus goed worden aangetoond met jong blad in de eerste 4 tot 6 weken na het uitlopen van de bladknoppen. Nog betere resultaten worden verkregen met bloemblaadjes.

SUMMARY Three viruses or virus strains were isolated from pawpaw showing field decline symptoms in Tanzania and Kenya, where they are of wide occurrence. Each virus caused a distinct type of local lesion in Chenopodium quinoa; a fourth type of local lesion was induced when transmission was from a source containing two of the three viruses. When re-inoculated to pawpaw, alone or in combination, they caused stunting and decline symptoms similar to those observed in the field. Two were recovered from pawpaw pollen; none was transmitted through seed or from fruit to fruit, nor was any vector found. Purified preparations of the three viruses contained stiff rod-shaped particles 750 times 12 nm. Latex from pawpaw petiole and fruit totally inhibited sap transmission.

Las vinazas, derivadas de la producción de alcohol (etanol), encierran la posibilidad de ser utilizadas como fuente de agua y nutrientes. En este estudio se investigó el efecto de las vinazas sobre la germinación y alargamiento radicular en tres especies: Glycine max (“soja”), Triticum aestivum (“trigo”) y Chenopodium quinoa (“quinoa”). Se utilizaron vinazas puras y vinazas diluidas (1:1; 1:5; 1:10 y 1:20) tanto a pH ácido (pH 4,5) como a pH neutro. Los resultados demuestran que las vinazas puras inhiben totalmente la germinación en las tres especies utilizadas. En la dilución más baja (1:1) la germinación de soja y quinoa resultaron nulas mientras que en trigo se atrasó y logro un porcentaje de germinación final del 42%. En resumen, los resultados demuestran que con vinazas diluidas (1:5; 1:10 o 1:20) la germinación en las tres especies ensayadas supera el 90% de germinación. Sin embargo, el alargamiento radicular sí resulta afectado y esta afectación es mayor a menor dilución de las vinazas. Se sugiere realizar otros estudios complementarios tanto a nivel de ambientes semicontrolados (invernáculos) como experiencias de campo para evaluar los efectos de las diluciones en los distintos estados fenológicos de las especies estudiadas. Vinasse, derivate from alcohol production (ethanol), has the possibilities of being used as a water and nutrient source. In this first study we researched the vinasse effect on germination and radicle elongation in three species: Glycine max (soybean), Triticum aestivum (wheat), and Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa). Pure or diluted vinasse (1:1; 1:5; 1:10 and 1:20 v/v) was used experiment in acid pH (4.5) and in neutral pH (7.2). Results showed that pure vinasse completely inhibits germination in all the studied species. In the lowest dilution 1:1, soybean and quinoa never germinated. Still, the wheat showed a delay in the germination process and achieved a final percentage of 42%. In the other dilutions (1:5; 1:10 and 1:20) all the species, where both pH ranges were tested, the final germination exceeded 90%. Albeit, radicle elongation was affected in all the treatments with an increasing effect in lower dilutions. We suggest further complementary studies in semi-controlled environment (greenhouses) as well as field experiments to better assess the dilution effect on the different phenological stages of the studied species. Fil: González, Juan Antonio. Fundación Miguel Lillo; Argentina Fil: Languasco, Paola. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; Argentina Fil: Prado, Fernando Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

The presence of potato virus S (PVS) in the local lesions of Chenopodium quinoa was shown by bioassay, a serological test, and electron microscopy of negatively stained preparations of the infected tissues. Amorphous aggregates of particles believed to be PVS were found with the electron microscope in ultra-thin sections of both necrotic and nearby chlorotic cells of lesions sampled 8 days after inoculation of C. quinoa. The virus masses were confined to the cytoplasm and found in close proximity to the nucleus, chloroplasts, and tonoplasts. No other cellular inclusions were found in these cells.

On the basis of morphology Chenopodium quinoa of the Andes and C. nuttalliae of Mexico appear to be very closely related species. Artificial hybrids have been secured between the two. It is suggested that both species may have been derived from the same original wild type. A weedy quinoa, C. quinoa var. melanospermum, is known from South America, but as yet a weed race closely related to C. nutalliae has not been reported from Mexico.

SUMMARY A virus obtained commonly from Wych elm (Ulmus glabra) in Scotland showing ringspot and line-pattern leaf symptoms was serologically related to elm mottle virus (EMotV) from East Germany. The virus was seed-borne in elm and was transmitted by inoculation of sap to elm and twenty-one herbaceous species. No symptoms developed in infected elm seedlings kept in the glasshouse. In Chenopodium quinoa sap, EMotV lost infectivity after diluting to 10-4, after 10 min at 60 oC, or 9 days at 18 oC. When purified from C. quinoa sap by clarification with n-butanol (8-5 %, v/v) and differential centrifugation, preparations contained quasi-spherical particles mostly 26–29 nm m diameter (mean = 28 nm) which sedimented as three nucleo-protein components with sedimentation coefficients (so2o, w) of 83, 88 and 1 or S; most infectivity was associated with the 101 S component but infectivity was enhanced by adding the slower sedimenting components. When centrifuged to equilibrium in caesium chloride solution at 4 oC, purified virus preparations were largely degraded and contained many non-infective particles c. 15–22 nm in diameter, and intact infective particles which formed a band of density c. 1–34 g/cm3. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that EMotV contained a single major protein species of estimated mol. wt. 25000 and five RNA species of estimated mol. wt. 1–30, 1.15, 0–82, 0 39 and 0–30 times106. Gel electrophoresis of RNA extracted from the separated components indicated that the 101 S component contained 1–30 x io6 mol. wt. RNA and the 83 S component 0–82 times 106 mol. wt. RNA. In these and other properties, EMotV resembles the serologically unrelated tobacco streak virus.

Virus-related soluble antigens, probably various polymeric forms of viral coat protein, were detected in crude extracts from plants infected with apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (CLSV), using highly specific antisera to two CLSV strains from apple and peach, respectively. The two antisera appeared to detect the soluble antigens differently, though with about the same sensitivity. Soluble antigen preparations were clarified by ultracentrifugation of crude sap, by acidification, freezing and thawing, and by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The last treatment allowed some concentration. Detection of soluble antigen in gel diffusion tests provided a specific diagnostic test for CLSV infection in Chenopodium quinoa , but not in apple tissue.

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Das hier beschriebene Chenopodium-Isolat von carnation mottle virus (CarMv) unterscheidet sich von bekannten Nelkenstämmen des CarMV indem es durch Samen und Pollen von Ch. quinoa übertragbar ist und indem es auf den durch Samen infizierten Ch. quinoa-Pflanzen latent bleibt. Nach Verletzung der Blätter symptomloser Pflanzen können die Symptome hervorgeruft werden. Serologisch ist es jedoch vom typischen Nelkenstamm nicht unterscheidbar. Die physikalischen Eigenschaften in vitro stimmen mit den in der Literatur bestehenden Angaben für CarMV überein. Auf Grund der Untereschiede in Bezug auf diese biologische Eigenschaften ist das Chenopodium-Isolat als ein besonderer Stamm von CarMV anzusehen. Dies ist unseres Wissens der erste Befund von CarMV in Jugoslawien., Pred nekoliko godina zapažena je u uzgoju biljaka Chenopodium quinoa Willd. u staklenicima Poljoprivrednog fakulteta u Zagrebu zaraza virusom koji je izazivao jaki sistemični mozaik. Neke biljke prividno zdrava izgleda bile su također latentno zaražene, a simptomi su se mogli izazvati trljanjem njihovih listova vodom. Po ovom posljednjem svojstvu taj virus je sličan drugom izometričnom virusu roda Chenopodium koji je poznat kao sowbane mosaic virus (SMV). Serološka su istraživanja, međutim, pokazala da ne postoji nikakva serološka srodnost sa SMV. Izolirani virus bio je potom identificiran kao virus karanfila carnation mottle virus (CarMV). Iako su svojstva CarMV bila već dobro poznata, jer se radi o najrasprostranjenijem virusu karanfila, smatralo se ipak da je potrebno temeljitije proučiti izolat iz biljke Chenopodium kako bi se utvrdilo da li postoje neke razlike u biološkim, fizikalnim i serološkim svojstvima u odnosu na već poznate sojeve iz karanfila. Virus je bio purificiran, određen je sedimentacijski koeficijent virusa i izrađene su elektronskomikroskopske fotografije čestica. Ispitivanja su pokazala da se izolat iz biljke Chenopodium po fizikalnim svojstvima in vitro bitno ne razlikuje od postojećih sojeva iz karanfila. Također su i serološka ispitivanja, primjenom imunodifuzije u gelu, pokazala da među njima nema razlike ni u serološkim svojstvima. Međutim, u biološkim svojstvima utvrđene su razlike. Po svojstvima da se virus prenosi sjemenom i polenom biljke Ch. quinoa zatim da u tim biljkama, zaraženim s pomoću sjemena, može biti latentan, kao i da se simptomi kod latentno zaraženih biljaka mogu inducirati, izolat biljke Che- nopodium razlikuje se od postojećih sojeva iz karanfila. Na osnovi dijagrama dobivenog analitičkom ultracentrifugacijom, koji prikazuje prisutnost samo jedne komponente, na osnovi elektronsko- mikroskopske fotografije, te na osnovi pozitivne serološke reakcije CarMV-antiserumom, potpuno se isključuje mogućnost da je uz CarMV bio prisutan i neki drugi virus koji bi bio uzrokom navedenih razlika u biološkim svojstvima. Diferenciranje dvaju postojećih sojeva iz karanfila — tipičnog i PSR- soja — temelji se na razlikama u biološkim svojstvima. PSR-soj, za razliku od tipičnog soja, izaziva lokalne nekrotske lezije na određenim test- biljkama. Smatramo stoga da izolat iz biljke Chenopodium na osnovi utvrđenih razlika u biološkim svojstvima također treba smatrati za posebni soj CarMV. Ovo je prvi nalaz CarMV u Jugoslaviji.

Tesis (Mag.Sc.) - IICA, Turrialba (Costa Rica), 1959 En el Departamento de Industria Animal del Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agrícolas, se realizaron dos experimentos. En el primero, se comparó el crecimiento de tres grupos de 5 cerdos en crecimiento, cada uno. Un grupo, testigo, recibió una ración que contenía afrecho de arroz, torta de ajonjolí, maíz amarillo molido, melaza de caña y leche descremada en polvo. En las otras dos raciones, la leche descremada en polvo fue sustituida por torta de palma africana o quinua, en cantidades equivalentes de proteína. Las tres raciones fueron suplementadas con minerales, antibióticos y vitaminas y suministraban los requisitos alimenticios de cerdos. Los aumentos de peso realizados por los cerdos del grupo testigo, fueron superiores, estadísticamente, a los realizados por los cerdos alimentados con los concentrados que incluían torta de palma africana o quinua. Entre tanto, no hubo diferencia, estadísticamente significativa entre los aumentos de peso de los grupos con los concentrados bajo prueba. El consumo de alimento en los tres grupos fue mayor que el esperado y la eficiencia de utilización de alimentos fue mejor a la esperada en cerdos de óptimo crecimiento. Ambos hechos, como una indicación que el contenido, relativamente alto, de fibra cruda en la ración, disminuyó por igual, la calidad nutritiva de los tres concentrados. En la suposición de que la saponina contenida en la quinua deprimió el crecimiento de los cerdos alimentados con quinua, se realizó el segundo experimento. Cuarenta pollos machos, de 4 semanas, fueron alimentados por 21 días, con una ración basal con los siguientes ingredientes: torta de ajonjolí, harina de pescado y maíz amarillo molido. El grupo testigo, con 8 pollos, recibía además leche descremada en polvo. Los otros 4 grupos, con 8 pollos cada uno, recibían en su ración quinua cocida y lavada, quinua lavada, quinua con extracto crudo de colesterol obtenido de cerebro de cerdo o quinua cruda con saponina. Los resultados indican que los pollos alimentados con la ración testigo tuvieron aumentos de peso iguales a los realizados por el grupo alimentado con la ración que incluía quinua cocida y lavada. Además, los aumentos de peso de los grupos testigo y con quinua cocida, fueron estadísticamente superiores a los otros 3 grupos. Los aumentos de peso de los pollos que recibieron colesterol en su ración, fueron superiores a los realizados por pollos que recibieron quinua cruda, pero la diferencia no fue significativa. De los resultados obtenidos en ambos experimentos se concluye: 1. Los cerdos alimentados con la ración testigo tuvieron un crecimiento óptimo, como indicación de que sus requisitos alimenticios fueron satisfechos. Entre tanto, los cerdos alimentados con raciones que incluían torta de palma africana o quinua, mostraron comparativamente, un subdesarrollo. 2. Se considera que habiendo sido la fuente de proteína la unica variación de las raciones, la diferencia en el crecimiento se debe a que la torta de palma africana y la quinua, no suministraron los requisitos proteicos que, en comparación, fueron suministrados por la leche descremada en polvo. 3. Los resultados obtenidos en la alimentación de pollos, indican que, la saponina tiene un efecto depresor del crecimiento en pollos alimentados con quinua cruda. Implica, por extensión, que este efecto haya influido en la actuación de la quinua en la alimentación de cerdos. 4. La saponina de la quinua tiene propiedades similares a las saponinas de la alfalfa y, en este experimento, se han empleado procesos semejantes para inhibir el efecto depresor del crecimiento de pollos, que los procesos empleados en la eliminación de las saponinas de alfalfa. 5. Quinua libre de saponina ha mostrado que es capaz de suministrar los requisitos alimenticios de los pollos en óptimo crecimiento. 6. Es posible influir en la absorción de la saponina de quinua con colesterol, sin embargo, en este experimento preliminar, la influencia no alcanzó significación estadística.

Chicory blotch and yellows virus caused yellow local necrotic lesions on the leaves ofChenopodium Quinoa within nine days. Six strains of the common cucumber mosaic virus gave similar lesions in all cases, but in a shorter incubation period.

Investigation of a Zygocactus X Schlumbergera hybrid (Christmas Cactus), which showed no symptoms, led to the isolation of a strain of cactus virus X (CVX) and another, new virus for which the common name zygocactus virus (ZV) is suggested. Crude sap from a cladophyll of this cactus hybrid inoculated to Chenopodium quinoa Willd. caused many local lesions after about 6 days, and some days later slight distortion and curling of young leaves. While the local lesions were typical of CVX, the systemic symptoms supported the existence of a second virus (ZV). Mechanical transmission of sap from systemically infected C. quinoa to Nicotiana glutinosa L., which is not a host for CVX, caused systemic infection and resulted in light green spotting of the younger leaves. The virus infected but caused no symptoms in Nicotiana clevelandii Gray and Solanum demissum Lindl. The thermal inactivation point of ZV in crude sap of these four herbaceous hosts was at 10 min. exposure 72 to 74°.

Although lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) has been studied from many points of view, as summarized by Tomlinson (1970), there has been no published record of the effects of this virus on the fine structure of its host's cells. Edwardson (1966) noted that LMV induced cytoplasmic inclusions in host cells but did not record any effects on organelles. This communication reports the effects of LMV on fine structure of mesophyll cells of C. quinoa.