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In the years 1963 to 1972 the area of sugar beet in England reported affected with Docking disorder ranged from 174 to 7,819 ha. The disorder was most widespread after heavy May rainfall. Trichodorus spp. and Longidorus spp., which cause the primary damage to seedling roots, were common in sites prone to the disorder and surveyed between 1968 and 1971. Nematode numbers in soil samples taken from these sites at drilling could not be correlated with subsequent yield or root shape. Of the surveyed sites, 104 showed no symptoms of Docking disorder (average root yield=44.5 tonnes/ha), 44 showed symptoms early in the season but these disappeared later (average root yield=34.5 tonnes/ha) and 40 showed persistent symptoms (average root yield=27.0 tonnes/ha). Root shape was worst in sites with persistent symptoms. Docking disorder was impossible to predict accurately because the damage is influenced by growing conditions but it was more likely to be severe in fields with a previous history of the disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soluble and insoluble carbohydrates of healthy and Albugo-infected leaves of Senecio squalidus were determined qualitatively. Quantitative analyses were made of the soluble carbohydrates. Trehalose was synthesized within pustules by the fungus but no acyclic polyols were found. Accumulation of hexoses around pustules together with increased hydrolysis of exogenous sucrose by pustular material indicated increased invertase activity within infected tissues. It is suggested that host-fungus movement of carbohydrates in Albugo is maintained by hydrolysis of host sucrose and uptake of hexoses, followed by accumulation of trehalose within the mycelium and spores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes a tutorial for users concerned with small-area geographic data processing or geoprocessing. Definitions of geographic base file (GBF) and geographic codes or geocodes; Basic types of geocodes; Primary GBF for small areas; Background on the U.S. Census' GBF.

A method is described, using a Czapek Dox V-8 agar and continuous irradiation with near-ultraviolet light, which enables large numbers of spores of Septoria tritici and Septoria nodorum to be produced rapidly and also allows easy identification of the two pathogens by their colony morphology. Also, a simple field inoculation method is described which has proved successful both in experiments involving different inoculum concentrations and for the screening of spring and winter wheat cultivars for their reactions against both pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stone pavements arc armored surfaces comprising intricate mosaies of coarse particles, usually only one or two stones thick, set on or in fine material. They occur widely in many unvegetated areas, and preeminently in hot deserts. Pavement studies in several deserts, and especially in Chile and California, suggest that: 1) deflation may be a relatively unimportant process of pavement formation; 2) running water, and processes causing upward migration of coarse particles through the soil may effect coarse particle concentration at the surface; 3) various superficial disintegration processes may break up coarse particles and increase particle density; 4) the ways in which pavements are established, their rates of formation, and the relative importance of the different processes, may vary greatly from place to place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ultimate species-characters employed in spider systematics are, by tradition, sought in structural features of the genitalia. Amongst entelegyne spiders experience has proved these characters to be satisfactory, with the result that comparatively little work has been done on extra-genital characters at the species level. Spiders lacking distinctive genitalia, in particular the Haplogynae, tend to have been neglected rather than to have stimulated interest in extra-genital characters. Quantitative studies of variation in spiders have seldom been undertaken despite the fact that a knowledge of the extent and nature of variation is virtually axiomatic in taxonomy since the abandonment of the fixed-species concept.

Examines the role of the United States federal Constitution Congress to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among several states within the country. Explanation of why the word "commerce" stipulated by congress is substantially synonymous with "transportation"; Source of authority to engage in interstate transportation under conditions of special privilege; Doctrine of the exclusiveness of the power of congress under the Commerce clause suggestive of the conclusion that such authority may not be derived from the states.

Examines whether there is a conflict between the power of the United States Congress and the states in the control of corporations engaged in commerce or transportation. Power of Congress over federal corporations; Power of states over federal corporations; Power of Congress over state corporations; Power of the states over domestic and foreign state corporations; Comparative advantages of state and federal incorporation.

This article discusses various issues related to a proposed new definition of torts in the U.S. Although acts such as torts have been committed since the dawn of the idea of the existence of rights as between man and man, yet the development of anything like a clearly formulated conception of a tort is surprisingly recent. In seeking to establish the definition of a tort, the article author proposes to look, not to any relation of the injured party, but to the relation of the party committing the injury. The author states tort as an act or omission, not a mere breach of contract, and producing injury to another, in the absence of any existing lawful relation of which such act or omission is a natural outgrowth or incident.

Recent advances in neonatal intensive care have introduced many practical difficulties. A multiple-purpose crib and incubator combination is described which facilitates the introduction (with fluoroscopy) and aftercare of umbilical catheters. A method for fixation of respirator tubing during intermittent positive pressure ventilation to allow regular postural drainage and to avoid accidental extubation of the endotracheal tube has been developed. Radiography, in three planes, is possible with less risk to the infant and surrounding equipment. Intensive care equipment can be incorporated into this incubator-crib combination with the maintenance of good observation and an unobstructed access to the infant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Offers information on a research study on the residency training experiences of practicing pediatricians in the U.S., conducted by the Committee on Pediatric Research, Education and Practice of the Institute of Pediatric Residency Training. Assessment of the pediatric research expenditures; Approaches used in the evaluation of residency training; Variations in the staffing of residency programs.

The article investigates the population of a court study unit using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and Minnesota Multiphasial Personality Inventory. The characteristics of the total population were enumerated and a comparison was drawn between those patients judged competent and those judged incompetent in an attempt to generate some consistent criteria of incompetency. The findings suggest that, though some differences do emerge, consistent criteria are not apparent. A breakdown of the population into three subgroups suggests that the criteria vary somewhat depending upon the type of patient.

Cultures of synovial tissue from rabbits with an antigen-induced arthritis were tested for production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor to investigate the possible role of cellular immunity in this experimental model. Culture supernatants of ten specimens of normal rabbit synovium and six specimens from joints injected with saline did not inhibit macrophage migration; and in thirteen experiments with synovium from an arthritis produced by injection of urate crystals only one showed significant inhibitory activity on macrophages. In contrast nineteen of twenty-five antigen challenged joints produced migration inhibitory factor detectable in the culture supernatants. Inhibition ranged from 20 to 87 percent with a mean of 31. 7±4.3 per cent. The migration inhibitory factor in these fluids was non-dialysable and was eluted with an albumin marker from Sephadex G-200. The finding that a macrophage migration inhibitory agent is produced in the course of antigen-induced synovitis is consistent with the postulated role of cellular immunity in the synovial lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main problem to be solved here may be described as follows: Let X[sub 1], X[sub 2], ... be independent random variables, each with density f[sub theta](x) = 1/theta over (0, theta) and zero elsewhere. It is desired to estimate the unknown parameter 0 by an interval of length of most d units and with confidence at least 1 - alpha, for some specified d > 0 and alpha in (0, 1). An exact solution and an asymptotic theory for a sequential procedure are given in Sections 1 and 2, respectively. The procedure proposed in this article satisfies an admissibility criterion which may be stated in terms of the maximum possible number of observations or, alternatively, the expected number of observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the relationship of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) alcoholism, prison escape, hostility control and recidivism scales to clinical judgment. The Hc, Ec, Re and Ah experimental scales from the MMPI were investigated to determine their relationship with standard MMPI scales and relevant behavioral and clinical judgments. The Ec and Ah scales appeared to be related to some clinical judgments, but the Rc and Hc scales did not. Conclusions on the comparative validity of the actuarial and clinical predictions for this population must await completion further studies.

Provides information on the incidence of supravalvular aortic stenosis in infants. Symptoms; Features of the syndrome; Link between excessive maternal intake of vitamin D and infantile hypercalcemia.

The article presents a study which focuses on the "judgmental" approach which involves studying the decisions of expert clinicians and obtaining signs which will reliably duplicate their decisions. A comparison was made between the efficiency of using one skilled clinician versus a group of several skilled clinicians as a basis for deriving actuarial formulae. Both the reliabilities and the validities of the pooled decisions of a group of clinicians were consistently slightly higher than any single judge. Results suggest that any single judge who might have the highest validity on one occasion might not have the highest validity on another occasion.

The main problem to be solved here may be described as follows: let X[sub 1],X[sub 2],..., be independent random variables, each with density f[sub theta](x) =l/theta over (0, theta) and zero elsewhere. It is desired to use a two-stage sequential procedure to estimate the unknown parameter theta by an interval of length at most d units and with confidence at least I--alpha, for some specified d > 0 and alpha in (0, 1). The procedure proposed in this article satisfies an admissibility criterion which may be stated in terms of the maximum possible number of observations or. alternatively, the expected number of observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multinucleated giant cells were seen in 3-day leucocyte cultures from some children with measles. The production of the giant cells was PHA dependent, and therefore constitute another from of abnormal PHA response by leucocytes in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey of the extent of electoral opposition for top posts in 31 British, and 51 American unions of manual workers reveals great differences between and within the two countries, with more competition or opposition than might have been expected. An examination of organizational differences between the two sets of unions leads to the conclusion that most of the formal differences might be expected to generate more opposition in the British cases than in the American. While there are somewhat more defeats of incumbents in American unions, there is significantly more opposition in British unions as measured by the closeness of electoral contests, for vacant posts in particular. However, openly organized factionalism in the American case proliferates to a degree unknown in British unions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the occurrence of Fusarium redolens in tomato and seed-borne infection. Although tomato wilt caused by F. oxysporum has been known for a long time and seed infection has been demonstrated in the past, outbreaks in the British Isles have been few. This may be because of the lower temperature regimes condition under which crops have been grown. There appears to be no previous record of F. redolens affecting tomatoes in Great Britain. However, in 1965 the fungus was isolated from young plants on a Lancashire, England nursery. Plants about 6 inches tall, growing in two different soils in plastic pots, showed yellowing of the cotyledons and lower leaves and a marked vascular necrosis of the stem from soil level.