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The rapid emergence of a thymidine-dependent strain of Escherichia coli in a patient treated with co-trimoxazole is described. The organism was recovered from blood cultures during a septicaemia which developed after only a few days of co-trimoxazole treatment. The cultural characteristics of three thymidine-dependent strains were studied and a remarkable variation was found in their ability to grow on different batches of blood agar, depending upon the age of the plates and the type of agar base used.

SUMMARY The results of an investigation into 58 outbreaks of disease in pigs in which E. coli was considered significant are presented. A syndrome causing high mortality in baby piglets is described. The syndrome was consistently associated with certain serotypes of E. coli , and evidence is presented to suggest that they were of primary importance in its aetiology.

SUMMARY The serological examination of 797 E. coli strains isolated from cases of “coli-septicaemia” (243 strains) and other avian diseases is reported. Over 60 per cent of the strains from “coli-septicaemia” belonged to the serological O groups, O2, O78 or O1. The E. coli strains isolated from other avian diseases showed less serological uniformity, although over 18 per cent belonged to the O2 group. The results of pathogenicity tests using the common avian serotypes are described, and a syndrome resembling naturally occurring “coli-septicaemia” was reproduced by the intravenous inoculation of the E. coli serotypes most commonly isolated from field cases. The results of in vitro sensitivity tests showed that all E. coli strains tested were sensitive to furazolidone and that the incidence of tetracyclinc-resistant strains isolated from field outbreaks of disease had increased over the past 4 years. A small therapeutic trial in experimentally infected birds demonstrated the efficacy of furazolidone.

Concurrent enteric and septicaemic Escherichia coli infection was recorded in six local calves aged between 8 to 12 months old for the first time in Bangladesh during the period from May to June 2002. Bacteriologic examination of both the faecal and blood samples of six febrile calves showed positive for E. coli of all the six faecal (100%) and only two blood (33.33%) samples. Clinical examination revealed significantly (p < 0.01) high rectal temperature at peak febrile stage which varied from 103.5 to 106°F with a mean of 104.7 ± 0.85°F. The fever associated signs and clinical anaemia were recorded in all these calves. Haematological examination showed significantly (p < 0.01) decreased haemoglobin (5.58 ± 0.45 g%), packed cell volume (19.83 ± 1.95 %), total erythrocytic count (3.52 ± 0.58 106/ mm3) and total leukocytic count (6.68 ± 0.44 103 / mm3) which indicates anaemia and leukopenia at the peak febrile stage of the disease. Biochemical studies showed significantly (p < 0.05) increased that serum magnesium and iron values were at fever stage, whereas serum phosphorus significantly (p < 0.01) decreased at the 4th day (convalescent stage) but no significant (p > 0.05) change was observed with the serum calcium, sodium, potassium and chloride values between prefever and fever stage. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of E. coli isolated from faecal and blood samples revealed that these isolates were found to be resistant to penicillin, ampicillin and amoxycillin, moderately sensitive to gentamicin and streptomycin but highly sensitive to tetracycline. This indicates that tetracycline could be the drug of choice for both the septicaemic and enteric E. coli infection in calves. Key words: Haematobiochemical; Escherichia coli; enteric; septicemic; infection; calves DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v1i1.1916 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2003). 1(1) : 39 - 43

THIS report is a continuation of work previously reported by Gross and Siegel (1965), and Siegel and Gross (1965), in which social stress was reported to induce resistance against Escherichia coli infection but not to infection by Mycoplasma gallisepticum. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chicken used in experiments 1–8 were commercial laying strain males obtained from a local hatchery at 1 day of age. They were not known to be free from disease producing organisms, but developed no signs of extraneous disease during the experimental time they were used. The chickens used in experiments 9–13 were from the Veterinary Science Department flock and were known to be free from detectable pathogens. Six, 4-week old birds were placed in each of eight 2 × 2 × 2 feet modified Horsfall-Bauer units, which had half silvered plastic over the observation windows, through which, when the room was darkened, the birds could …

Extract Published records of Escherichia coli infection in lambs have appeared with increasing frequency in recent years. Reports have come from Australia (Roberts, 1957, 1958; Charles, 1957) and from Britain (Terlecki and Shaw, 1959; Rees, 1958; Hughes, 1962). In the Australian outbreaks, the age of affected lambs ranged from three to eight weeks, while in the British outbreaks lambs became affected within one day of birth. In both countries the illness lasted from one to three days. Characteristically, the infection localized in the central nervous system leading to purulent meningo-encephahtis, and in the joints causing fibrino-purulent arthritis.

SUMMARY The development of coli-septicaemia was found to be accompanied by a complex physiological stress syndrome. This involved an increase in the weight of the spleen and adrenal glands and an increase in the ascorbic acid content of the blood, spleen and the bursa of Fabricius. An involution of the bursa occurred which was associated with increased bursal β-glucuronidase activity. Soon after infection rapid loss in body-weight occurred which was particularly marked among the relatively lighter birds. In certain cases it was possible to demonstrate a positive correlation between the severity of the pathological changes and growth rate in chicks surviving an infection. The phase of activity of the physiological defence mechanisms does not appear to persist subsequent to infection for longer than a week. During this period bacteraemia was suppressed. Antibody production was found to occur during the recovery period, 7 to 15 days after infection.

CERTAIN serotypes of Escherichia coli are capable of invading the respiratory system with subsequent invasion of the blood and pericardial sacs. The presence of certain respiratory disease agents in chickens make it possible to establish infection through aerosol exposure to E. coli, while the establishment of infection in birds that are free of these agents requires the inoculation of the organism directly into the air sac. The most important respiratory disease agents are the pathogenic Mycoplasma which are also called pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV). MATERIALS AND METHODS The chickens used in these experiments were White Leghorns from PPLO free unvaccinated parents belonging to the Veterinary Science Department. They were raised in isolation rooms and were placed in modified Horsfall-Bauer units (Sieburth et al., 1961) 2 days before inoculation. The total leucocyte counts were made according to the method of Natt and Herrick …

SUMMARY Renal infection and scarring following ascending Escherichia coli infection occurs more frequently in unilaterally nephrectomised rats than in sham nephrectomised animals. When ascending infection is established 7 weeks after unilateral nephrectomy at a time when compensatory growth of the remaining kidney is complete, no increase in the incidence of renal infection and scarring is noted. These observations show that growth due to compensatory hypertrophy sensitises the kidney to bacterial invasion and scarring. Ascending infection produces 2 separate effects on the hypertrophying kidney, namely impairment of growth and scar formation. Scar formation is associated with bacterial invasion of the renal parenchyma whereas impairment of growth may be due to an effect of bacterial endotoxin.

The villi of the small intestine of healthy conventional pigs were finger-shaped or leaf-shaped. In animals with an acute diarrhoeal form of Escherichia coli infection there was a change in the ratio of villous length to crypt depth but not in the villous shape. In animals with the diarrhoeal E. coli infection of longer duration a remoulding of the villi to a ridge shape occurred at about 20 days of age, but the surface of the mucosa was never flat. At this age the average ratio of villous length to crypt depth for the duodenum, je­ junum, and ileum, respectively, was 4.0, 5.0 and 4.1 in healthy piglets and 0.5, 0.6 and 0.8 in animals with the diarrhoeal form of E. coli infection. The basic principles of normal renewal of the epithelium of the small intestine have been investigated (3, 5-7, 15, 16,33,38,39). It has been de­ monstrated that the epithelial cells are formed in production zones of the crypts of Lieberki.ihn and then cease dividing, differentiate and mature on their way to the tips of the villi, and eventually are shed into the intestinal lumen. LEBLOND and WALKER (17) and LEBLOND and MESSIER (15), using radioautographic studies, demonstrated that the epithelial cell turnover in the small intestine of mammals was completed in 3 days. The rate of migration of enterocytes in the small intestine has been re­ ported to be conditioned by age (9, 10, 18), starvation (12, 23), and other factors. Interesting observations were made by ABRAMS et al. (I) and LESHER et al. (19), who found that the turnover of the intestinal epithelium was con­ siderably slower in germ-free than in conventional animals. Continued sup­ pression of epithelial renewal in the intestine was reported to produce short

Mortality in broilers (6.56%) and growing ducks (11.0%) caused by Escherichia coli was recorded in the experimental flocks study during the period from May to August 2003. E. coli organisms isolated from broiler birds affected with characteristic lesions of omphalitis and yolk sac infection, fibrinous pericarditis and peri-hepatitis , hemorrhagic enteritis, and accumulation of excessive pericardial and peritoneal fluid, whereas from ducks with lesions of hemorrhagic enteritis and extensive epicardial hemorrhages. Each of the 21 isolates collected from broilers and 11 isolates from ducks was characterized by cultural and biochemical studies, of which 8 isolates from broilers and 5 isolates from ducks were tested for antibiotic sensitivity with 9 different antibiotics. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed that the isolates were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin but an increasing trend of resistance was recorded in broilers (7 / 9) than duck (4 / 9) isolates. It may be concluded from the results of this study that the high rate of E. coli infection in broilers and ducks along with the high resistance of isolates to antibiotics constitute a threat to the poultry industry in Bangladesh. Key words: Escherichia coli infection; mortality; broilers; ducks; characterization; antibiogram doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i1.1927 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (1) : 09-14

SUMMARY Twenty-one newborn piglets, the progeny of 5 gilts, were dosed by mouth with 3 strains of E. coli. When the 2 different serotypes G7 and E68 Type I were used all the piglets scoured and 11 of them died. The majority of the 25 controls inadvertently became infected later and 6 died. A ‘non-pathogenic’ strain given similarly to 7 piglets killed only 1 and failed to reproduce the same clinical syndrome. This experiment was spoiled by the intrusion of a ‘pathogenic’ serotype, but provided an opportunity for a study of the natural disease.

SUMMARY Newborn piglets (102), the litters of 12 gilts kept in isolation, were infected orally within 12 hours of birth with living Escherichia coli strain DF42 (08 serotype). Affected, scouring piglets were treated orally with furazolidone suspension (50, 20 and 10mg./kg. daily for four days) as soon as diarrhoea was observed. Among 42 piglets which were infected before being allowed to suck, two failed to develop clinical signs and for the others 50 mg. furazolidone/kg. body weight was adequate in controlling mortality, the disease killing 66.7 per cent of untreated piglets and 11.o per cent of animals given that dose. Of 60 piglets allowed to suck before infection, 16 failed to develop clinical signs and all levels of furazolidone dosage were adequate in reducing mortality - only 13.8 per cent of treated animals died, in contrast to 60-o per cent of the controls. The results with furazolidone at 50mg./kg. daily for four days were confirmed in trials on five commercial pig-breeding premises where mild outbreaks of the disease occurred. The results also indicated that the antibiotics in common therapeutic use for this condition were about equally efficaious

SUMMARY A litter of 14 piglets produced by hysterectomy and kept in strict isolation was divided into 3 groups. One group of 6 received E. coli serotype E68 Type I by month in varying doses when 12 hours old. Three piglets died and 3 scoured, but recovered. The size of the dose did not influence the severity of disease produced, 1000 organisms being sufficient to kill a piglet. The second group of 3 piglets received a supposedly non-pathogenic E. coli serotype (P50) by mouth in varying doses when 12 hours old and all these pigs scoured, but recovered. Four of the 5 control piglets remained healthy throughout the experiment. Subsequently at 6 days of age 3 of the surviving control piglets were given varying doses of E. coli serotype E68 Type 1. All 3 piglets died. Also at 6 days of age 2 of the 3 piglets which had received the supposedly non-pathogenic serotype (P50) when 12 hours old were given serotype E68 Type 1. Both piglets died. The experiments showed that a syndrome completely comparable to the field outbreak could be reproduced by dosing young piglets by mouth with a certain serotype of E. coli, but not with another. Some of the implications are discussed and suggestions are made for further investigations.

PREVIOUS work from our laboratory (Gross and Colmano, 1967Gross and Colmano, 1969) has shown that social interaction among chickens alter their susceptibility to some bacterial and viral diseases. Placing 6–10 week old chickens among unfamiliar individuals, induces a high degree of social interaction which results in an increase in resistance to some bacterial infections (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus fecalis) and a decrease in resistance to some viral infections (Newcastle disease, hemorrhagic enteritis). A low degree of social interaction is obtained by placing birds either singly or in pairs in visually isolated cages for three weeks prior to experimentation. This result in a decreased resistance to bacterial infections and an increased resistance to viral infections. In a series of experiments, 84% (51/61) of the low social interaction and 19% (19/102) of the high social interaction birds developed pericarditis when infected with E. coli via the air sac route. We have determined…

THIS report concerns 3 cases of Escherichia coli infection in adults in which the organisms appeared to have excessive virulence not only for the patients but also experimentally for mice. Many observers have noted that certain strains of Esch. coli are associated with epidemic diarrhea in children.1 2 3 4 5 These have been labeled "enteropathogenic" organisms, and serotypes have been established.6 The strains that caused the infections described below not only did not belong to any of the known serotypes but also appeared to have significantly greater virulence for mice than the so-called enteropathogenic strains. Furthermore, they caused generalized systemic disease in adults, . . .

Human milk contains large quantities of iron-binding protein, of which the greater proportion is lactoferrin, though small amounts of transferrin are also present. Three samples of human milk with unsaturated iron-binding capacities of between 56 and 89% had a powerful bacteriostatic effect on Escherichia coli O111/B4. The bacteriostatic properties of milk were abolished if the iron-binding proteins were saturated with iron. Purified human lactoferrin, in combination with specific E. coli antibody, strongly inhibited the growth of E. coli, and this effect was also abolished by saturating the lactoferrin with iron.Guinea-pig milk also contains lactoferrin and transferrin. Newly born guinea-pigs fed on an artificial diet and dosed with E. coli O111 had higher counts of E. coli O111 in the intestine than suckled animals. The apparent suppressive effect of guinea-pig milk on E. coli in the intestine could be reversed by feeding the iron compound haematin. It seems that iron-binding proteins in milk may play an important part in resistance to infantile enteritis caused by E. coli.

INTRODUCTION THE effect of different levels of dietary proteins on bacterial infections has been investigated. Boyd and Edwards (1963) reported that mortality from Escherichia coli infection was higher in protein-deficient chicks, while mortality from Newcastle disease and Salmonella gallinarum infections was greater in chicks on a high protein diet. Koerner et al. (1949) and Dubos and Schaedler (1958) found that rats and mice were more susceptible to tuberculosis infection when on a low protein diet. Twenty-one amino acids in the plasma or serum of chickens of different ages have been identified by paper chromatography using diversified color tests (Chubb, 1959). Owings and Balloun (1961), Hill et al. (1961), Hill and Olsen (1963), and Askelson and Balloun (1963) found that the plasma amino acid concentrations were dependent on the type of protein supplementation in the diet. Ross et al. (1955) and Woodward et al. (1954) reported that chicks and rats have…

SUMMARY The progeny of two related boars on neighbouring farms had significantly higher rates of mortality possibly associated with Escherichia coli infection when compared with the progeny of the contemporary boars. The genetic interpretation of these findings is discussed.

IN PREVIOUS experiments (Gross and Siegel, 1965; and Gross and Colmano, 1967) it was shown that cockerels which were moved daily among unfamiliar individuals were much more resistant to Escherichia coli infection than cockerels kept in groups of 6 for 4 weeks prior to challenge. It was also shown (Gross and Colmano, 1967) that plasma corticosterone levels could identify highly resistant or highly susceptible birds. No effect of social stress on Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection was reported (Gross and Siegel, 1965). Roberts and McDaniel (1967) associated mycoplasmal bacteremia with fighting that occurred following the mixing of cockerels which had been raised separately until they were placed together at the time of inoculation. Brown (1968) reported that turkeys selected for low plasma corticosterone response to cold stress were more resistant to Mycoplasma meleagridis infection than birds selected for high plasma corticosterone response. The present report describes the effect of social interaction in…

SINCE the development of the broiler industry following World War II, chronic respiratory disease complex has been a major cause of economic loss through morbidity, mortality, and processing plant condemnations. In 1966 over 32 million pounds of live poultry and 323 million pounds of dressed poultry were condemned because of infectious diseases. In 1967 the losses increased; 33 million pounds of live poultry and 367 million pounds of dressed poultry were condemned and destroyed. Most condemnations were due to leukosis and chronic respiratory disease complex. Total annual losses due to air sac disease in the United States were estimated to be $125 million, or 3 percent of the total value of the poultry industry (Harms, 1968). Although Escherichia coli frequently has been considered to be a secondary invader in the CRD complex, its primary etiologic role has become more apparent. Since most broiler breeders have established mycoplasma-free flocks, an increased…

Summary Monovalent and polyvalent oil adjuvant vaccines containing E. coli 0 groups 9, 15, 55, 78, 86, 115 and 117 were given subcutaneously to mice. The immunity of these mice was challenged subsequently by the intraperitoneal administration of tenfold dilutions of living E. coli. The protection index was calculated by subtracting the LD50 of vaccinated mice from that found in control mice. In other experiments female mice were vaccinated and their youngs challenged in the first days of life. The results demonstrated that a high degree of protection could be induced in adult mice against a challenge with homotypic strains. Little or no cross protection was observed with heterologous types. Baby mice from vaccinated dams showed very high protection rates, demonstrating the transference of passive maternal immunity. In contrast to the results obtained with E. coli causing septicaemic colibacillosis, little protection was observed when an enteropathogenic strain (group 0: 9) was used for challenge. Zusammenfassung Immunisierung von Mausen gegen eine experimentelle Escherichia-coli-Infektion Monovalente und polyvalente Impfstoffe mit Adjuvans (auf oliger Basis) der E. coli Typen 0 9, 15, 55, 78, 86, 115 und 117 wurden subkutan an Mause verimpft. Die Immunitat dieser Mause wurde anschliesend durch die intraperitoneale Applikation von in 10er Potenzen verdunnten, lebenden E. coli gepruft. Der Wirkungsindex errechnet sich aus der Differenz der LD50-Werte der geimpften Mause und der Kontrollen. In weiteren Versuchen wurden Muttertiere geimpft und die Jungen in den ersten Lebenstagen auf ihre Immunitat gepruft. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, das in erwachsenen Mausen gegen die Infektion eines homologen Stammes ein hoher Schutzeffekt erreicht werden kann. Geringe oder gar keine Kreuzreaktionen wurden bei heterologen Stammen beobachtet. Babymause von geimpften Muttertieren zeigten ebenfalls eine sehr hohe Wirkungsrate, die als Zeichen einer passiven ubertragung der mutterlichen Immunitat gewertet werden kann. Im Gegensatz zu den Ergebnissen mit den E. coli-Stammen, die fur die septikamische Verlaufsform der Colibazillose verantwortlich sind, wurde bei Verwendung eines enteropathogenen Stammes (0: 9) zur Testinfektion kein Schutzeffekt beobachtet. Resume Immunisation de souris contre une infection experimentale a Escherichia coli On inocule a des souris, par voie sous-cutanee, des vaccins monovalents et polyvalents avec adjuvant (a base huileuse), des types de E. coli 0 9, 15, 55, 78, 86, 115 et 117. L'immunite des souris est ensuite testee par application intra-peritoneale de E. coli vivants, dilues a la puissance dix. L'index d'activite se calcule a partir de la difference entre les valeurs de la LD50 des souris vaccinees et des temoins. Dans de nouvelles experiences, on vaccine des souris meres et l'on determine l'immunite des jeunes pendant les premiers jours de la vie. Les resultats montrent que, chez les souris adultes, on peut obtenir une excellente immunite contre l'infection d'une souche homologue. Avec les souches heterologues, on n'observe que peu ou pas de reactions croisees. Les souriceaux issus de meres vaccinees presentent egalement des taux d'activite eleves, qui peuvent etre interpretes comme signes d'une transmission passive de l'immunite maternelle. A l'encontre des resultats obtenus avec les souches de E. coli, qui sont responsables de la forme septicemique de la colibacillose, on n'observe pas d'immunite, lorsque l'on emploie pour l'infection experimentale une souche enteropathogene (0: 9). Resumen Inmunizacion de ratones frente a la infeccion experimental por Escherichia coli Por via subcutanea se inyectaron a ratones vacunas mono y polivalentes con adyuvante (en vehiculo oleoso) de los tipos E. coli 0: 9, 15, 55, 78, 86, 115 y 117. A continuacion se contrasto la inmunidad de estos ratones mediante la aplicacion intraperitoneal de E. coli vivos, diluidos en potencias decimales. El indice de actividad se calcula a partir de la diferencia que hay entre los valores DL50 de ratones vacunados y los de los testigos. En otros ensayos se vacunaron madres, contrastandose las crias en los primeros dias de vida en cuanto a su inmunidad. Los resultados evidencian que en los ratones adultos se puede obtener un efecto protector elevado frente a la infeccion de una estirpe homologa. Con estirpes heterologas se observaron reacciones cruzadas escasas o nulas. Los ratones lactantes de madres inyectadas tambien mostraban una tasa de actividad muy elevada, la cual se puede valorar como signo de una transmision pasiva de la inmunidad materna. En contraposicion a los resultados obtenidos con cepas E. coli, responsables de la forma de curso septicemico de la colibacilosis, utilizando una estirpe enteropatogena (0: 9) para la infeccion de prueba no se observo ningun efecto protector.